Agave plant, 11
Aguirre, Jesús, 214, 215, 219
Ah-Dis, 101, 102
Ahwandia, 222
Alabama River, Alabama, 232
Alamosa River, New Mexico, 58
Alamos Valley, New Mexico, 60, 68, 100
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 176, 201, 218, 226
Alcatraz prison, 151, 184, 187, 190
Alchise, White Mountain scout, 184–85, 187, 190
Alisos Creek, Battle of, 119–21, 124, 125, 127, 144
Alisos Creek, Chihuahua, 119, 123
Alope (Geronimo’s wife), 15, 35
Americans, 29; fur trappers, 29; general, 29; peace efforts, 31; soldiers, 30
Anadarko, Oklahoma, 258
Animas Mountains, New Mexico, 18, 26, 86, 87
Animas Valley, New Mexico, 147, 165
Apache army scouts, 87, 88, 104, 152–53, 239, plates; campaigns of, 89, 121; Crook employs in campaigns, 70, 134–35, 136, 163, 165–68; as prisoners of war, 222, 231, 233; Sheridan’s doubts about, 165, 176, 189, 193
Apache culture, 268
Apache Pass, Arizona, 38, 40, 42, 43, 48, 55, 61, 62, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 88
Apache Pass, Battle of, 47–51
Apache Pass stage station, 39, 47
Apache Springs, Arizona, 38, 40, 47, 48
Arapaho Indians, 268
Aravaipa Apache tribe, 42
Aravaipa Valley, Arizona, 111
Arispe, Sonora, 24, 144, 214
Arizona, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 37, 42, 45, 52, 55, 57, 60, 64, 65, 68, 73, 75, 76, 77, 84, 87, 91, 95, 99, 105, 115, 116, 121, 123, 124, 130, 133, 145, 146, 148, 152, 160, 162, 166, 172, 173, 175, 188, 190, 192, 193, 196, 198, 199, 205, 208, 221, 225, 237, 239, 241, 242, 253, 258, 261, 273, 277n1
Aros River, Sonora, 129, 132, 178, 196, 199, 205, 206, 247
Arthur, Chester, 204
Atzebee, 102
Ayres, Romeyn B., 229, 230, 231
Bacerac, Sonora, 137
Baldwin, Frank D., 252
Ball, Eve, 277n2, 280n13
Barrett, S. M., 259–60, 277n1
Bascom, George N., 41–43, 58, 61
Bascom Affair, 38–44, 58
Battles: Alisos Creek, 119–21, 124, 125, 129, 144, 264; Apache Pass, 47–49; Brown fight, 197; Cedar Springs, 111, 112; Chocolate Pass, 2, 131–32; Cibicue, 105–9, 124; Dragoon Mountains, 111, 112; Enmedio, 118–19; Glorieta Pass, 46; Hatfield fight, 195, 197; Horseshoe Canyon, 116–17, 120, 122, 123, 264; Lebo fight, 193–94, 197; Little Bighorn, 192; Picacho Peak, 50; Pozo Hediondo, 23–26, 31, 264; Rucker v. Geronimo, 89–90; Tres Castillos, 100; Valverde, 43, 46; Walsh fight with Naiche, 196
Bavispe, Sonora, 137, 143
Bavispe River, Sonora, 24, 125, 132, 137, 138, 143, 144, 163, 168, 177, 178, 182, 208, 219
Baylor, John R., 46, 47, 50, 51
Beach, Francis H., 255
Beauford, Clay, 78, 90–91
Bedonkohe Chiricahua band, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 20, 22, 23, 29, 30, 31, 34, 37, 45, 47, 51–52, 57, 72, 73, 78, 81, 85, 87, 88, 91, 95, 96, 98, 110, 152, 156, 272, 278n5; at Battle of Apache Pass, 47–51
Belknap, William W., 66
Benito, 21
Benson, Arizona, 193, 197
Betzinez, Jason, 96, 118, 129, 139, 267; on Chiricahuas, 261; on defeat of Mexicans, 1846, 20; describes Battle of Alisos Creek, 119–20; describes Battle of Horseshoe Canyon, 117, 264; describes Juh’s tactics, 131; on Geronimo, 21, 115, 118, 120; on Geronimo’s abduction of Loco, 114, 115; on Geronimo’s alcohol addiction, 262; on Geronimo’s Power, 130–31, 140; life of, after POW status, 272
Bishi, 222
Black Range, New Mexico, 162, 163, 228
Black River, Arizona, 173, 195
Black Rock, Arizona, 110
Blackfeet Indians, 257
Blake, William, 147–48
Blocksom, August P., 102
Blue Creek, Arizona, 161
Bocoachi, Sonora, 24
Bonita Creek, Arizona, 55, 195
Bonito (White Mountain chief), 104, 109, 110, 114, 130, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 141, 143, 157, 158
Bonneville, Benjamin L. E., 34
Boston, Massachusetts, 240
Boston Indian Citizenship Committee, 239
Bourke, John G., 137, 231, 232, 237, 240; at Canyon de los Embudos, 187; describes Mount Vernon Barracks, 232–33
Bowie Station, Arizona, 176, 187, 188, 218
Bowman, Sam, 137, 153
Bradley, Luther, 162, 166, 174, 175, 176
Brown, Dee, 3
Brown, Robert A., 197, 205, 206
Brown, William C., 254
Brown fight with Geronimo, 197
Buffalo, New York, 256, 258
Bugatseka, Sonora, 125, 137, 143, 144, 147; as Apache refuge, 125, 127, 132, 133, 163, 164, 166, 168, 172
Burbank, E. A., 27; describes and paints Geronimo, 253
Burro Mountains, New Mexico, 9, 20, 26, 37
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (Brown), 3
Butterfield Overland Mail, 38, 39, 43
Cache Creek, Oklahoma, 262
Calabasas, Arizona, 193, 197, 198
California, 2, 9, 36, 37, 49, 56
California Column, 50, 51
California Volunteers: at Battle of Apache Pass, 50; campaigns against Cochise, 55–56, 58; discharged, 56; drive Confederates from Arizona, 50–51; and founding of Fort Bowie, 51
Camp Rucker, Arizona, 101, 102, 103
Cañada Alamosa, New Mexico, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 77, 78
Cananea, Sonora, 166
Canby, Edward R. S., 46, 50, 51
Canyon de los Embudos, Sonora, 183–88, 190, 217, 267, plates
Capron, Allyn, 249, 251, 253
Carcay Mountains, Chihuahua, 100–101, 102, 113, 119, 121, 125
Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 230
Carlisle Indian School, Pennsylvania, 139, 204, 223, 230, 236, 240, 241, 248, 249, 253, 257, 260, 265, 271, 272, 277n1
Carlton, James H., 50–51, 52, 53, 56, 59
Carr, Eugene A., 109, 124
Carrasco, José María, 24, 26
Carrasco Massacre, 1851, 27–28, 35
Carrizal, Chihuahua, 100
Casa de Janos, 147
Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, 45, 99, 127, 129, 143; 1882 massacre at, 129; 1882 peace talks at, 127–29; 1883 peace talks at, 144–45
Casas Grandes River, Chihuahua, 145
Castillo de San Marcos, Florida, 229
Chaffee, Adna R., 102, 104, 137
Chappo (Geronimo’s son), 3, 56, 105, 125, 145, 146, 222, 228, 265, plates; at Carlisle School, 236, 240, 248; in Crook’s 1885 campaign, 166; death of, 249; in scout company, 153
Chatto, Chiricahua chief, 56, 110, 114, 115, 119, 120, 127, 130, 132, 137, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 184, 199, 222, 230, 231, 233, 251, 267, 271, plates; death of, 271; described, 152, 156; enlists in regular army, 243; as Fort Sill village headman, 251; on Geronimo, 105, 110, 152; leads delegation to Washington, 203–5; life after POW status, 271; raid in Arizona and New Mexico, 1883,133, 135, 136; as sergeant of scouts, 152, 154, 156, 161, 162, 166, 168, 172, 178, 199–200, 204; on treatment by government, 204–5; at Turkey Creek, 151
Chee-hash-kish (Geronimo’s wife), 35, 45, 56, 125
Cherokee Strip, Indian Territory, 203
Cheyenne Indians, 175, 268
Chicago, Illinois, 176, 239
Chie, 61, 63, 68, 73
Chief Joseph, ix, 3, 268
Chihenne Chiricahua band, 7, 10, 18, 23, 29, 30, 32, 34, 47, 52, 56, 60, 62, 65, 67, 73, 77, 85, 87, 91, 93, 94, 98, 100, 105
Chihuahua (Chiricahua chief), 85, 102, 110, 119, 120, 130, 132, 133, 138–40, 141, 144, 145, 147, 151, 154, 158, 162, 173, 179, 182, 186, 267, plates; anger at Geronimo over lies, 161; as army scout, 104, 138, 153; attacks cavalry in Guadalupe Canyon, 163; confronts Davis on tiswin issue, 156–57; death, 270; described, 104; at Fort Marion, 203, 208, 218, 224, 229–30; as Fort Sill village headman, 251; at Mount Vernon Barracks, 233, 236, 238; raids in Arizona and
New Mexico, 173, 175, 178; ranchería surprised and attacked, 163–64, 166; sent to Florida, 188–89; surrenders to Crook, 184–85, 187, 190
Chihuahua, Eugene, 237, 238, 239, 240, 262, 270
Chihuahua, Mexico, 2, 5, 9, 16, 18, 23, 30, 57, 81, 86, 97, 98, 99, 100, 121, 130, 136, 160, 168, 172, 177, 178, 228, 251, 277n1
Chihuahua City, Chihuahua, 20, 144, 151
Child of the Water, 10
Chilocco Indian School, Oklahoma, 262
Chiricahua Apache Reservation, 90; abolished, 80, 147; boundaries established, 75; established, 70, 134; Jeffords’s management, 72–73; move to abolish, 74, 75, 84; quarrel between Skinya and Taza, 78–80; raids from into Mexico, 73–74; removal of tribe to Gila River, 80–86
Chiricahua Apache tribe, ix, 21, 31, 33, 34, 37, 42, 45, 56, 239, 257; and alcohol addiction, 11; as cattlemen, 250; culture of, 7–8; and curiosity seekers, 222, 226, 228, 237–38; delegation to Washington, 200, 202, 203; effort to retrieve captives in Mexico, 251; employment of, 242; end of POW status, 270; enlist in regular army, 243–44; excellence as regulars, 244; fear of education, 240; flight from reservation, 158; at Fort Marion, 230; health of at Mount Vernon, 237, 238–39, 241–42, 246; homeland of, 3–4; and malaria, 238–39; at Mount Vernon Barracks, 233, 236; moved from Turkey Creek to White River, 154; moved from White River back to Turkey Creek, 155; moved to Fort Sill, 249–50; mustered out of regular army, 252; organization of, 7–8; population of, 9; President Cleveland orders all sent to Florida, 204, 222; as prisoners of war, 222, 230; proposal to remove from Arizona, 175, 176, 187; proposed Chiricahua Reservation, Oklahoma, 253, 258, 269; removal to the Gila River, 80–86; reservation Chiricahuas sent to Florida, 204, 230; revival of old ways at Fort Sill, 251; and rules against wife-beating and tiswin-making, 152; settle on Chiricahua Reservation, 72; skill at reading land, 160; stronghold on Aros River attacked, 178–79, 205–6; subsistence, 12; surrender of, 222; and tuberculosis, 239; at Turkey Creek, 150, 154, 155; uprising scare at Fort Sill, 253–54; village headmen, 251; villages at Fort Sill, 250–51; and whiskey, 242
Chiricahua local band groups, 7
Chiricahua Mountains, 7, 37, 55, 56, 61, 78, 101, 117, 122, 147, 173; Bonita Canyon in, 84; described, 38; Pinery Canyon in, 72, 74, 76, 77
Chiva, 67
Chocolate Pass, Battle of, 2, 131–32
Chocolate Pass, Chihuahua, 2, 99
Chokonen Chiricahua band, 7, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 55, 58, 60, 61, 62, 78, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 105, 109, 110, 221
Christianity, 259
Cibicue, Battle of, 108–9, 124, 189, 124, 189, 292n6
Cibicue Apache group, 9, 108
Cibicue Creek, Arizona, 108
Clark, John, 147–48
Clarke, Powhatan, 197
Clay, Thomas, 215, 218
Cleveland, Grover: bars Chiricahuas from move west of Mississippi River, 239; decrees Chiricahuas remain at Mount Vernon, 239; directs Stanley to interview Geronimo and Naiche, 226; on Fort Marion crowding, 231; orders all Chiricahuas to Fort Marion, 204, 222; as president, 165, 189, 203, 206, 218, 222, 225, 247; pressures on to rid Southwest of Apaches, 165, 175, 177; rejects Crook’s terms to Geronimo, 188; wants Geronimo tried and hanged, 223, 225
Cloverdale, New Mexico, 118
Clum, John P., 95, 104; feud with Kautz, 88–89, 93; feuds with army, 78, 93; meets with Geronimo, 85; removes Chiricahuas to San Carlos, 80–86; resigns, 93; seizes Geronimo, 88, 90–91, 108, 147, 290n16; takes Apache “thespians” to Washington, 92–93
Cochise (Chokonen chief), 20, 21, 22, 34, 43, 45, 53–54, 56, 81, 98, 102, 104, 108, 137, 183, 269; attacks Pinos Altos, 46; and Bascom Affair, 35, 38–44, 58; at Battle of Apache Pass, 47–51; and Chiricahua Reservation, 72–76; death of, 76; described, 9; and Geronimo, 34; moves to Janos, 60; peace sentiment of, 58; peace talks at Cañada Alamosa, 59; peace talks with General Howard in Stronghold, 61–64; and Pozo Hediondo, 23–26, 264; and raids in Mexico, 23, 32, 34, 46; returns to Stronghold, 60; settles at Cañada Alamosa, 59–60; war of 1862–70, 58
Cochise Reservation, 68
Cochise’s Stronghold, Arizona, 38, 60
Collins, James L., 37
Colorado, 46, 141
Colorado Volunteers, 46
Colyer, Vincent, 65, 66, 75
Colyer reservations, 66, 75
Comanche County, Oklahoma, 258
Comanche Indians, 175, 249, 250, 252, 257, 268, 269
Concentration Policy, 64, 65, 78, 94
Concepción, 180
Confederate Territory of Arizona, 45, 27n1
copper mines, New Mexico, 29, 31, 32, 36, 43
Corralitos, Chihuahua, 16, 18, 19, 20, 127
Coyuntura (Cochise’s brother), 39–40, 41, 61
Crawford, Emmet, 135, 137, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 153, 157, 176, 187, 201, 204, 231, 263; attacked by Mexican militia, 180; attacks Geronimo’s stronghold on Aros River, 178–79; court of inquiry of, 153; death of, 180, 187; described, 135; leads 1885 Mexican campaign, 164–65, 168, 175; relies on Apache scouts, 178; second campaign of, 177–81; taken captive at San Buenaventura, 169
Crazy Horse, ix, 3, 268
Crook, George, 77, 192, 195, 201, 203, 205, 208, 212, 217, 219, 221, 236, 239, 241, 260, 265, 271, plates; analysis of Crook strategy, 189–90; assailed by newspapers, 177; campaign of, 70, 89, 134; campaign of 1883, 136–42; at Canyon de los Embudos, 183–88, 217, 267; and Chiricahua Reservation, 70–71, 75; confers with Sheridan at Fort Bowie, 176–77; confidence in Apache scouts, 137, 200; death of, 272, 273; described, 66, 134–35; on Geronimo, 155; grants terms to Geronimo, 185, 187–88; memorandum of agreement of 1883, 142, 153, 154; receives policy guidance from Washington, 174–75; reliance on pack mules, 137; relies on Apache scouts, 165; requests relief from command, 188; on reservation corruption, 135; rivalry with Miles, 174, 193; rules against wife-beating and tiswin-making, 152; strategy of 1883, 135; strategy of 1885, 164–65; talks with Geronimo in Sierra Madre, 140–41; Tonto Basin commands Department of Arizona, 66, 124, 134
Cuba, 272, 273
Cuchillo Negro, 20
Cumpas, Sonora, 198
Cushing, Howard B., 69
Custer, George A., 192
Custer Died for Your Sins (DeLoria), 3
Cut the Tent Affair, 38–43
Daklugie, Asa, 21, 132, 144, 223, 260, 262, 277nn1,2
Daly, Henry W., 188
Dana, Peter, xi
Davis, Britton, 136, 161, 162, 184, 201, 204, 267; as Chiricahua agent, 151; confronted on tiswin issue, 156–67; described, 146; on Geronimo, 155; meets Geronimo at border, 1884, 147; meets returning Chiricahuas at border, 146; resigns from army, 172; scouts with Crawford, 165, 169
Davis, Wirt: Mexican campaign of 1885, 165, 166, 175; second Mexican campaign of, 177–78
Dawes Act, 252
Debo, Angie, x, 278n3
DeLoria, Vine, 3
Deming, New Mexico, 163, 164
Denver, Colorado, 141, 142
Devil Creek, Arizona, 161
Doña Ana, New Mexico, 30, 32, 33
Dorst, Joseph M., 203, 204, 230
Dos Cabezos Mountains, Arizona, 38
Dragoon Mountains, Arizona, 7, 38, 59, 60, 68, 78, 79, 81, 84, 111–12, 173; battle at, 111, 112; Cochise Stronghold in, 38, 60, 74
Dragoon Pass, Arizona, 111
Dragoon Springs, Arizona, 47, 48, 50
Drew, Charles E., 285n9
Dudley, Levi, 76
Dull Knife, 268
Dunn, Jack, 89
Dutch Reformed Church, 258, 266
Dutchy, 243, 244
Eagle Creek, Arizona, 110, 115, 149, 161
Edgerton, Joseph, 244
Eighth Cavalry, 259
El Moro, Colorado, 93
El Paso, Texas, 30, 169, 223, 226
Elliott, Charles P., 168–69
Emporia, Kansas, 204
Endicott, William C., 165, 175, 176, 189, 193, 204, 225, 23
0–31, 232, 234, 239
Engle, New Mexico, 225, 226
Enmedio, Battle of, 118–19, 121, 122–23, 124
Enmedio Mountains, Chihuahua, 118, 119, 122, 123
Espinosa del Diablo, Sonora, 178
Espuelas Mountains, Chihuahua, 118, 122
Eva (Geronimo’s daughter), 57, 125, 236, 262, plates
Evans, H. David, xi
Eyre, Edward E., 50
Fatty, 243
Fenton (Geronimo’s son), 57, 125, 236, 240, 248, 265
Fifth Infantry, 192
Fillmore, Millard, 33
First Cavalry, 56, 254
First Dragoons, 30
Fisher, W. R., 155
Florida, 186, 187, 209, 210, 213, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 240, 249
Florida Mountains, New Mexico, 86
Ford, Charles D., 153
Forsyth, George A., 116–17, 118, 121, 122, 123
Fort Bowie National Historic Site, 294n6
Forts: Apache, Arizona, 66, 67, 104, 108, 109, 134, 146, 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162, 165, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 175, 178, 185, 195–96, 198, 200, 204, 207; Barrancas, Florida, 229, 230; Bascom, New Mexico, 43; Bayard, New Mexico, 90, 91, 162, 163, 164, 174; Bliss, Texas, 169; Bowie, Arizona, xi, 51, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 74, 77, 79, 85, 89, 90, 101, 103, 117, 122, 146, 147, 165, 166, 167, 172, 176, 177, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 201, 208, 211, 218, 225, 232, plates; Breckinridge, Arizona, 42, 43, 47; Buchanan, Arizona, 42, 43, 47; Fillmore, New Mexico, 43, 45; Floyd, New Mexico, 37; Goodwin, Arizona, 57, 86; Grant, Arizona, 110, 111; Huachuca, Arizona, 166, 196, 207; Leavenworth, Kansas, 174, 204, 222, 226, 230, 271; Marion, Florida, 175, 203, 204, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229–30, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 272; McDowell, Arizona, 66; McLane, New Mexico, 37, 43, 52–53; McRae, New Mexico, 58; Pickens, Florida, 224, 226, 229, 230, 235, 236, 271; Riley, Kansas, 200; Sill, Oklahoma, 200, 242, 247, 249, 255, 257, 258, 261, 262, 266, 269–70, 271, 272, plates; Stanton, New Mexico, 59; Thomas, Arizona, 95, 109, 110, 115, 122; Thorn, New Mexico, 32, 33, 51; Tularosa, New Mexico, 67, 75, 77; Verde, Arizona, 66; Webster, New Mexico, 31, 32; Whipple, Arizona, 121; Wingate, New Mexico, 94, 99, 201
Fort Sill Apaches, 270
Fort Sill Military Reservation, 249, 258, 269
Fourteenth Infantry, 56
Fourth Cavalry, 116–17, 197, 198, 201, 218
Free, Mickey, 42, 137, 139, 152, 153, 157, 184
Fronteras, Sonora, 193, 197, 208, 212, 214, 215
Fuerte. See Mangas Coloradas, 7