Spanish-American War, 341–42, 345
Spokane Indian Reservation, 451–52
Squanto, 62
squatters: along the Appalachians, 79–80; vs. homesteaders, 240; in the Ohio River country, 124; in the Ohio River valley, 116, 121; in Texas, 169
St. Clair, Arthur, 118, 124–25
St. John, John Pierce, 280
Stadacona village, 44, 45
Stagecoach (1939 film), 444–45
Standish, Miles, 62
Stanford, Leland, 209, 234–36, 244
Stanford University, 393
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 278
Steamboat Springs, Colorado, 437–38
steamboats, 311, 312, 316
Stegner, Wallace, 271, 436
Steinbeck, John, 374
Stelter, Gilbert, 317
Stetson hats, 366–67, 401, 403, 404, 428, 431, 437
Stewart, James, 446
Stewart, Richard, 338
Stewart, William Drummond, 149, 150
Stockton, Robert F., Commodore, 196
Stone, Monica, 336
Strauss, Levi, 223–24, 227. See also Levi’s
suburban development, 324, 396–400. See also ranch houses
Sugar Creek, Illinois, 270–72
Sumner, Charles, 193, 210
Sun Belt (term), 396
Sun Elk (Taos Pueblo), 285–87
Supreme Court (U.S.): Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), 417; cases involving Chinese Americans, 304; on Cherokee sovereignty, 181; Fletcher v. Peck (1810), 117; on Indian water rights, 371; Japanese internment upheld, 337; poll tax ruled unconstitutional, 416; restrictive covenants ruling, 417; on treaties with Indian nations, 285; Worcester v. Georgia (1832), 181, 284
surveying, 113–15, 173
Sutter, John, 225, 248
Swedish immigrants, 294
Tadoussac (trading village), 44–45
Taínos (Caribbean), 12–15, 27. See also Hispaniola
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 139–40
Tammany (Delaware leader), 76–77
Taos tribe (Pueblo), 411
Tape, Mary and Joseph, 329–30
Tarantino, Quentin, 449
Taylor, Buck, 342
Taylor, Maxwell, 447
Taylor, Quintard, 35
Taylor, Zachary, 193, 194, 195
Taylor Grazing Act (1934), 376
Tecumseh, 129–31, 132
Tejanos (Spanish-speaking Texans): armed conflict with Anglos, 203–4, 304–6; executed for desertion, 167; outnumbered by Anglo “Texians,” 169; and slavery, 187; and Texas independence, 187–88; vaqueros and rancheros, 254. See also Mexican Americans; Texas
Tekakwitha, Kateri, 70–71
telecommuting, 434
television Westerns, 446–47
Teller, Henry M., 288
Tenayuca, Emma, 305
Tennessee: early settlement of, 95; land ceded by North Carolina to, 112; minority population (map), 425; slavery in, 185; statehood, 166, 200. See also Crockett, David
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 378–80
Tenochtitlán (Aztec capital), 17, 20. See also Mexico City
Tenskwatawa (Shawnee Prophet), 128–29, 131
Termination program, 406–9
Tesoro, 393
Texas: 20th-century population boom, 394, 395; American aggression in, 167; American settlement of, 167–69, 186–87; annexation of, 191–92, 200; cattle-ranching in, 237–38, 253–54; and the Civil War, 212; Depression-era migration from, 374; German immigrants in, 292; and the Imperial Texas economic region, 395; majority minority in, 424, 425; Mexican-American activism in, 421–23; oil fields, 320; petrochemical industry, 392; Pike on, 148; racial and ethnic conflicts, 189, 203–4, 304–6, 414; revolution and independence, 187–91; segregation in, 414–15, 416; slavery in, 186–87, 189; under the Spanish, 22, 50, 98, 166–67, 168; Texas-Mexico border dispute, 193–94. See also Tejanos; and specific cities
Texas Rangers, 203, 305–6, 366, 431
Thayendanega (Mohawk leader). See Brant, Joseph
Thoreau, Henry David, 199
Tijerina, Reies, 421
Timber Cutting Act (1878), 232
timber industry, 240, 350, 361–62, 364–66. See also forests; logging
timing, early colonization and, 40–41
Timucuas (Florida), 5, 30–31
Tippecanoe, 129–30
Tishcohan (Delaware chief), 88
Tlaxcalans (Mexico), 20, 31
tobacco, 59–60
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 310–11
Tohono O’odham tribe, 384
Toledo, Preston and Frank, 406
Tombstone, Arizona, 228, 232
Tonto, 446
Topographical Engineers, Army Corps of, 172, 173–74, 195, 196
Torres, Al, 424
tourist industry, 391, 437–38. See also national parks; outdoor recreation
Toussaint, François-Dominique, 139
Townes, Samuel, 185
tract construction, 397
trade, 44–45, 88. See also fur trade
trading posts, federal, 123–24
traffic, 399
Trail of Tears, 181–82. See also Cherokees
transportation: air transport and Denver’s growth, 396; commercial connections redirected to New York City, 211; Overland Trails, 175, 207–8, 271, 276, 445; Pacific Electric interurban rail system, 324; rivers and, 311–13, 314, 316; road congestion, 399; wagon trains, 207–8. See also railroads
Trans-World Airlines (TWA), 390
Travis, William Barret (“Buck”), 187–88
Treaty of Fort Atkinson, 208–9
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), 260, 262
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 200–201, 204
Treaty of Nanking (1842), 297
Treaty of New Echota (1835), 181
Treaty of Paris (1763), 91–92
treaty system, 123–24, 284–85. See also specific Indian treaties and tribes
Trist, Nicholas, 199–200, 201
Trudeau, Garry, 428
Truman, Harry, 401
Tsali (Cherokee visionary), 131
Tsosie, Nathan, 411
Turner, Frederick Jackson, frontier thesis of, 9–10, 310, 339–42, 405
Tuscaloosas, 29
Tuscaroras, 107, 111
Twain, Mark, 352–53
Two Moons (Cheyenne chief), 264
Tyler, John, 191–92
unemployment, 333, 412, 418
Unforgiven (1992 film), 449
Union Pacific Railroad, 236, 242–45, 257, 258, 318
United Farm Workers (UFW), 421, 422
urban sprawl. See suburban development
Utah: copper mine, 245; minority population (map), 425; Mormon settlement of, 276–78; and slavery, 210; statehood, 200, 279; territory created, 277; U.S. acquisition of, 200; women’s suffrage in, 278–79. See also Mormons; Salt Lake City
Utes, 81
utopianism, 205–6. See also Mormons
Valdez, Luis, 421
Vallejo, Mariano, 195
VanBuren, Martin, 191
vaqueros, 254
Velázquez, Diego, 17
Vermont, 95, 200, 425
Verrazzano, Giovanni da, 39–40
Vietnam War, 447–48
vigilantes: anti-Chinese violence, 298–300; and the California Gold Rush, 229–30, 249–51; Carolina Regulators, 103–4, 431; Mormon, 278; Texas Rangers, 204, 305–6, 431
Villa, Francisco (“Pancho”), 306
Virginia: Bacon’s Rebellion, 60–61; English arrival in, 9; Indian uprisings, 60; Jamestown, 56–59; minority population (map), 425; modern-day Indians of, 61; Raleigh’s Roanoke colony, 54–56; slavery in, 80; statehood, 200; and tobacco, 59–60; western lands claimed/ceded, 112–13
Virginia Company, 57, 60. See also Virginia
Virginian, The (1929 film), 443, 444
Virginian, The (Wister novel)
, 346
voting rights, 415–16
Wadin, Marguerite, 155
Wagon Master (1950), 445
Wagon Train (television show), 446
wagon trains, 207–8
Wahunsenecawh. See Powhatan
Walker, Robert J., 199
Walking Purchase (1737), 87
Waller, Theresa, 413
Wampanoags, 62, 65–66
Wanchese (Roanoke Algonquian), 54, 56
War of 1812, 130–31, 156
Washington (state), 200, 361–62, 392, 425, 432–34. See also Oregon Country; Pacific Northwest; Seattle; Spokane Indian Reservation
Washington, George: American empire envisioned, 137; campaigns against Ohio Indians, 90, 125; and Georgia’s land grants, 117; on Indian Country, 95; Indian policy reformed, 122; and slavery, 179; Whiskey Rebellion subdued, 138
water: dams and hydroelectric power, 371, 378–80, 390, 392, 432; Los Angeles and, 322–23, 338, 371; reclamation projects, 370–73; water rights, 371
Watie, Stand, 212
Watts, C. H., 333
Watts Riot, 418, 419
Wayne, Anthony, Gen., 125
Wayne, John, 442, 444, 448
Webb, Walter Prescott, 305, 306, 377–78
Weber, Adna, 310
Weberites, 103
“Welcome to the Jungle” (Guns N’ Roses), 387
West, Benjamin, 91, 92, 93
West, Elliott, 124, 341
West, the (concept): European dreams of, 1–3, 2; location of, 10–11; Western brand, 388 (see also clothing, Western). See also art of the West; fictional depictions of the West; frontier
Westerns (novels, films, television), 442–49
Westminster, California, 417
Weyerhaeuser Co., 365, 367, 393
Whiskey Rebellion, 138
White, John, 54, 55, 56
White, Richard, 209, 224
Whitecloud, Joe, 409
Whitman, Marcus, 157–59, 169
Whitman, Narcissa Prentiss, 158–59, 169
wilderness, 364, 434–36. See also environmental movement; national forests; national parks
Wilderness Act (1964), 436
Wilderness Society, 436
wildlife, decline and disappearance of, 348–49. See also specific animals or birds
Willamette River valley, 171. See also Oregon Country
William of Orange, 85
Williams, Roger, 65
Williams, Terry Tempest, 450
Williams, William Appleman, 342
Wilmot, David, 210
Wilmot Proviso, 210
Wilson, Woodrow, 1, 306, 341
Wingina (Roanoke Algonquian chief), 54, 55
Winnebagos, 183
Winthrop, John, 63
Wisconsin: German immigrants in, 292; Indians massacred, 183; minority population (map), 425; Peshtigo fire, 350; Saint Louis trade and, 313; statehood, 200. See also Green Bay; Menominees; Winnebagos
Wister, Olan, 382
Wister, Owen, 344, 345–46
Witherspoon, John, Rev., 3
Wolfe, James, Gen., 91
Wollenberg, Charles, 418
wolves, 348–49
women: Chinese immigrants, 231–32; Delaware women, 73–74; domestic violence against, 326–27; as forest and park rangers, 367–69, 431; frontier hardships, 272; hat plumes, 356; Indian women and sexuality, 34, 47–48, 53; Indian women as intermediaries, 142–43; Iroquois women, 42; Japanese women, 301; Miller’s paintings of Indian women, 149–50; Plains women, 153; Pueblo women, 34–35; Scandinavian women, 74; schoolteachers, 273, 274; urban migration of, 325–27; voting rights, 278–79
Wong, Esther, 330
Wood, Leonard, 268
Wooden Leg (Cheyenne warrior), 263–64
Woods, John, 270
Worcester v. Georgia (1832), 181, 284
World Trade Organization protests (1999), xii
World War I, 306
World War II: African Americans during, 413–14; defense spending, 389–90, 392–93; Japanese internment, 337–38; minorities in military service, 389–90, 405–6; ship and aircraft construction, 380, 389–90, 413
World’s Colombian Exhibition (1893), 339
Worster, Donald, 349, 376
Wounded Knee: massacre (1890), 290–91; occupation (1973), 409–10
Wovoka (Paiute shaman), 288. See also Ghost Dancers
Wozniak, Stephen, 393
writers, Native American, 449–50, 451–54
Wyeth, Nathaniel, 157
Wyoming: anti-Chinese violence in, 258, 259; minority population (map), 425; railroad construction in, 242, 258; ranches in, 254; statehood, 200, 358
Yazoo Act (Georgia), 117
Yellowstone National Park: created, 356, 357–59; environmental policy in, 358, 360; Moran’s paintings of, 353; Old Faithful geyser, 435; park rangers, 367–69. See also national parks
York (slave of M. Lewis), 141
Yosemite National Park: Camp 4 climbers at, 438–40; Hetch Hetchy valley, 371–72; Muir at, 359–60, 365; preservation of, 357; tourism, 434
Young, Brigham, 206–7, 276–78, 318
Yucatán peninsula, 15
Zhu, Liping, 234
Zimmerman telegram, 306
Zook, Dwight, 333
Zoot-Suit Riots, 335–36
Zunis, 31, 33, 34–35. See also Pueblo peoples