Fun, 222, 243, 244, plates
Gadsden Purchase, 42, 277n1
Galeana, Chihuahua, 2, 16, 20, 131
Galiuro Mountains, Arizona, 111
Gallinas Canyon, New Mexico, 172
García, Lorenzo, 123, 124, 129
Gatewood, Charles B., 136, 146, 150, 158, 172, 201, 208, 214, 217, 271, plates; conflict with Lawton, 206–7; confronts Smith seeking to murder Geronimo, 216; death of, 273; deprived of credit for Geronimo surrender, 272, 273; described, 135; excluded from 1885 campaign, 165; misgivings about assignment, 201, 206–7, 216; seeks talks with Geronimo, 201, 202, 203; talks with Geronimo, 209–12, 219, 265; tries to abandon mission, 216–17; under Lawton’s command, 206–7
Gayleyville, Arizona, 117, 122
George (Chokonen chief), 102
George (White Mountain chief), 104, 109, 110, 150
Geronimo, 33, 52, 53, 60, 62, 72, 95, plates; abduction of Loco, 114–15; accused of plotting uprising, 254; adulthood, 14ff.; agrees to talk with Miles, 211–12; on Alope, 15; appraisal of at age 37, 34–35; appraisal of conduct in last two years of freedom, 219–20; arranges with Maus to talk with Crook, 181; arrives at Mount Vernon Barracks, 235–36, 265; attacked at Bugatseka, 164; attacked by army and scouts in Animas Mountains, 87, 89–90; attacked by Lawton on Yaqui River, 205–6; attacked by Mexicans, 99; autobiography of, 19, 57, 259–61, 277n1; and Bascom Affair, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43; at Battle of Alisos Creek, 120, 264; at Battle of Apache Pass, 48; at Battle of Horseshoe Canyon, 264; Betzinez on alcohol addiction of, 262; birthplace and date, 6; breaks for mountains again, 186; Brown fight, 197; as butcher, 130, 263, 264; and ceremonies, 10; characterized, ix–x, 1–2, 3, 264–68; and Cochise, 34–35; compared with other Indian leaders, 268–69; confronts Davis on tiswin, 156–57; confronts Mexican commander, 214–15; confronts Mexican infantry, 214; contracts venereal disease, 155, 266; courage and bravery of, 264; and culture, 10–11; culture of, 268; and curiosity seekers, 223, 226, 228, 233; death of, 262; denied enlistment in regular army, 243; described, 1, 19–20, 69, 105; described by an army officer, 244; described by a visitor, 244–45; drift from Mangas Coloradas, 45, 52, 54, 57; erratic behavior of, 264–65; establishes stronghold on Yaqui River, 199; as family man, 125, 267; family of, 6–7, 22; as farmer, 154–55; fight with Mexicans, 31, 191; first breakout, 1878, 96–97; flees Chiricahua Reservation, 85, 86; flees reservation, 158, 301n1; flight to Mexico with Loco, 115–21; at Fort Pickens, 226–29, 233; as Fort Sill village headman, 251–53; freed from San Carlos jail, 92, 94; funeral of, 262; as Goyahkla, 6; gullibility of, 149–50, 157, 267; Hatfield fight, 195, 197, 264; held at San Antonio, 223–25; homeland of, 3–4; on Howard, 70; at Howard peace conference, 63–64, 69–70; interview with General Stanley, 224, 225; interviewed in Omaha, 255–56; intrigue against Chihuahua and Naiche, 158; jailed at San Carlos, 1, 88, 91, 92; and Janos Massacre, 1851, 27–28; joins Dutch Reformed Church, 258–59; joins with Victorio in battle with US cavalry, 100; last raid in Arizona, 195, 196–97, 198; as leader, 115, 120, 161, 219, 220, 264, 265; leads Peck raid, 2–3, 196; leaves Chiricahua Reservation, 74, 76; Lebo fight, 193–94, 197, 264; legend of, ix, 263, 267; letter to Chappo, 240, 248–49; as liar, 141, 142, 158, 161, 184, 245–46, 265–66, 267; at Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, 265–57; and Mangas Coloradas, 9–10, 17, 20, 30, 34; marches in 1904 inaugural parade, 257, 259; marriage, 15; as medicine man, 21, 155, 256, 266; meets Davis at border, 1884, 147; meets Lawton, 211; meets with Gatewood, 208–11; meets with Katiyah and Martine, 208–9; meets with President Roosevelt, 257–58; mission to persuade Geronimo to return to San Carlos, 101–3; moves to Fort Sill, 249–50; moves to Ojo Caliente Reservation, 87; myth of hero fighting for homeland, 3–4, 130, 262, 267–69; and name, 6, 18–19; at Nebraska Theater, 256; newspapers on, 5, 220, 223, 229, 263, 269; novitiate of, 12–14; at Omaha Indian Congress, 1898, 255–56; opens Eva’s boil, 257; opinions of Geronimo, 155; at Pan American Exposition, 1901,256; peace efforts at Casas Grandes, 1883, 144–45; peace talks at Casas Grandes, 1882, 127, 264; and Pinos Altos, New Mexico, 36–37; plans abduction of Loco, 114; plots to assassinate Davis, 158; Power, 2, 11, 21–22, 105, 130–31, 140, 267; and Pozo Hediondo, 23–26, 264; as prisoner of war, 222, 263; problems of, for historians, 260; raid to Sonoita Valley, 86–87; and raids, 19, 32, 34, 45, 73, 78, 81, 129–30, 132, 133, 143; raids southern Arizona, 87; reaches Skeleton Canyon, 217; relations with Juh, 15–16, 56, 57, 60, 97, 98, 108, 125; relations with Naiche, 94, 108, 183, 222; retrieves wife at Fort Apache, 172; returns to Chiricahua Reservation, 77; reunited with family, 233; and rift with Chatto, 152; at San Carlos, 1884, 149; as school disciplinarian and justice of the peace, 242–43; second breakout, 1881, 109–12; seeks family at Fort Apache, 166; seized by Clum, 1, 88, 91; sells craft work, 228, 238, 255, 256; settles on Chiricahua Reservation, 72; spiritual beliefs of, 259, 266; stronghold on Aros River attacked, 178–79; supports education, 240, 248–49; surrenders to Crook at Canyon de los Embudos, 184–85; surrenders to Miles, 217–18, 222, 310n9; suspicion and distrust, 108, 150, 157, 266–67; talks with Clum, 85; talks with Crook in Sierra Madre, 1883, 140–41; on train to Florida, 218–19, 221; tries to make peace at Fronteras, 207–8; at Turkey Creek, 151; turns on Wrattan, 245–46; in wars, 2, 19, 22; witnesses Mexican attack on Crawford, 179; wives of, 26, 35, 57; Wotherspoon on, 242–43; wounded by Mexicans, 1861, 45; writes family at Fort Marion, 227–28; writes General Stanley, 234; writes to Miles, 211, 232
Ghost Dance, 250, 273
Gila Mountains Arizona, 115
Gila River, New Mexico and Arizona, 6, 9, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 43, 46, 51, 55, 57, 73, 78, 86, 92, 95, 104, 109, 110, 115, 117, 130, 150, 172, 195, 277n1
Glorieta Pass, Battle of, 46
gold rushes, 35, 36
González, Elías, 20, 24
Gordo, 73, 87, 88, 90, 101, 102
Governors Island, New York, 245
Goyahkla. See Geronimo
Grant, Ulysses S., 64, 66
Grant’s Peace Policy, 64, 75
Great Father, 33, 37, 59, 64, 75, 151, 224, 228
Griener, John, 31
Guadalupe Canyon, Arizona, 163, 164, 177, 215, 216
Guadalupe Mountains, Arizona, 102
Guaynopa, Chihuahua, 129, 131, 166
Gulf of Mexico, 121, 229
Hampton Industrial Institute, Virginia, 239
Harrison, Benjamin, 239–40, 241–42
Hart, Henry L., 94, 95, 96, 97
Haskell, Harry L., 101–3, 108
Hatfield, Charles A. P., 197, 200, 264
Hatfield fight with Geronimo, 197, 200, 264
Havana Harbor, 253
Hell’s Gate Canyon, Arizona, 2
Henley, Austin, 79, 84, 90
Hermosillo, Sonora, 24
Hoazous, Sam, 118–19, 120, 129, 243, 244
Holbrook, Arizona, 204, 221
Hooker Ranch, Arizona, 111
Horn, Tom, 214
Horseshoe Canyon, Arizona, 116
Horseshoe Canyon, Battle of, 116–17, 119, 120, 122, 123
Howard, Guy, 241–42
Howard, O. O., 62, 75, 78, 93, 134, 225, 240, 241, 245, 247; described, 61, 67; Geronimo on, 70; and peace mission to Cochise, 62–65, 66–70, 85, 102, 105
Howard, William P., 147
howitzers, 50
Huachenera, Sonora, 137
Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, 133
Huera (Mangas’s wife), 156, 157, 164
Hunter, Sherod, 46, 49, 50
Indian Congress, 255
Indian Rights Association, 230–31, 236, 239
Indian Territory, 200, 203, 239, 242, 247
Ishton (Geronimo’s sister), 7
Ith-tedda (Geronimo’s wife), 155, 172, 236
Janos, Chihuahua, 16, 18, 19, 23, 34, 49, 51, 72, 95, 97, 100–101, 102, 113, 131, 167, 172; 1843 massacre at, 20; 1851 massacre at, 27–28, 31, 32, 127; and treaty negotiations with Apaches, 18, 23, 26, 98–99
Janos River, Chihuahua, 119
Jeffords, T
homas J., 59, 67, 68, 102, 103; as Chiricahua agent, 72–80, 78, 79, 81–82, 84–85, 96; at Howard peace conference, 61, 62, 64
Jerome Commission, 252
Jicarilla Apache tribe, 9
Johnson, John, 18
Johnson Massacre, 18
Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, 285n9
Juan (brother of Cochise), 62
Juana (Geronimo’s mother), 6
Juh (Nednhi chief), 2, 21, 56, 60, 62, 69, 72, 74, 76, 77, 81, 85, 86, 90, 95, 97, 99, 100, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114, 119, 121, 125, 131, 143, 223, 260, 269, 277n1; alcohol addiction of, 127, 144; death of, 144–45; described, 15–16; 1882 massacre at Casas Grandes, 127–29; 1882 peace talks at Casas Grandes, 127; 1883 peace efforts at Casas Grandes, 144; loss of influence, 133, 145; mission to persuade to settle at San Carlos, 101–3; and Pozo Hediondo, 23–26; ranchería shattered by Mexican troops, 132–33, 144; relations with Geronimo, 56, 57, 97, 98, 108, 125; settles on Chiricahua Reservation, 72; stutters, 16, 85
Kansas, 203
Kanseah, 208
Kautz, August V., 77–78, 80, 81, 85, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96
Kayatena, 114, 119, 120, 130, 145, 146, 153, 187, 190, 251; at Canyon de los Embudos, 183–85, 187, 190; enlists in regular army, 243; as Fort Sill village headman, 251; life after POW status, 271–72; makes trouble at Turkey Creek, 151; sent to Alcatraz, 151–52
Kayitah, 200, 201, 202, 206, 208–9, 213, 216, 219, 222, 224, 225, 230, 233, 265, 271, 272
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 29, 30
Kellogg, Edgar R., 254
Kenoi, Sam, 244, 251, 252–53
Kilthdigai, 222
Kiowa-Comanche Reservation, 249, 252, 258, 269
Kiowa Indians, 175, 249, 250, 252, 268, 269
Kirker, James, 18
Kirker Massacres, 18, 20
Lake Mohonk Conference of Friends of the Indian, 242–43
Lake Palomas, Chihuahua, 163, 172, 173
Lake Valley, New Mexico, 173
Lakota Sioux Indians, 257, 268
Lamar, L. Q. C., 204
Lamont, Daniel C., 245, 246
Lane, William Carr, 31–32, 33
Langdon, Loomis, 229–30, 233–34
Lang’s Ranch, New Mexico, 165
Lawton, Henry W., 197, 198, 216, 127, 218, 219, 225, 265; attacks Geronimo stronghold on Yaqui River, 205–6; campaign in Mexico, 198, 199, 200, 201–2, 203, 205; conflict with Gatewood, 206–7; confronts Mexican infantry, 213–14; described, 198; Miles exaggerates role of, 272; mission of, 196; tries to persuade Miles to talk with Geronimo, 213, 216
Lawton, Oklahoma, 258, 259, 262
Lebo, Thomas C., 197, 264
Lena (Geronimo’s daughter), 236
Leupp, Francis, 253, 257
Lewis, Gideon, 79, 80, 84
Lincoln, Abraham, 37
Lincoln, Robert T., 141, 153
Lipan Apache tribe, 270
Little Bighorn, Battle of, 192
Loco (Warm Springs chief), 48, 58, 59, 67, 87, 94, 95, 130, 132, 141, 143, 150, 154, 156, 157, 158, 161, 231, 271, plates; abducted by Geronimo, 115; death of, 271; flight to Mexico, 116–21; as Fort Sill village headman, 251; moved to San Carlos, 100, 105; warned of abduction from San Carlos, 113–14
Lonah, 222
Lordsburg, New Mexico, 136
Los Angeles, California, 66
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 256
Ludwig, Larry, 284n6
Lulu (Geronimo’s daughter), 56, 125
Mackenzie, Ranald S., 121
Magdalena River, Sonora, 193
Mahco (Geronimo’s grandfather), 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, 272, 277n2
malaria, 86, 95, 96, 108, 239
Mañanita (wife of Geronimo), 133, 144, 153
Mangas (son of Mangas Coloradas), 114, 151, 156, 158, 161, 163, 164, 166, 178, 182–83, 228, 232, 251, 271, plates
Mangas Coloradas, 7, 16, 18, 20–21, 22, 29, 32, 33, 34, 36, 43, 45, 55, 56, 57, 104, 108, 152, 156, 209, 228, 269, 271; and Ácoma peace treaty, 31–32; and American fur trappers, 29; appraised, 53–54; and attack on Pinos Altos, 46; and Bascom Affair, 38, 40, 43; at Battle of Apache Pass, 47–51; described, 9; and General Kearny, 29–30; and Geronimo, 9–10, 17, 20, 23, 98; and Johnson Massacre, 18; as leader, 17, 23; murdered, 53, 56; peace overture at Pinos Altos, 51–52; and Pozo Hediondo, 23–26, 264; and raids into Mexico, 19, 32, 34; and Steck, 33–34, 35; wounded, 49, 51
Marcías, Pedro S., 169
Martine, 201, 202, 206, 208, 209, 213, 126, 219, 222, 224, 225, 230, 233, 243, 251, 265, 271, 272
Martínez, Manuel, 24
Maus, Marion P., 180–81, 182–83, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193
McComas, Charley, 136, 139, 172
McComas, Hamilton C., 136
McDonald, David N., 116–17
McDowell, Irvin, 56
McIntosh, Archie, 102, 137
McKinley, William, 256, 257
McKinn, James “Santiago,”172, 186, 187
Medal of Honor, 197, 272, 273
Medicine Lodge Treaty, 252
Memorandum of Agreement, 1883, 142, 153, 154
Meriwether, David, 33
Meriwether treaties, 33
mescal, 11, 144, 183, 208, 209
Mescalero Apache Reservation, New Mexico, 59, 100, 172, 269–70, 272, 278n2
Mescalero Apache tribe, 9, 155, 172, 269–70
Mesilla, New Mexico, 30, 36, 43, 45, 46, 50
Mexican War, 277n1
Mexico, 2, 3, 7, 16, 29, 31, 37, 72, 75, 79, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 94, 98, 99, 102, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, 125ff., 136, 142, 150, 153, 164, 165, 173, 177, 198, 199, 200, 219, 220, 223, 251, 263, 264
Miles, Nelson A., 103, 188, 207, 208, 210–11, 217, 219, 221, 223, 228, 232, 234, 246, 247, 252, 254, 260, 265–66, 267, plates; assumes command in Arizona, 189, 193; campaign strategy, 193, 196, 197, 198, 201–2, 206; commands army, 273; criticized for portrayal of Geronimo campaign, 272; death of, 273; described, 192–93; Geronimo and Naiche surrender to, 217–18, 219, 224; issue of what Miles said at surrender, 226, 310n9; obfuscation in reports to president, 225; resists talking with Geronimo, 213, 216; and rivalry with Crook, 174, 176; seeks removal of all Chiricahuas from Arizona, 200
Mimbres Chihenne local group, 32, 33, 34, 37, 271
Mimbres Mountains, New Mexico, 172
Mimbres River, New Mexico, 31, 34, 43, 172
Missouri River, 203
Mobile, Alabama, 232, 237, 242, 244
Moctezuma, Sonora, 144
Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, 6, 12, 18, 20, 32, 36, 38, 51, 130, 163, 167, 172, 173, 174, 228
Morrison, Pitcairn, 42–43
Motaos, 222
Mount Vernon, Alabama, 232, 237
Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama, 235–47, 255, 265, 266, 270, 271, 272, plates; Chiricahuas moved to, 233; described by Bourke, 232–33; described by Eugene Chihuahua, 237, 239; school at, 240
Mountain Spirits, 10
Nácori Chico, Sonora, 99, 144, 163, 178, 180, 181
Nacozari River, Sonora, 24, 207
Na-dog-te, 7, 48
Naiche (Cochise’s son), 56, 78, 81, 84, 85, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 119, 120, 127, 130, 132, 141, 144, 145, 146, 154, 156, 158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 173, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 190, 193, 199, 200, 202, 207, 208, 209, 219, 220, 221, 227, 232, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 267, plates; becomes Chiricahua chief, 93; death of, 270; described, 93, 108, 221–22; effort to recover family at Fort Apache, 95–96; enlists in regular army, 243; held at San Antonio, 223–25; interviews with General Stanley, 224, 225; kills Skinya, 84; life after POW status, 270; as POW, 222, 233, 234; relations with Geronimo, 94, 108, 222; surrenders to Miles, 218; Walsh fight with, 196, 198
Nakadoklini, Cibicue Apache holy man, 108
Nana-tha-thtithl (Geronimo’s wife), 35, 45, 56
Napi, 222
Navajo Indian tribe, 31, 67
Navajo scouts, 201
Nednhi Chiricahua band, 7, 15–16, 18, 20, 23, 57, 60, 62, 72, 78, 81, 85, 90, 91, 95, 98, 101, 103, 105, 110, 125
New Hampshire, 225
New Mexico, 1, 5, 6, 9, 26, 30, 33, 37, 42, 45, 46, 50, 52, 55, 56, 67, 64, 65, 68, 75, 76, 81, 85, 86, 89, 90, 94, 95, 99, 100, 113, 115, 116, 121, 123, 130, 133, 135, 147, 160, 165, 167, 172, 173, 174, 175, 178, 186, 200, 208, 221, 225, 228, 242, 277n1
New York, 225, 244, 246
Nez Perce Indians, 268
Nichols, James, 244
Ninth Cavalry, 91, 94, 100
Noche, Chiricahua scout, 178, 182, 185, 200, 251
Nogales, Arizona and Sonora, 193, 197, 198
Nolgee, 85, 90, 95, 98, 99, 101
No-po-so, 15
North Carolina, 240
Nye, W. S., 272
Ohio, 92, 192
Ojinaga, Chihuahua, 98
Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, 58, 59, 60, 68, 85
Ojo Caliente Apache Reservation, 1, 77, 86, 87, 88, 90, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100; reservation Apaches moved to San Carlos, 88, 91, 95, 100, 105
Ojo Caliente (also Warm Springs) Chiricahua local group, 7
Oklahoma, 247, 253, 258, 270
Omaha, Nebraska, 189, 195, 255
Opler, Morris, 21, 271
Oputo, Sonora, 131, 163, 166
Ortíz, Juan Mata, 2, 131–32
Osama bin Laden, ix
Overland Trail, 37, 43, 46, 58
Pacific Ocean, 121
Pan American Exposition, 256
Parker, James, 155, 201, 206
Parker, Quanah, 3, 257, 268–69
Pass of the North, Texas, 30
Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, 196, 197
Peaches (Tzoe), 136, 137
Peck, Artisan L., 2, 196–97, 198, 264
Peloncillo Range, New Mexico and Arizona, 37, 51, 97, 110, 112, 115, 118, 211, 217
Pennsylvania, 33, 204
Pensacola, Florida, 226, 228, 234, 237
Pensacola Bay, Florida, 226, 229
Perico, 21, 222, 243, 251, plates
Perry, David, 122, 124
Pesqierira, Ignacio, 24
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 230
Philippine Insurrection, 272, 273
Picacho Peak, Battle of, 50
Pierce, Francis E., 154, 155–56, 157, 162, 174
Pierce, Franklin, 33