Oglala Sioux, 260–65, 412. See also Pine Ridge Reservation; Sioux
Ohio (state), 166, 200, 205, 425. See also Cincinnati, Ohio
Ohio Associates, 116–17
Ohio Company, 90, 95
Ohio country, 89–91, 92–96, 114, 124–26
Ohio Indians: and the American Revolution, 109, 110, 111; and British sovereignty, 92–94; composition of, 90, 121; and the French and Indian War, 90–91; land ceded to U.S., 126; Tecumseh and, 129–31; uprising, 94; U.S. battles against, 124–26
Ohio Indians meet with the British in 1764 (West engraving), 93
oil, 320, 331, 351. See also petrochemical industries
Ojibwas, 145, 380
Oklahoma, 200, 374, 380, 395, 425. See also Dust Bowl
Old Faithful geyser, 435
Old Jules (Sandoz), 326
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 313, 357
Omaha, Nebraska, 327, 395
Oñate, Juan de, 31–33
Oneida utopian community, 206
Oneidas, 45, 69, 107, 111. See also Iroquois Confederacy; Iroquois peoples
Onondagas, 45, 69, 70, 72, 107–9. See also Iroquois Confederacy; Iroquois peoples; Otreouti (Onondaga leader)
Opechancanough, 59, 60
Orange County, California, 397–99. See also California; Los Angeles
Oregon (state): Constitution, 171; logging in, 361–62; minority population (map), 425; racial diversity, 171, 302. See also Oregon Country; Pacific Northwest
Oregon Country, 175; American dreams for, 155–59; claimed by U.S., 147, 192–93, 200; and the fur trade, 155–56; Oregon fever, 169–70. See also Pacific Northwest; and specific states
Oregon Trail, 170, 171, 173–74
Osage nation, 84, 162, 175, 180
Osceola (Seminole war leader), 183
O’Sullivan, John L., 177, 178, 192, 199
Otreouti (Onondaga leader), 72, 86–87
otter, 153. See also sea otter
outdoor gear and apparel companies, 440–42
outdoor recreation, 434–42. See also national parks
Overland Trails, 175, 207–8, 271, 276, 445. See also Oregon Trail
Owens River aqueduct, 323, 338, 371
Owl Woman (Cheyenne), 165
Pacific Electric interurban rail system, 324
Pacific Northwest: as economic region, 395; expeditions to, 154, 155–56 (see also Lewis and Clark expedition); Indian hunting and fishing rights, 411; U.S. dreams for, 155–59. See also Oregon Country; and specific states, locations, tribes, and individuals
Panic of 1837, 169
Panic of 1873, 340
Parker, Ely S., 284–85
Parkman, Francis, 160
Parks, Gordon, 281–82
Partido Raza Unida, El, 421–23
Passamaquoddys, 111
Passel, Jeffrey, 405
passenger pigeons, 348, 349, 355
Patagonia (outdoor gear company), 440–42
Patuxet (Algonquian village), 62. See also Squanto
Paul, Rodman, 321
Pawnees, 148, 149, 180
Paxton Boys, 102–3, 104
Pea Ridge, battle of, 212–13
Peale, Titian Ramsey, 148
Penn, William, 76–77, 79, 87
Pennsylvania: English colonial population growth, 78–79; German settlers in, 79; minority population (map), 425; Paxton Boys, 102; Penn’s treaty with Delawares, 76–77, 87; settlement of western portion, 95; statehood, 200
Pennsylvania Dutch, 79
Penobscots, 111
People v. Hall (Cal., 1854), 233
Pequots, 64–65, 412
Pesca, Mike, 453–54
Peshtigo fire (Wisconsin), 350
Peter the Great, Tsar, 96
petrochemical industries, 392, 393
petroleum, 320, 331, 351
Phelan, James D., 300, 301
Philippines, 341
Phoenix, 395, 417
pidgin languages, 48, 76
Pike, Zebulon, 147
Pike’s Peak, 147
Pilgrims, 61–63
Pimas, 4, 31
Pinchot, Gifford, 363–66, 382
Pine Ridge Reservation, 290, 385, 410–11, 412. See also Wounded Knee
Pitt, Leonard and Dale, 424
Pitt, William, 90–91
Pittsburgh, 91
Pizarro, Francisco, 20, 29
Plains Indians: and bison, 81, 143–44, 165–66, 252–53; social structure and way of life, 143–45; Sun Dance outlawed, 285. See also specific tribes
planters, 185–86
pluralism, 381, 382
Plymouth settlement, 61–62
Pocahontas, 58, 59
police brutality, 426
Polk, James K., 191, 192–95, 198–200, 226
polygamy, 205–6, 278–79
Ponce de León, Juan, 21, 28
Pontiac (Ottawa leader), 94
Popé (Pueblo leader), 36–37
popular culture: 19th-century depictions of the West, 159–61, 170; 21st-century depictions of the West, 450–54; frontier life in, 342–48; hip-hop music and culture, ix, x–xi, 454–55; outdoor gear and apparel, 440–42; popularity of western styles, 388, 400–401 (see also Levi’s; Stetson hats); Western art, 346–48, 351–54; Western brand, 388; Western movies and television, 442–49. See also fictional depictions of the West
popular sovereignty, 210
population growth: 1776–1850, 166; colonial era, 78–79, 80, 82; emerging majority minorities, 425; Latino/a immigration and (1965–present), 423–24; Native American (1950–2010), 405; urban (20th century), 394–96, 413
pork-packing industry, 311–12
Portland, Oregon, 327, 395, 399, 413
Portolá, Gaspar de, 98
Postman Always Rings Twice, The (Cain), 324
postmodern westerns, 449
Pottawatomies, 121, 180
Powhatan (Wahunsenecawh), 57–59
powwows, 409
Pratt, Richard Henry, 285
Presbyterians, 157–58, 273–74
presidents, western, 401–5. See also specific presidents
Preston, Idaho, 450–51. See also Napoleon Dynamite
Price, Jenny, 429–30
property rights, native vs. European traditions of, 8, 123, 183. See also allotment of reservation lands
property taxes, 403
Proposition 187 (Cal.), 423–24
prostitution, 47–48, 232
Protestant missionaries, 157–59, 273–75
public lands. See land policy, federal; national forests; national parks
Pueblo peoples: architecture, 31, 33; culture, 33–35; name origin, 3; Navajo and Apache raids on, 216, 217; Pueblo Revolt, 36–37, 81; religion, 34–37, 285; resistance by, 194, 381; Spanish conquest and colonization, 31–37. See also Hopis; Taos tribe; Zunis
Puerto Rico, 15
Pulaski, Edward, 367
Puritans, 63–65, 67. See also Massachusetts Bay Colony; New England
Quakers. See Society of Friends
Quantrill, William, 213
Quebec City, 44, 45, 47, 91
Queen Anne’s War, 85
Quincy, Washington, 432–34
racism: among the French, 49; in the armed services, 414–15; class solidarity eroded, 259–60; in Kansas, 281–82; racialization of politics, 121–22; vs. Western ideas of individual rights, 303–4. See also Indian policy, federal; segregation; slavery; and specific racial and ethnic groups
railroads: Apache territory encircled, 266; and bison’s disappearance, 252; and bonanza farming, 247; federal land subsidies, 240; graft, 236–37; labor unrest, 257–60; map, 224; and the national parks, 357, 359, 360; transcontinental, 209, 211, 224, 234–37, 241–45; and urban development, 315–19, 322
Rakim (rapper), 454
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 54, 56. See also Roanoke colony
Ralston, William, 245
ranch houses, 400–401
&
nbsp; ranching, 169, 237–38, 256–57, 383–84, 393–94. See also cattle
range lands, public, 376
rangers, 366–69, 431. See also Los Angeles Urban Rangers; National Forest Service; National Park Service; Texas Rangers
rap music, x–xi, 454–55. See also Eminem
Rayburn, Sam, 378–80
Reagan, Ronald, 388, 402–5, 421
real estate booms, 322, 324, 396–400
Reclamation Act (1902), 370–73
recreation, 327, 434–42
Red Cloud (Oglala Sioux chief), 260, 261, 262
Red Jacket (Seneca leader), 111, 126, 127
Regulators, 103–4, 106, 431
Reisner, Marc, 323
religion: Aztec, 17, 20, 24; camp meetings, 275; Indian religious beliefs, 94, 128–29, 285, 288–89 (see also Ghost Dancers); intolerant religiosity, 297; native vs. European understanding of, 8, 20, 34; Protestant missionaries, 157–59, 273–75; religious conflict, 204; religious freedom for Indians, 382; settler and immigrant churches, 273–76, 280–81, 291, 294. See also Catholic missionaries
Remington, Frederic, 344, 346–48
removal of Indians, 179–84, 207, 282–83
Reno, Marcus, Maj., 264
Republic of Texas. See Texas
reservations: allotment of land, 287–88, 380–82; casinos, 411–12; colleges, 412–13; conditions on, 287, 409, 412, 452–53; economic development, 411–13; federal reservation policy, 215, 217, 283–88, 380–86; Indians forced onto, 215–17, 266–68; map, 407; migration to cities from, 409; water projects and, 371, 376. See also removal of Indians; and specific reservations, tribes, and groups
restrictive covenants, 332, 397, 417–18
Revolution, American. See American Revolution
Rhode Island, 65, 200, 425
Ribault, Jean, 29–30
Richelieu, Cardinal, 46
Riders of the Purple Sage (Grey), 442
Ridge, Major (Cherokee leader), 131, 132
right of conquest, 110–12, 121
Rio Grande (1950 film), 445, 447
Rio Grande (river), 168, 371
Rio Grande valley. See New Mexico (Spanish/Mexican); New Mexico (U.S.); Pueblo peoples
riots, urban, 418, 419
rivers: development of, 378–80 (see also dams); French colonists and, 46; and transportation and trade, 311–13, 314, 316
Roanoke colony, 54–56. See also Virginia
Roanoke tribe, 54
Robbins, William, 365
rock climbing, 438–40
Rock Springs, Wyoming, anti-Chinese violence in, 258, 259
Rockefeller, John D., 209, 223–24
Rocky Flats nuclear production facility, 392–93
Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 392–93
Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 163–64
Rocky Mountains: and the fur trade, 163–65; gold discovered, 212; mining rushes in, 227–28; outdoor recreation industry, 437; paintings of, 351–54; Pike’s Peak, 147. See also specific states, territories, locations, and tribes
Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak, The (Bierstadt, 1863), 352
Rodríguez, Raymond, 335
Rodriguez, Richard, 424
Rogers, Roy, 446
Rolfe, John, 59
Rølvaag, Ole, 294–95
Romney, Mitt, 402
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 239, 341, 373, 376–77, 378
Roosevelt, Theodore: and the environment, 363–67; frontier ideology, 344–45, 356; imperialism of, 341; Japanese immigration halted, 300; life in the West, 237, 344–45; and Remington, 347; and the Spanish-American War, 342, 345; and water projects, 370, 372
Rose, Axl, 387
Ross, John (Cherokee leader), 131, 181, 184, 212
Rouensa, Marie, 49
Rowlandson, Mary, 67–68
Royal Proclamation (1763), 94–95
Roybal, Edward, 333, 414–15
rum, 88–89
rural decline, 325
Rural Electrification Act (1936), 378–80
rural life. See farming; small town life
Russian America (Alaska), 96–98, 155
Russian-American Company, 97–98, 155
Sacagawea, 142–43
Sacramento, California, 259–60, 327, 395
Sacramento River dam, 378, 380
Sadekanaktie (Onondaga leader), 72
Saint Augustine, Florida, 30–31, 85
Saint Lawrence river valley, 41–42. See also New France
Saint Louis, 162–65, 313, 314–16
Salish Indians, 159
Salt Lake City: copper mine, 245; demographics, 327, 395; founding of, 207, 276; growth of, 318–19; and the Overland Trails, 175. See also Mormons; Utah
San Antonio: first Mexican-American Representative, 416; and “Imperial Texas,” 395; under Mexican control, 187; under Spanish control, 98, 167, 168. See also Alamo, the
San Carlos Apache tribe and reservation, 266–67, 383–84
San Diego, California, 101, 395
San Diego insurrection (Texas), 304–5
San Francisco: African American population (WWII), 413; Chinatown, 258, 328–30; earthquake and fire (1906), 328; ethnic diversity, 328, 423; founding of, 100; and the Gold Rush, 225, 320; labor unrest, 257–58; population (1990), 395; rise of metropolis, 320–22; and the timber industry, 240; water supply, 371–72
San Francisco Bay, 100, 350–51. See also Alcatraz Island
San Jacinto, battle of, 188–89
San Juan Bautista mission, 100
Sanchez, George, 333, 335
Sand County Almanac (Leopold), 436
Sand Creek Massacre, 217–20
Sandoz, Mari, 326
Sandwiess, Martha, 152–53
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 188–89, 194
Santa Fe, 33, 36–37, 175, 212
Santa Fe Trail, 209
Sargent Rutledge (1960 film), 448
Sauk people, 183
Scandinavian settlers, 73–75
schools: Indian, 285–87, 381–82; segregation of, 281, 329–30, 416–17; in settler communities, 273, 274
Schwarz, Jordan, 380
Scots-Irish settlers, 79–80
Scott, Randolph, 446
Scott, Winfield, Gen., 181, 194, 196–97
sea otter, 96, 155
Seale, Bobby, 418
Searchers, The (1956 film), 448
Seattle, xii, 392, 395, 413
segregation: of African Americans, 281, 328, 331–33, 413–14; of Chinese Americans, 328–30; of Mexican Americans, 416–17; residential, 328–29, 331, 332–33, 397, 417–18; of schools, 281, 329–30, 416–17, 418
Seguín, Juan, 188, 189, 190
Seminole War, 183
Seminoles, 85, 179–80, 183, 212, 411
Senecas: alcohol abuse among, 88; and the American Revolution, 107–9, 111; Hurons attacked, 69–70; and the Indian Removal Act, 180; and the Iroquois Confederacy, 45, 69; religion of, 126. See also Iroquois Confederacy; Iroquois peoples
Sequoyah (Cherokee scholar), 132
Serra, Fr. Junípero, 100
Seventh Cavalry, 263–65, 289–91
Seymour, Samuel, 148
Shakers, 206
Shane (1953 film), 445–46
Shawnee Prophet, 128–29
Shawnees, 94, 109, 121, 180
Shays, Daniel, and Shays’ Rebellion, 116
She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949 film), 445
sheep, 34
Shenandoah River valley, 79–80
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 251
Shifflett, James, 417
shipbuilding, 390
Shipps, Jan, 205
Shoshones, 145. See also Comanches; Sacagawea
Shreve, Henry M., 311
Silicon Valley, 393
Silko, Leslie Marmon, 449–50
Singleton, Benjamin, 279
Sioux: Black Hills resistance, 260–66; and Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show, 342; Eastern Sioux reservation and uprising, 215, 216; at Fort Laramie conferenc
e, 208; Ghost Dancers, 288–91; lands lost through allotment, 380; migration, 145; name origin, 145; strength of, 145, 175; war with the U.S. (1865), 220; Wounded Knee massacre, 290–91
Sioux City, Iowa, 296
Sitting Bull (Sioux leader), 260, 262–63, 264–66, 288–89, 342, 343. See also Battle of Little Bighorn
Six Nations. See Iroquois Confederacy
skiing, 437–38
slavery: abolished, 251; among Indians, 143, 144; California’s Indian protection law and, 251; in the Caribbean, 27; as driver of expansion and economic growth, 178–79; fugitive slave law, 210; harsh treatment of slaves, 185; native peoples enslaved, 12–13, 23, 32, 85; political conflict over, 118–19, 178, 191, 210–11; in southern colonies, 80–81, 185; Spanish enslaved by natives, 22; and Texan independence, 186–87, 189. See also Civil War
Slidell, John, 193
Sloat, John D, Commodore, 196
small town life, 295–97
Smalley, Eugene Virgil, 272
smallpox, 20, 21, 26–27, 52–53, 64, 94, 100
Smelting Works at Denver (Moran, 1892), 354–55, 355
Smith, Erastus (“Deaf”), 187
Smith, Hyrum, 206
Smith, John, Capt., 57
Smith, Joseph, 204–5, 277–78
Smithsonian Institution, 172
Smoke Signals (1998 film), 449
Snake Indian girl swinging (Miller, 1837), 150, 151
Society of Friends (Quakers), 76, 102, 126, 128
Soil Conservation Service, 376
Sonoma, California, 195–96
South America, 20–21, 23, 28, 29. See also Spanish empire
South Carolina, 80, 103–4, 106, 112–13, 200, 425
South Dakota, 200, 374, 425. See also Dakota Territory
southern California. See California
Southern colonies/states, 80–81, 113, 211. See also Civil War; slavery; and specific states
Southern Pacific Railroad, 357, 359
Southwest Territory, slavery in, 118–19
Sovereignty and Goodness of God, The (Rowlandson), 67–68
sovereignty of Indian peoples, 122–23, 181, 284–85, 384, 406–9, 411–12
Spain, 26, 53–54, 91–92, 169. See also conquistadors, Spanish; Spanish empire; and specific individuals
Spalding, Henry and Eliza, 158
Spanish empire: and the American Revolution, 109; California, 98–102; encomienda system, 14–15, 23, 35; Florida, 21–22, 28, 29–31, 50, 85, 109, 110, 122; missions, 31, 33–37, 98–102 (see also Catholic missionaries); and native peoples’ names, 3; in North America (maps), 50, 99; organization and governance, 28–29; Texas, 22, 50, 98, 166–67, 168; treatment of natives in, 12–15, 23–26, 99–102; and U.S. southern expansion, 122. See also conquistadors, Spanish; New Mexico (Spanish/Mexican)