Pile, William A., 64–65
Pinal Apache Tribe, 71
Pinaleño Mountains, Arizona, 110, 111
Piñito Mountains, Sonora, 193
Pinos Altos, New Mexico, 36, 43, 45, 46, 51–53
Pinos Altos gold rush, 36, 39
Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, 29, 35, 36–37, 55
Pionenay, 78, 84, 85–86, 87, 94, 95
Pitachaiche Mountains, Sonora, 182
Point of Mountains, Arizona, 111
Ponce, 61, 62, 68, 88
Pontiac, ix, 3
Pope, John, 151, 187, 189
Pope, Nathaniel, 67
Power (Apache attribute), 2, 11, 21–22
Pozo Hediondo, Battle of, 23–26, 31, 264
Pratt, Richard H., 230, 240, 241, 248, 249, 257
Prescott, Arizona, 66, 89, 122, 142, 157
Proctor, Redfield, 240, 241, 242
pulque, 11
Purington, George M., 259–60, 262
Rafferty, William A., 122, 123
raid and war, 12, 16, 130, 268
Randall, A. Frank, plates
Red River War, 175, 192, 268
Reed, Walter, 235–36, 237, 238, 241, 242, 246
Remington, Frederic, 146
Rincon Mountains, Arizona, 195, 196
Rio Grande, New Mexico, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 46, 47, 50, 51, 58, 90, 98, 100, 219
Robert (Geronimo’s son), 262, plates
Roberts, Thomas L., 50
Robinson, Daniel, 283n5
Rogers, Nicholas, 79, 80, 84, 85
Roosevelt, Theodore, 257, 259, 268, 273, 277n1
Rope, John, 139
Rough Riders, 273
Rucker, John A., 89–90
Rush Springs, Oklahoma, 249, 253, 254
Russell, George W., 245–46
Safford, Anson P. K., 65, 88
Sahuaripa, Sonora, 24
Saint Augustine, Florida, 229, 230, 231, 237, 238
Saint Francis Barracks, Florida, 229
Saint Louis, Missouri, 93, 256
San Antonio, Texas, 223–25, 226, 230, 234
San Bernardino Ranch, 216
San Bernardino River, Arizona and Chihuahua, 137, 163, 182, 213, 215
San Bernardino Springs, Arizona, 102, 137, 145, 146, 183, 201
San Bernardino Valley, Arizona, 217
San Buenaventura, Chihuahua, 166, 169
San Carlos Apache Agency, 75, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 120, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 150, 153, 155, 156, 162, 173, 175, 179, 201, 271; corruption at, 93–94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 125, 141
San Carlos Apaches, 136, 151, 243
San Carlos police, 78, 85, 88, 90–91, 96, 114, 115
San Carlos River, Arizona, 75, 105, 150
San Francisco, California, 56, 146, 151, 225
San Francisco River, New Mexico-Arizona, 60, 161
San Mateo Mountains, New Mexico, 100
San Miguel Mountains, Sonora, 198
San Miguel River, Sonora, 198
San Pedro River, Arizona, 42, 50, 84
San Pedro Valley, Arizona, 89, 148
San Simon Station, Arizona, 37, 122
San Simon Valley, Arizona, 117, 118, 122
Sánchez, 114
Santa Clara River, Chihuahua, 166
Santa Cruz Mountains, Sonora, 195, 197
Santa Cruz River, Arizona, 2, 42, 89, 193, 195, 196, 197
Santa Fe, New Mexico, 30, 33, 46, 51, 56, 59, 121, 176
Santa Fe Trail, 46
Santa Lucía Springs, New Mexico, 9–10, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 51, 52
Santa Maria, Chihuahua, 131
Santa Rita del Cobre, New Mexico, 29. See also copper mines
Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, 45
Santa Rosa Island, Florida, 229
Santa Teresa Mountains, Arizona, 110
Satachi River, Sonora, 178
Satanta, 3, 268
Schofield, John M., 141, 142, 176, 230, 240, 241, 243
Scott, Edward, 197
Scott, Hugh L., 249–50, 251, 252, 253, 259, 269–70, plates
Second Artillery, 229
Separ, New Mexico, 116
Serviano, 139
Seventh Cavalry, 249, 252, 254
Seventh Infantry, 42
Sheridan, Philip H., 175, 188, 200, 203, 225, 230, 231, 234, 237; attitude toward Apache scouts, 165, 176, 189, 193; calls on Crook for assurances on Apaches, 175, 177; commands army, 165; dies of heart attack, 234; directed to visit Crook at Fort Bowie, 175–76; orders Chatto delegation to Fort Marion, 204; orders Chiricahuas to Mount Vernon Barracks, 233; orders families of POWs at Fort Pickens to join men there, 233; orders POWs at Fort Pickens to Mount Vernon Barracks, 234; queries Crook on removal of entire Chiricahua tribe, 176, 187, 200; supports Crook’s strategy, 176
Sherman, John, 192
Sherman, William T., 66, 124, 136, 167, 192
Shit-sha-she (Geronimo’s wife), 57, 133
Sibley, Henry H., 46–47, 50
Sieber, Al, 122, 137, 158–59
Sierra Azul, Sonora, 196, 197
Sierra Blanca, New Mexico, 9, 100
Sierra Madre, Mexico, 2, 7, 15, 20, 24, 27, 57, 100, 113, 121, 125, 127, 135, 136, 144, 145, 160, 165, 168, 177, 178, 186, 190, 193, 221, 264; as Apache refuge, 121, 163; described, 121, 166; difficulties for military campaigns, 121, 137
Silver City, New Mexico, 90, 91, 136, 174
Sinclair, William, 237–38
Sioux Indians, 268
Sioux Wars, 192–93
Sisters of Charity, 230
Sitting Bull, ix, 3, 268
Sixth Cavalry, 122
Sixth Mexican Infantry, 123
Skeleton Canyon, Arizona, 147, 211, 219, 220, 224, 238, 261, 273, 274
Skinya, Chiricahua leader, 76, 79, 80, 84, 85
Sladen, Joseph A., 62, 63, 68–70, 105, 286n3
Slaughter, John, 310n6
smallpox, 81
Smith, Abiel L., 214, 215–16, 219
Sommers, Richard, xii
Sonoita Valley, Arizona, 42, 87, 89
Sonora, Mexico, 2, 5, 9, 16, 18, 19, 23, 30, 32, 34, 57, 60, 63, 72, 73, 95, 99, 121, 125, 129, 130, 136, 143, 145, 146, 173, 176, 177, 178, 182, 186, 195, 196, 197, 198, 204, 207, 265, 277n1
Sonora Railroad, 193, 195
Sonora River, Sonora, 24, 143, 164, 193, 198, 199
Southern Apache Agency, 90
Southern Pacific Railroad, 110, 116, 122, 163, 193
Spanish American War, 255, 259, 272, 273
Spence, Orizoba, 79, 80, 84, 85
Stanley, David S., 223; forwards Wrattan letter to Sheridan, 234; interviews Geronimo and Naiche, 223–25; letter to, from Wrattan, 234
Steck, Michael, 33–34, 35, 37, 42, 96
Steen, Enoch, 30–31, 32, 37, 42
Stein’s Pass, New Mexico, 37
Stein’s Peak, New Mexico, 37, 43, 51, 89, 116
Stein’s Peak Range, 37, 89
Sterling, Albert, 115
Stoneman, George, 66
Sulphur Springs, Arizona, 64, 74, 79
Sulphur Springs Ranch, 147–48
Sumner, Edwin V., 31, 33
Sumner, Samuel S., 286n5
Sutherland, Charles, 246–47
Sweeney, Edwin R., xi, 93
Swilling, Jack, 51, 52
Swisshelm Mountains, 112
Tanitoe, 200
Tarahumari Indians, 121, 132, 168, 179, 180
Taslishim (Geronimo’s father), 6, 12
Taza (Cochise’s son), 63, 76, 78, 80, 85, 88, 92–93, 94, 95; death of, 93
Teboka, 7
Tecumseh, ix, 3
Teller, Henry M., 141
Tenth Infantry, 197
tequila, 11
Teras Mountains, Sonora, 178, 182, 208
Texas, 46
, 47, 164
Third Cavalry, 146
Tiffany, Joseph C., 105, 109
Tisnah (Geronimo’s son), plates
tiswin, 11, 78, 81, 96–97, 127, 152, 154, 156–57
Tocklanny, 251
Tonto Apaches, 9, 74
Trans-Mississippi International Exposition, 255–56
Tres Castillos, Battle of, 100
Tribollet, Charles, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190
tuberculosis, 237, 239
Tucson, Arizona, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50, 59, 62, 85, 87, 88–89, 92, 195
Tucson Ring, 99
Tularosa Apache Reservation, New Mexico, 68, 73, 75, 77
Tularosa Valley, New Mexico, 60, 65
Tupper, Tullius C., 122, 123, 124
Turkey Creek, Arizona, 150, 154, 158, 173, 175, 184, 186, 190
Twelfth Infantry, 240, 249, 252
Tzoe. See Peaches
Ulzana, 145, 161, 164, 173, 175, 177, 178, 182, 184, 186
United States, 7, 29, 31, 72, 123, 136, 166, 169, 198, 214, 220, 223, 264
US Army, 123, 222, 243, 268
US Army Department of Arizona, 65, 102, 124, 134, 188, 192
US Army Department of New Mexico, 51
US Army Department of Texas, 226
US Army Department of the Missouri, 192
US Army District of Arizona, 57, 65
US Army District of New Mexico, 124, 162, 176
US Army Division of the Atlantic, 240
US Army Division of the Pacific, 66
US Board of Indian Commissioners, 64, 65
US Bureau of Indian Affairs, 31, 66, 92, 93, 96, 99, 100, 101
US Civil War, 35, 37, 44, 49, 51, 57, 64, 198, 229, 247
US Congress, 64, 175, 200, 203, 222, 230, 239, 241–42, 247
US Department of the Interior, 175, 222, 230, 269
US General Land Office, 37
US Senate, 33
US State Department, 73, 124, 150, 251
US Treasury Department, 150
US War Department, 88, 90, 124, 142, 150, 175, 222, 225, 234, 236, 260, 277n1; backs move of Chiricahuas from Mount Vernon, 222, 247; decision to move POWs to Fort Sill, 247; seeks to persuade Interior to accept Chiricahua prisoners of war, 222
Usen, 10, 11, 22, 223, 241, 248, 259, 266
Ute Indians, 257, 268
Valverde, Battle of, 43, 46
Vandever, William, 74, 75, 93–94
Verdin, Trinidad, 198, 199
Victorio, 52, 56, 59, 67, 68, 87, 90, 91, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 113, 269, 271; at Battle of Apache Pass, 48; breaks from San Carlos, 94, 95, 99; death at Tres Castillos, 100; described, 47–48; war with Americans, 68, 100, 104, 135, 138
Virginia, 239, 240
Wade, James F., 91, 204, 230
Walsh, Robert D., 198, 206
Walsh fight with Naiche, 198
Ward, John, 42
Warm Springs (also Ojo Caliente) Chihenne local group, 7, 58, 87, 113–14, 271, 272
Washington, DC, 33, 37, 59, 65, 66, 74, 77, 93, 142, 146, 166, 174, 175, 176, 200, 203, 204, 205, 224, 225, 246, 271, 259, 270
Welsh, Herbert, 230–31, 232, 233, 234, 236, 239, 240
West, Joseph R., 51, 52–53, 56
West Point Military Academy, New York, 134, 146, 147, 163
Western Apache tribes, 9
Whetstone Mountain, Arizona, 69
Whipple Barrack, Arizona, 66, 121
whiskey, 11, 79, 127, 183, 191, 258, 262
White Mountain Apache Reservation, 1, 75, 78, 86, 114, 135, 142, 150, 153, 174, 175, 208
White Mountain Apache tribe, 7–8, 34, 42, 58, 73, 78, 86, 87, 88, 104, 108, 112, 136, 142, 150, 154, 163, 173, 210, 243
White Mountains, Arizona, 58, 86, 150
White Painted Woman, 10
White River, Arizona, 154, 155, 158, 172
Whitetail, New Mexico, 270
Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma, 200
Wilcox, Philip P., 141, 142, 153
Willcox, Arizona, 110, 111, 122, 136, 148
Willcox, Orlando B., 96, 101, 102, 103, 109, 114, 121, 124, 134
Winchester Mountains, Arizona, 111
Wingfield, Edward H., 31–32
Wood, Leonard, 198, 205, 206–7, 214, 216, 265, 272–73, 311n7
Wotherspoon, William W., 248, 250, 251, 266, plates; addresses Lake Mohonk Conference, 242–43; assigned to Mount Vernon, 242; fights whiskey-sellers, 242; on Geronimo, 242–43; on Geronimo’s “pow-wow,” 246; opposes Chiricahua move, 246–47; pays Apaches to work, 242; reassigned, 245; recruits regular army company, 243–44
Wrattan, George, 201, 217, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 232, 234, 267; at Fort Sill, 250, 251; on Geronimo, 105; as interpreter, 205, 207, 208, 209, 224; at Mount Vernon, 238, 244, 245–46, 248, 265; writes to Miles, 232, 234; writes to Stanley, 134
Yahnosha, 208, 222, plates
Yaqui River, Sonora, 129, 132, 143, 164, 196, 198, 199, 203, 208
Yuma Bill (scout), 116
Zele, 127, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 156, 157, 158
Zhone, 222
Zi-yeh (Geronimo’s wife), 57, 125, 155, 236, plates
First photograph of Geronimo, taken by A. Frank Randall at San Carlos in 1884, after Geronimo came in from Mexico following General Crook’s campaign of 1883. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Chief Chihuahua, photographed at San Carlos by A. Frank Randall in 1884, after surrendering to General Crook in 1883. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
First Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood, Sixth Cavalry, in 1883. Stationed at Fort Apache, Gatewood commanded Apache Indian scouts and in 1886 played the critical role of putting two scouts in touch with Geronimo to help persuade him to surrender. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Apache scouts guarding a waterhole, 1886. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Brigadier General George Crook on his mule Apache, near Fort Bowie in 1886. He preferred to dress like his packers and carry a shotgun. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Fort Bowie, Arizona Territory, in 1886. Located near famed Apache Springs in Apache Pass, Fort Bowie was the nerve center for the operations of Generals Crook and Miles against Geronimo in 1885–86. It also figured importantly in Apache affairs from 1862 until 1886. The fort was abandoned in 1894. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Chief Chatto, one of the most accomplished and destructive Chiricahua raiders until he settled on the White Mountain Reservation following General Crook’s Sierra Madre campaign of 1883. He chose the white man’s way as the best and served as a skilled first sergeant of Apache scouts during the final campaigns against Geronimo. His reward was betrayal by the government and twenty-seven years as a prisoner of war. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Canyon de los Embudos, March 25, 1886. The first of three meetings between Crook and Geronimo. Uninvited Tombstone photographer C. S. Fly showed up and recorded a series of historic images. Geronimo is third from left, Crook second from right. Captain Bourke sits to Crook’s right. All the officers have been identified. Among the Indians both seated and standing, those identified include Kayatena, Nana, Chihuahua, and Scout Sergeant Major Noche. (See Jay Van Orden, Geronimo’s Surrender [Arizona Historical Society, 1991]; Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Geronimo at Canyon de los Embudos. He permitted C. S. Fly to wander among his followers and take a remarkable series of photographs. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Geronimo asked Fly to take this picture of him and Naiche on horseback. One of his foremost fighters, Perico, holds a baby. One of Geronimo’s sons, Tisnah, stands beside Naiche. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Geronimo (center) and Naiche (far right) with some of their fighters. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Yahnoza, Geronimo’s son Chappo, Fun, and Geronimo. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Geronimo (right) and Naiche on the parade ground of Fort Bowie, September 4, 1886, following their surrender to General Miles. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Brigadier General Nelson A. Miles. (Courtesy National Anthropological Archives)
Geronimo and Naiche with followers at trainside, headed for Florida captivity, September 8, 1886. Geronimo sits third from right, Naiche third from left. (Courtesy Arizona Historical Society)
Geronimo in captivity at Fort Pickens, Florida, 1887. (Courtesy Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery Tucson/Santa Fe)
Geronimo, Naiche, and Mangas in captivity at Fort Pickens, 1887. Note that Mangas wears an army officer’s coat. (Courtesy Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries)
Chiricahua Apache camp at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama. (Courtesy Alabama Department of Archives and History)
Mount Vernon Barracks, 1889. Chihuahua, Naiche, Loco, Nana, Geronimo. The three in uniform were not in the army. (Courtesy Alabama Department of Archives and History)
Captain William W. Wotherspoon, Chiricahua overseer at Mount Vernon Barracks, 1898. (Courtesy US Army Military History Institute)
Captain Hugh L. Scott, Troop L, Seventh Cavalry, at Fort Sill, Oklahoma Territory, 1896. (Courtesy Fort Sill National Historic Landmark)
Naiche’s village near Medicine Creek, Fort Sill, 1896. (Courtesy Fort Sill National Historic Landmark)
Geronimo and family in melon patch, Fort Sill, 1895. Wife Zi-yeh, Eva, Robert, unknown, Geronimo. (Courtesy Fort Sill National Historic Landmark)
Geronimo at Fort Sill, c. 1895–96. Note the Plains Indian feather war bonnet and fringed jacket. (Courtesy Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery Tucson/Santa Fe)
Geronimo and Chiricahua delegation to Pan American Exposition, Buffalo, New York, 1901. (Courtesy Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery Tucson/Santa Fe)
Geronimo at Fort Sill, c. 1904, when he participated in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis. (Courtesy Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery Tucson/Santa Fe)
Geronimo driving a 1904 Locomobile at the Miller Brothers Ranch, Oklahoma, for a convention of the National Editorial Association, June 1905. (Courtesy Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries)