Dare, Ananias and Eleanor White, 56
Dare, Virginia, 56
Dasmann, Raymond, 322
data centers, 432–34
Davis, Jefferson, 212
Dawes, Henry, 287
De Smet, Pierre-Jean, 158
de Soto, Hernando, 28, 29
Deadwood Dick (fictional character), 160, 161
Death of General Wolfe, The (West painting), 91, 92
Debs, Eugene, 259
del Mar, David Peterson, 326
Del Rey, California, 301–2
Delaware valley, European settlement of, 73–76. See also Pennsylvania
Delawares (Lenni-Lenapes): and the American Revolution, 109; Delaware Prophet (Neolin), 94; gender roles, 73–74; Gnadenhutten massacre, 110; Haudenosaunee and, 86; and the Indian Removal Act, 180; in the Ohio country, 90, 94, 121; Penn’s treaty with, 76–77, 87; and the Walking Purchase, 87, 88
Denver, 318, 319, 354–55, 392–93, 395, 396
Denver Pacific Railroad, 318
Department of Agriculture, 325, 364
Department of the Interior: creation of, 207; during the FDR administration, 376; forest management taken from, 364; and the National Park Service, 368; and reservation schools, 285; water projects, 370–71, 376 (see also dams). See also Ballinger, Richard; Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA); Bureau of Land Management (BLM); Bureau of Reclamation; Ickes, Harold
Destruction of the Indies, The (Las Casas), 26
Detroit: fort defended against Indian attack, 94; French settlement, 83; lost to British, 131; modern, ix, xi; and pan-Indian resistance, 121; during the Revolution, 109–10
DeVoto, Bernard, 377–78, 388
DeWitt, John L., Gen., 338
Días, Bernal, 16–17, 19
dime novels, 160, 161, 342, 442. See also fictional depictions of the West
Diné. See Navajos
disease: Aztecs devastated, 20, 21; Hurons devastated, 44–45, 52–53; Iroquois nations devastated, 69; and native peoples (generally), 26–27, 44–45, 166; New England natives devastated, 61–62, 64; smallpox used as weapon, 94. See also smallpox
Divided We Stand: The Crisis of a Frontierless Democracy (Webb), 378
Django Unchained (2012), 449
Doig, Ivan, 450
domestic violence, 326–27
Douglas, Donald, 391
Douglas, Stephen A., 177, 210
Douglass, Frederick, 199
Dr. Dre, x
Drake, Francis, 54, 59
drought, 256–57, 374–76
Dunbar, William, 185
Durant, Thomas C., 236, 244
Dust Bowl, 374–76
Dutch traders and colonists, 61, 69, 71, 73, 75
Earp, Wyatt, 445
Eastwood, Clint, xiii, 448, 449
Echohawk, John, 411
Edmunds Act (1882), 279
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 401, 437
El Paso, Texas, 175, 304, 306, 395
electricity, 378–80
Eliot, John, 65, 66
Elizabeth I, Queen (England), 53–54
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 359–60
Eminem (Marshal Mathers II), ix, x–xi
“empire of liberty,” 177–78
encomienda system, 14–15, 23, 35
English colonists, 40–41. See also New England; Pilgrims; Puritans; Virginia; and specific colonies, localities, events, and individuals
environment: logging’s impact, 350, 360–63; mining’s impact, 227, 350–51; water projects’ impact, 371–72. See also wildlife, decline and disappearance of
environmental movement: elites and, 355–56; FDR’s conservation programs, 376–77; forest conservation and management, 360–66; Moran and Bierstadt’s paintings and, 353–55; Muir and, 359–60; national parks created, 356–60; outdoor apparel companies and, 440–42; and rock climbing, 438–39; wilderness preservation, 364, 436. See also outdoor recreation
Erdrich, Louise, 449–50
Eric B. (DJ), 454
Evans, John, 217–19
Exclusion Act. See Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Exodusters, 279–81
expansion: after 1890, 339–40; cities’ role in, 310–11; “empire of liberty” envisioned, 177–78; Great Britain and, 110, 121, 122, 124–26; manifest destiny concept, 3, 177–78; as necessary and inevitable, 137–38; political conflict over, 191–92; slavery as driver of, 178–79; Spanish empire and, 122 (see also Mexican War); territorial acquisitions and statehood (map), 200. See also frontier; and specific regions, territories, and states
extinction event, 4–5
farming: decline of small farms, 393–94; farm women’s lives, 272, 325–26; and federal irrigation projects, 370–71; French long-plot farms, 46, 82–83; mechanization of, 246–48, 369–70; and slavery, 80–81 (see also slavery); surplus, 370, 373; taken up by Cherokees, 131; tenants and sharecroppers, 373–74; virtues of, 238. See also agriculture
farmworkers, Mexican, 306–9, 420–22
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 411
federal power and authority: after the Civil War, 224–25; defense spending, 389–90, 392–93; and the national parks, 356–59; and river development, 378–80; and water projects, 370–73; in the western territories, 209; and the Wounded Knee protest, 411. See also Confederation Congress; Congress (U.S.); Indian policy, federal; land policy, federal; and specific government agencies
Federalist Papers, 137
Fehrenbacher, Don, 119
Ferdinand, King (Spain), 13, 14
fertility rates, of English colonists, 78–79
fictional depictions of the West, 159–61, 342–44, 442–54. See also specific authors, books, and movies
Filson, John, 119, 120, 135
fishing rights, 411
Fistful of Dollars, A (1964 film), 448, 449
Five Nations. See Iroquois Confederacy
Fletcher v. Peck (1810), 117
Flint, Timothy, 271
Florida: British possession of, 92, 110; the French in, 5, 29–30; minority population (map), 425; Seminoles in, 85, 183, 411–12 (see also Seminoles); Spanish Florida, 21–22, 28, 29–31, 50, 85, 109, 110, 122; Timucua people, 5; U.S. acquisition and statehood, 200
Fogelson, Robert, 333
Fontana steel mill, 390
Ford, John, 444–45, 448
Forest Management Act (1897), 363
Forest Reserve Act (1891), 363
forests: conservation and management, 360–66; deforestation, 350, 360–62; logging, 350, 360–63, 364–66, 408–9
Fort Apache (1948 film), 445
Fort Duquesne, 90, 91
Fort Hall, 171, 175
Fort Laramie, 171, 175, 208, 260
Fort Miami, 124, 125
Fort Pitt, 91, 94
Fort Scott, Kansas, 281–82
Fort Vancouver, 155, 156, 171
forty-ninth parallel, 157, 171, 192, 200
Fox people, 84, 183
France, 8, 74, 90–92, 139–40, 169. See also Florida; Louisiana (French/Spanish territory); New France
Francis I, King (France), 41
Franciscan missionaries. See Catholic missionaries
Franklin, Benjamin, 78, 102
Fraser, Alexander and Simon, 154
Frazier, Donald, 212
Frémont, Jessie Benton, 172–74
Frémont, John Charles, 172–76, 195–96, 211
French and Indian War (1754–63), 90–92
Friends of the Indians, 287–88
Frobisher, Martin, 54
Frontenac, Louis de Bouade, Comte de, 50
frontier: closing of, 310, 339–41, 348, 351, 376–77; concept questioned, 388–89; frontier myth invoked by Reagan, 403–5; isolation of frontier life, 272; and masculinity, 344–48, 369, 383–84; meanings of, 9–10, 436; popularization of, 342–48 (see also fictional depictions of the West); Turner’s frontier thesis, 310, 339–42, 405. See also expansion; West, the (concept)
&nb
sp; Fulghem, Dorothy, 281
Fuller, Margaret, 199
fur trade, 43–44; and beaver, 43–44, 69, 153, 163–65; Beaver Wars, 69; dependent on Indian labor, 153; and disease, 44–45, 166; ecological impacts, 165–66, 349; French and, 43–46, 47; and the Mandans, 141; in the Pacific Northwest, 154–56; Rocky Mountain fur trade, 163–65; Russians and, 96; Saint Louis and, 162–65; trading companies, 153–55. See also bison; Hudson’s Bay Company
Fur traders in camp (Miller), 164
Gadsden, James, 200
Gadsden Purchase, 200–201
Galbraith, Thomas J., 283–84
Gale, Zona, 295
Galveston, Texas, 318
gaming, Indian, 67, 411–12
Garland, Hamlin, 272, 296, 325
Garokontié, Daniel (Onondaga leader), 70
Gates, Bill, 393
Geffen, David, 428
gender roles, European vs. Indian, 42–43. See also women
General Land Office, 207, 240
Gentlemen’s Agreement, 300–301
George, Henry, 321
Georgia, 80, 112–13, 117, 181, 200, 425
German Americans, loyalty of, 337
German immigrants, 79, 292, 328
Geronimo (Apache leader), 266–68
Ghost Dancers, 288–91
Giannini, Amadeo Peter, 328, 390, 391
Glacier National Park, 356, 360
Glorieta Pass, battle of, 212
Goff, Seldon, 227
gold: in the Black Hills, 260; in California, 225–30, 232, 248 (see also Gold Rush); discovered in the Rockies, 212, 260; Spanish desire for, 13–14, 17–18
Gold Rush (California, 1848–55), 225–31, 232, 235, 248–49
Goldwater, Barry, 402, 403
Goliad, battle of, 188
Gonzalez, Alfredo Guerra, 335–36
González, Gilbert G., 309
González, Henry B., 416
Goodnight, Charles, 223–24, 237
Gore, Al, 401
Gracon, Ruth, 414
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone (Moran, 1872), 353, 354
Grand Coulee Dam, 380
Grant, Ulysses S., 193–94, 197
grape boycott, 421–22, 422
Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 374
Great Britain: 49th parallel treaty, 192; and the American Revolution, 107–10; hunting restricted to upper classes, 74; Indian Country established, 94–95; Indians in, 54; Seven Years War, 90–92; Spanish galleons raided, 53–54; and U.S. westward expansion, 110, 121, 122, 124–26; War of 1812, 130–31, 156. See also Canada; and specific colonies and individuals
Great Depression, 333–35, 374, 378
Great Lakes, French colonization of, 47, 50–51, 83. See also New France
Great Migration of 1843, 170
Great Plains: conservation programs, 376; cyclical droughts, 256–57, 374–76; native way of life on, 143–45; travel across, 207–9 (see also railroads); as wasteland, 148. See also bison; Plains Indians; and specific territories, states, and tribes
Great Sioux Reservation, 260–63, 265. See also Battle of Little Bighorn
Great Swamp Fight, 66
Great Train Robbery, The (1903 film), 443
Greater California (economic region), 395–96
Green Bay, French settlement at, 83
Grey, Zane, 442
Grinnell, George Bird, 356
Gros Ventre tribe, 371
Gruening, Ernest, 436
Guerrero, Vicente, 187
guns and firearms, 213, 214
Gunsmoke (television show), 446, 447
Haiti, independence of, 139
Hakluyt, Richard, 54
Handsome Lake (Iroquois leader), 126–28
Hanford Nuclear Reservation, 392
Hanson, Carl, 291
Hardin, Samuel H., 186
Harmar, Josiah, Gen., 124
Harriot, Thomas, 54, 56
Harris, Merriman, 300
Harrison, Benjamin, 363
Harrison, William Henry, 128, 129, 130, 191
Hart, Albert Bushnell, 285
Haudenosaunee. See Iroquois Confederacy
Hawkins, Augustus, 416
Hayashi, Brian Masaru, 336
Hayden, Ferdinand V., 357
Hayes, Samuel P, 434–36
Hearst, George, 223–24, 245
Henderson, Richard, 119
Henry, Andrew, 163
Herr, Michael, 448
Hess, Jared, 450. See also Napoleon Dynamite
Hetch Hetchy valley (Yosemite), 371–72
Hickok, Wild Bill, 446
hidalgos, 35. See also encomienda system
high-tech industry, 393, 432–34
highways, 437
Hine, Thomas, 401
hip-hop music and culture, ix, x–xi, 454–55
Hispaniola, 27. See also Taínos (Caribbean)
Hochelaga village (Iroquois), 41–44, 45. See also Montreal
Hollywood. See movie industry; movies, Western
Homestake Mine, 245
Homestead Act (1862), 115, 211, 238–41
Hondo (1953 film), 442
Hoover, Herbert, 373
Hoover Dam, 378, 379, 386
Hopalong Cassidy (television show), 446
Hopis, 34–35
Hopkins, Mark, 234–36
Horace, 1
horses, 81–82, 143–45, 166, 369–70
housing. See ranch houses; segregation; suburban development
Houston, Samuel, 188
Houston, Texas: as immigration gateway, 423; and “Imperial Texas,” 395; Jordan elected, 416; racism in, 413–14; success of, 318, 320
Hudson’s Bay Company, 85, 153–55, 166, 171
Huerta, Dolores, 421
Hughes, Howard, 390–92
Hughes Aircraft Company, 390
Huguenots, 29–30, 82
human sacrifice, 24
Hunt, Frances, 314–15
hunting, 74, 355–56, 411. See also fur trade
Huntington, Collis P., 223–24, 234–36, 237, 244–45
Huntington, Henry E., 324
Hurons, 45–46, 52–53, 69–70
Hyde, Anne F., 159
hydroelectric projects, 378–80, 390, 392, 432
IBM, 393
Ickes, Harold, 376, 381
Idaho: acquisition and statehood, 200, 358; Chinese miners in, 233–34; mining in, 228, 232; minority population (map), 425; unplanned growth, 427. See also Preston, Idaho
Ide, William B., 196
illegal immigration, 421, 423–24
Illinois (state): acquisition and statehood, 166, 200; Alton, 313; and Black Hawk’s resistance, 183; minority population (map), 425; Mormons in, 205–6. See also Chicago
Illinois Country (French), 48–50, 69, 80, 109
Illinois Indians, 48–50, 180, 183
immigrants: in Chicago, 317; churches of, 291, 294; deportation of, 333–35; European, 291–95; “foreign miners” taxes, 229–30, 232, 233–34; illegal immigration, 421, 423; immigration wave (1965–present), 423–24; legal rights denied to, 233; restrictions on, 297, 298, 301, 336; urban demographics, 327–28. See also specific groups
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 421
Immigration Restriction Act (1924), 301, 336
Imperial Texas (economic region), 395
imperialism, American, 137–38, 341–42. See also manifest destiny
Incas, 20–21, 29
indentured servants, 59, 80, 254
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 111
Indian Bureau. See Bureau of Indian Affairs
Indian Citizen Act (1924), 385
Indian Country (British designation), 94–95, 110, 122
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988), 412
Indian Intercourse Act (1790), 122–24, 284
Indian policy, federal: assimilation policy, 285–87, 380; and Indian sovereignty, 122–23, 181, 284–85, 384, 406–9, 411–12; removal, 179–84, 207, 282–83; reservation p
olicy, 215, 217, 283–88, 380–86 (see also reservations); return of tribal lands, 124, 411; self-determination, 409; Termination program, 406–9; tribal claims settled, 406–8
Indian Removal Act (1830), 180. See also removal of Indians
Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 381–82, 384
Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act (1975), 409
Indian social structures: gender roles, 34, 42–43, 143–44 (see also women); leadership, 7–8, 42, 384–85; matrilineal societies, 34, 42
Indian Territory: during the Civil War, 212, 213; Exodusters in, 280; forced relocation to, 180, 282. See also Oklahoma; removal of Indians
Indiana, 166, 200, 425
Indians (Native Americans): agricultural practices, 6; alcohol abuse among, 88–89, 124; artists’ portrayals of, 148–53, 348; Boone and, 137; and British sovereignty, 92–94; cachet of (late 20th century), 405; and the California Gold Rush, 248–49; culture areas (map), 5; and disease, 20, 26–27; diversity, 40; earliest European encounters with, 6–9, 39–40; and European trade goods, 88; in fiction and film, 445, 448, 451–54; and horses, 81–82, 143–45, 166; land and property rights among, 8, 183, 287–88; land cessions (map), 284; as metaphor, 447–48; names of tribes, 3; and the national parks, 356; and the Ohio country, 89–90; origin traditions, 4; pan-Indian movements, 121–22, 128–30, 409–11 (see also Iroquois Confederacy); population decline, 26–27; population growth (1950–2010), 405; religion(s) of, 8, 285, 288–89, 382 (see also Ghost Dancers); removal of, 179–84, 207, 282–83; return of lands to, 124, 411; sovereignty of, 122–23, 181, 284–85, 384, 406–9, 411–12; Spanish resisted, 15, 32; Spanish treatment of, 12–15, 23–26; term origin, 3; trading by, 43–44 (see also fur trade); tribal governments, 384–85; U.S. treaties with (generally), 123; water rights, 371; and white travel across the Plains, 207–9; women as intermediaries, 142–43; during World War II, 405–6; writers, 449–50, 451–54. See also reservations; specific tribes; and headings beginning with Indian
industrial capitalism: and class lines, 296–97; impact of, 223–25; and migration, 297–98; and racial/ethnic tensions, 258–59; scale of, 241; U.S. government and, 209. See also cities; industrialization of the West; and specific cities and industries
industrialization of the West, 378–80, 389–93. See also and specific companies and locations; high-tech industry; petrochemical industries
infant mortality, 79
information revolution (internet), 431–34, 450
Interior Department. See Department of the Interior
Interior West (economic region), 395, 396
International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, 414
Inuit, 54
Iowa, 236, 425