Irish immigrants, 79, 242, 291–92, 328
Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee; Five Nations; Six Nations), 45; and the American Revolution, 107–9, 111; and the Beaver Wars, 69; Covenant Chain (alliance with New York colony), 71–72, 85; and European trade goods, 88; and the French and Indian War, 91; Hurons attacked, 69–70; internal and external politics, 45, 86–87; and King George’s War, 87; Ohio claims ceded, 95; post-Revolution resistance, 121; power and influence, 66, 84, 86; spiritual revival, 126–28; Tuscaroras admitted, 86. See also Cayugas; Iroquois peoples; Mohawks; Oneidas; Onondagas; Senecas
Iroquois peoples: agriculture, 6, 41; architecture, 41–42; Christian converts among, 70–71; fur trade, 43–44; gender roles, 42–43; matrilineal descent, 42; in the Ohio country, 89; population decline, 126; reorganization rejected by, 385; spiritual revival, 126–28; warriors, 86. See also Iroquios Confederacy
irrigation, 370–71, 378. See also water
Isabella, Queen (Spain), 14
Issei. See Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans
Italian immigrants and Italian Americans, 328, 337, 356
Iverson, Peter, 383–84
Jackson, Andrew, 182; Creeks defeated, 132, 179; and Indian removal, 180, 181; and Texas, 188, 191
Jackson, Kenneth T., 324, 397
Jackson, William Henry, 357
James I, King (England), 56–57, 59
Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans, 300–304, 331–32, 336–38
Jefferson, Thomas: and the Chouteau family, 162; and federal land policy, 115; and the Louisiana Purchase territory, 138–40, 147; and slavery, 118, 179; statehood of western lands anticipated, 117; on the U.S. as “empire of liberty,” 177
Jeffrey, Julie Roy, 158
Jemison, Alice Lee, 384
Jesuit missionaries, 51–53, 69–71, 158. See also Catholic missionaries; Marquette, Jacques
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 392
Jim Crow. See segregation
Jobs, Steve, 393
Johnson, Lyndon B., 402, 409, 416
Johnson, Michael L., 401
Johnson, Sir William, 107
Johnson, William, 92
Jolliet, Louis, 50
Jordan, David Starr, 322
Judah, Theodore, 235–36
Julian, George Washington, 238, 241
Kaiser, Henry J., 380, 390, 391
Kallan, Horace, 381
Kansas: African American communities, 279–82; and the cattle industry, 254; and the Civil War, 213; conflict over slavery in, 210, 211; Depression-era migration from, 374; minority population (map), 425; school segregation challenged, 417; statehood, 200. See also Dust Bowl
Kansas City, 318, 395
Kaufman, Polly Welts, 367
Kearney, Dennis, 257–58
Kearny, Stephen Watts, Gen., 194, 195, 196
Kelley, Hall Jackson, 157, 169
Kelly, William, 229
Kennedy, Andrew, 177–78
Kennedy, Burt, 446
Kennedy, John F., 388, 409
Kent, Henry, 227
Kentucky: Battle of the Blue Licks, 110; Boone and the settlement of, 119–20; land ceded by Virginia to, 112; minority population (map), 425; population, 121; statehood, 121, 166, 200
Kidd, William Winston (Billy), 437
King, Richard, 238
King, Rodney, 426
King Philip’s War, 65–67
King William’s War, 85, 86
Kiowa people, 180, 208–9
Knox, Henry, 122, 123
Ku Klux Klan, 281, 331
La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, 50–51
La Vérendrye, Pierre de Varennes, Sieur de, 141–42
labor movements, 257–60, 307–9, 330
Laguna Pueblo, 411
Lakewood, California, 397
Lakotas. See Sioux
L’Amour, Louis, 442–43
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 87
Land Ordinance (1785), 113–15
land policy, federal: dispersal of public lands halted, 376–77; Homestead Act (1862), 115, 211, 238–41; map of federal lands, 377; national parks and, 358–59; sale of public lands, 115–17, 239–40, 356, 361; survey system, 113–15. See also national forests; national parks; reservations
land scams, 116–17, 240
land speculation, 117, 323
Lapérouse, Jean-François de Galaup, Comte de, 101
Larkin, Thomas O., 248
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 23–26
Lawrence, Kansas, 210, 213
Lawton, Henry W., 268
lead mines, 313
Leadville, Colorado, 228, 232
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), 416–17
Leatherstocking Tales (Cooper), 159–60, 348
Leavenworth, Kansas, 318
Lee, Jason, Rev., 157, 169
Lee, John D., 278
Lee, Richard Henry, 117
Lee, Robert E., 204
Lenni-Lenapes. See Delawares
Leopold, Aldo, 436
Letters from an American Farmer (Crèvecoeur), 115
Levi’s (jeans), 227, 401, 403
Levittown, 399–400, 401
Lewis, Meriwether, 138, 140–43, 145–47, 153
Lewis, Randall, 427
Lewis, Sinclair, 295
Lewis and Clark expedition, 138, 140–43, 145–47, 153
Lincoln, Abraham, 211, 316, 401
Lindsay, Vachel, 297
Lindsley, Marguerite, 367–78
Lisa, Manuel, 163
Little Bighorn, Battle of, 263–65, 344
Little Crow (Sioux chief), 215
Little Turtle (Miami chief), 124–25, 126, 129
log cabins, 73, 74, 75–76, 78, 89
Logan, Greenbury, 189
logging, 350, 360–63, 364–66, 408–9. See also timber industry
Lone Ranger, 446
Long, Stephen H., 148
Long Island Sound, 63–64
Longhouse Religion, 128
longhouses, 41–42
Longoria, Felix, 416
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 392
Los Angeles: airport, 423; ethnic diversity, 424–26; founding of, 100; Japanese residents interned, 337–38; migration to, 330–33; minorities in, 331–37, 416, 417–18, 426; movie industry, 331; oil fields, 331; population (1990), 395; post–WWII era, 387–88; riots, 418, 419, 426; rise of metropolis, 322; suburban development, 324, 397–99; urban flight, 427; water supply, 322–23, 371; Watts area, 333, 418, 419
Los Angeles Urban Rangers, 428–31
Louis VIII, King (France), 46
Louis XIV, King (France), 51, 85
Louisiana (French/Spanish territory): founding of, 51; French dominion reasserted, 169; sold to U.S., 139–40; Spanish control of, 92, 125, 138–39. See also Louisiana Purchase territory; New Orleans
Louisiana (state), 166, 185, 200, 425
Louisiana Purchase territory, 135, 139–40, 147–48, 178, 200. See also Lewis and Clark expedition; and specific states and territories
L’Ouverture, 139
Lowie, Robert, 381
lumber industry, 315, 316
Lutherans, 291
Mackenzie, Alexander, 154, 155
Mackinaw (fort and settlement), 83, 94
Madison, James, 137
Magnificent Seven, The (1960 film), 447
Mahoney, William, 417
Maidus, 248–49
Main Street (Lewis), 295–96, 297
“majority minority” population, 424–26
Malibu, California, beach access in, 428–30
Malinche, La (Malintzin), 18–20
Malthus, Thomas, 78
Man and Nature (Marsh), 361
Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, The (1962 film), 448
Mandans, 141–42; Bodmer’s painting of, 148–49, 150; at Fort Laramie conference, 208; Lewis and Clark and, 141, 145
Manhattan (New York), 71
Manhattan, Kansas, 281
manifest destiny, 3,
177–78. See also expansion
Mann, Anthony, 446
Manteo (Roanoke Algonquian), 54, 56
Manzanar internment camp, 338
Marquette, Jacques, 50
Marsh, George Perkins, 361
Marshall, John, Chief Justice, 181
Marshall, Robert O., 436
masculinity and the frontier, 344–48, 369, 383–84
Massachusetts, 112–13, 116, 200, 425
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 63. See also Pilgrims; Puritans
Massasoit, 62
Masters, Edgar Lee, 296
Mather, Increase, 67
matrilineal societies, 34, 42
Matsumoto, Valerie, 302
May, Cliff, 400
May, Dean, 276
Mayans, 15
McCone, John, 391
McCormick reaper, 246
McKinley, William, 363
McLoughlin, John, 154–55, 159, 171–72
McPherson, James, 213
McWilliams, Carey, 300, 308, 324, 397
Mead, Margaret, 381
Means, Russell, 410, 413
Menéndez de Avilés, Don Pedro, 30–31
Menominees, 408–9
Meriam Report, 380–82
mestizos, 27–28, 34–35, 37
Metacomet (“King Philip,” Wampanoag chief), 65–67
Methodists, 157, 274–75
métis, 50, 83–84, 141, 155
Mexican Americans: activism of, 421–23; in the armed services, 414–15, 416; farmworkers, 306–9, 420–22; generational conflict, 335; in Los Angeles, 331–32, 333–36, 426; pachuco gangs, 335; political activity, 415–16; school segregation, 417; after the U.S.–Mexican War, 201–4, 306; during and after World War II, 413–23
Mexican immigrants: cross-border migration patterns, 306–7; deportation of, 333–35; in the early 20th century, 304, 306–7; farmworkers, 306, 307–9, 420–22; in Los Angeles, 331–32, 333–36
Mexican War, 192–200, 209, 210
Mexicans: and the California Gold Rush, 225, 229–30; vaqueros, 254. See also Mexican Americans; Mexican immigrants; Tejanos
Mexico: and Austin’s Texas land grants, 168–69; boundary with the U.S., 200–201; economy, and illegal migration, 423; independence, 166; and Mexican migrant worker strikes, 309; native population, 26; Revolution, 304, 306, 307; social and racial equality in, 186–87; and Texan independence, 187–89; war with the U.S., 192–200. See also New Spain
Mexico City, 28–29; American campaign for, 196–97, 198. See also Tenochtitlán
Meyerowitz, Joanne, 326–27
Miami Indians, 109, 121, 124–25, 180. See also Little Turtle (Miami chief)
Michigan, 166, 200, 425
Micmacs, 39–40, 52
Microsoft, 393, 432–34, 441
migration: of African Americans, 279–81, 413–14; from California (1990–present), 426–27; and community, 270–72; during the Depression, 374; Great Migration of 1843, 170; of the Iroquois, 111; to Los Angeles, 330–33; post–WWII boom, 394; from reservations to cities, 409; right of, 297–98; of women, to cities, 325–27. See also immigrants; removal of Indians; and specific states, tribes, and immigrant groups
Miller, Alfred Jacob, 149–50, 151, 153, 164
Miller, Joaquin, 174
miners: Chinese, 231–34; Indian, 248–49; Irish, 291–92; Mexican, 225, 229–30. See also Gold Rush; mining
Mingo Indians, 109, 121
mining: 20th-century decline, 393–94; copper, 245–46; Denver and, 319; impact on Indians, 248–49, 260; industrial techniques, 227, 228, 350; lead, 313; map of mining areas, 232; mercury, 350–51; mine owners, 245, 320–21; placer mining, 225, 248; and the settlement of the West, 227–28. See also Gold Rush; miners
Mink, Nicholaas, 451, 454
Minneapolis and Saint Paul, 319
Minnesota: Eastern Sioux reservation and uprising, 215, 216; European immigrants in, 292, 293, 294–95; logging in, 350; minority population (map), 425; statehood, 200
Minnetarees, 141
Miriam Report, 380–81
Mississippi, 166, 185, 200, 425
Mississippi River: as beginning of the West, 10; French claims ceded to Britain, Spain, 91; French exploration and colonization, 47, 50–51; Saint Louis and, 313, 314, 315–16; Spanish control of, 91, 139
Missouri: Boone’s land grant in, 135; during the Civil War, 212–13; Kansas invaded by proslavery militias from, 210; minority population (map), 425; Mormons in, 205; statehood, 166, 178, 200
Missouri Compromise, 178, 210
Missouri Fur Company, 163
Missouri River: as beginning of the West, 10; and the fur trade, 162–64; Great Sioux Reservation bounded by, 260; Kansas City and, 318; Lewis and Clark’s exploration of, 140, 141, 145, 153; Saint Louis and, 162–63, 313
Miwoks, 248
mob violence, 104. See also Paxton Boys; vigilantes
Moctezuma, 16, 17–18, 20. See also Aztecs
Mohawks: and the American Revolution, 107–9; Christian converts among, 70–71; and the Dutch, 61; and the Iroquois Confederacy, 45, 69–70; and King Philip’s War, 66, 69; and King William’s War, 85. See also Brant, Joseph; Iroquois Confederacy; Iroquois peoples
Mohegan casino, 67, 412
Momaday, N. Scott, 449–50
Monroe, James, 179
Montana: mining in, 228, 232, 245–46; minority population (map), 425; ranches in, 254; Sioux resistance in, 260; statehood, 200, 358
Montcalm, Marquis de, 91
Mooney, James, 288
Moran, Thomas, 353–54, 357
Morgan, Edward, 65
Mormons: Book of Mormon, 204–5; driven West, 200, 205, 206–7; isolationism vs. industrial development, 318–19; missionaries, 276; Mormon culture in Napoleon Dynamite, 451; polygamy among, 205–6, 278–79; settlement of Utah, 276–78
Morse, Jedidiah, 137–38
mountain climbing, 436, 438–40
movie industry (Hollywood), 331, 390–91
movies, Western, 442–49. See also specific titles
Muir, John, 359–60, 363, 364, 365, 371, 372
Murphy, Mary, 327
Murrieta, Joaquin, 201, 202
music, country and western, 401
Mutchler, J. C., 237
My Darling Clementine (1946), 445
Myer, Dillon S., 338, 406
Nacogdoches, Texas, 167, 168
Napoleon Bonaparte, 169
Napoleon Dynamite (2004 film), 450–51, 453–54
Narragansetts, 39, 40, 64–67
Narváez, Panfilo de, 21–22
Nash, Gerald, 393
Natchez Indians, 84
National Council of American Indians, 406
National Forest Service, 364, 366–67, 368, 382
national forests (forest reserves), 363, 364–66
national monuments, 364
National Park Service, 367–69, 431
national parks, 356–60, 364, 367–69, 431, 434–36. See also specific parks
Native Americans. See Indians; specific tribes; and headings beginning with Indian
natural resources, 351, 360–61, 411. See also Dust Bowl; environmental movement; logging; mining; national parks; wildlife, decline and disappearance of
Nauvoo, Illinois, 205–7
Navajos: enforced submission of, 217; herds, 35, 37, 385, 385–86; name, 3; Pueblos raided, 37; reorganization rejected by, 385–86; in Stagecoach, 444
Navarro, Ramon Jil, 230
Nebraska, 200, 210, 292, 374, 425
Neolin (Indian leader), 94
Nevada, 200, 228, 232, 425
New Deal, 373–74, 376–80, 389; Indian New Deal, 381–86
New England, 68–69; coastal Indians, 39–40 (see also specific tr
ibes); colonial population growth, 78–79, 80; colonists’ relations with Indians, 62–69; land distribution and settlement, 113. See also Pilgrims; Puritans; and specific colonies, localities, tribes, individuals, and events
New France: culture and social structure, 46–50, 82–84; earliest trading expeditions to, 41–45; establishment of, 44, 45–46; French and Indian War (1754–63), 90–92; missionaries and conversion of Indians in, 49, 51–53; and the Ohio country, 89–90; population growth, 82; territory claimed, 50–51; trade with the Mandans, 141–42. See also Canada
New Mexico (Spanish/Mexican): Comanches and, 81, 98; northern settlement strategy, 166; Pike and, 147–48; Pueblo Revolt, 36–37, 81; sheep and cattle, 34; Spanish invasion and colonization, 31–37; U.S. acquisition of, 193, 194, 195, 198–99, 200–201. See also Pueblo peoples
New Mexico (U.S.): acquisition of, 193, 194, 195, 198–99, 200–201; atomic bomb developed, 392; Civil War and, 212; Elephant Butte Dam, 371; federal campaigns against Apaches and Navajos, 216–17; majority minority in, 424, 425; Mexican-American activism in, 421; and slavery, 210; statehood, 200. See also New Mexico (Spanish/Mexican); Pueblo peoples
New Netherlands, 71. See also Dutch traders and colonists
New Orleans, 51, 92, 124, 139–40. See also headings beginning with Louisiana
New Spain: governance, 29; intermarriage in, 27–28; Mexican independence, 166; mining, 31; native population, 26, 27; Pike and, 147–48; Spanish conquest, 15–20, 21; Texas settlements, 98. See also Mexico; Mexico City; New Mexico (Spanish/Mexican)
New Sweden, 73
New York, 71; English-Iroquois alliance (Covenant Chain), 71–72; and the French and Indian War, 90; German settlers in, 79; minority population (map), 425; Mormon church founded in, 204–5; settlement of western New York, 95; statehood, 200; western lands claimed/ceded, 112–13
newspapers, 198, 234–36
Newton, Huey P., 418
Nez Perce tribe, 283
Nicodemus, Kansas, 280–81
Nisei. See Japanese immigrants and Japanese-Americans
Nixon, Richard, 402, 409, 421
North Carolina, 80, 112–13, 200, 425.
North Dakota, 200, 374, 425. See also Dakota Territory
North West Company, 153–55
Northern Pacific Railroad, 247
Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 117–19, 122, 178
Northwest Passage, search for, 41, 44
Northwest Territory, 112, 113–19, 118. See also Ohio country; and specific territories and states
Norwegian immigrants, 293, 294–95
Nueces Strip, 193
Nye, Bill, 340
Oakley, Annie, 342–44, 446
Obama, Barack, 401