and global governance, 274, 275
and interwar period, 19–20
and the Middle East, 117–18, 129
and monetary policy, 234
and nuclear proliferation, 129, 175–77, 179, 180
and post–Cold War era, 47
rise of, 11
and South Asian regional history, 104
and sub-Saharan Africa, 133–34, 140–41
and World War I, 11, 14–15
and World War II, 22–24, 27–28
Great Depression, 21–23, 31
“Great Firewall,” 52
Great Leap Forward, 90
Greece, 19, 31, 54
Greenpeace, 260
Group of Eight (G8), 80, 276, 297
Group of Seven (G7), 151, 276
Group of Twenty (G20), 151, 276, 297
Guam, 148
Guatemala, 55, 151
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 128–29
Gulf War, 45–46, 111, 123–24, 274, 281
gunboat diplomacy, 282
Hart, Liddell, 12
Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 72
Hezbollah, 128, 130
Hindus, 55–56, 63, 97, 101, 104
Hiroshima, Japan, 27, 182
Hitler, Adolf, 22–26, 71, 231, 303
HIV/AIDS, 138, 140–41, 209, 212, 213, 249
Ho Chi Minh, 86
Holocaust, 28, 115
Honduras, 55, 150–51
Hong Kong, 51, 88, 89
Human Development Index (HDI), 240–41, 242, 248
humanitarianism and human rights, 38–39, 46, 50–51, 70, 89, 108, 110, 196–200, 203, 259, 297. See also development
Hungary, 32–33, 38, 44, 54, 78, 118, 272
Hussein, Saddam, 45–46, 54, 122–24
import substitution, 246
India
and climate change, 185–86, 188, 190
and Cold War, 105
and cybersecurity issues, 203
and democratization, 101–2, 271
economic development, 99–101, 245
and geopolitics, 92, 104–6, 109–10, 294, 302
and global governance, 275
and human development, 101, 245
independence, 33, 104
and migration, 195–96
and nuclear program, 176, 178, 179
population density, 103
and post–Cold War era, 55–56, 62
and view on sovereignty, 259
Indian National Congress (INC), 101, 104
Indonesia, 62, 84, 97, 186
infectious disease, 138, 161–62, 208–14, 212, 243
intellectual property, 50, 201, 203–4, 223–26, 228–29, 297
internal instability and war within countries, 288–95
internally displaced persons (IDPs), 193–94, 194, 196, 199–200
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 176
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. See World Bank
International Court of Justice, 276–77
International Criminal Court, 277
International Health Regulations, 213
international law, 193, 197, 276–79
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 232–33, 237, 296–97
internet, 160–61, 201–7, 202
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 202–3
investment, 227–30
Iran, 54, 113–14, 121–30, 168
nuclear program, 52, 106, 115, 129–30, 177–78, 204, 284
and sanction regimes, 129–30, 238
Iran-Iraq War, 111, 123
Iraq, 121–24
and Arab Spring, 127–28
and intrastate conflict, 293
and nation-building efforts, 124, 295
and nuclear weapons program, 129, 179–80, 284
and post–Cold War era, 45–46, 53–54, 56, 128
Iraq War, 124, 285, 299–300
Islam, 63, 97, 107–8, 112–15, 122–29, 131, 141
Islamic State (ISIS), 126–27, 130, 168–69, 171
isolationism, 14, 20, 24–26, 32
Israel, 40, 54, 111–13, 115, 117–21, 119, 128–30, 262
and cyber issues, 52, 204
and nuclear program, 129–30, 176, 178, 179
and preventive/preemptive war, 181, 284–85
Italy, 9, 14, 19, 21–24, 27–28, 54, 69, 71, 133, 268, 276
Japan
alliances, 89, 176, 267
and Asian economic miracle, 88–91
and Asian geopolitics, 91–93, 95, 302
and Asian regional history, 82, 85–86, 90
and Cold War, 30–31, 33–34
and global governance, 275–76
and monetary policy, 232–33, 234, 237
nineteenth century history, 8–10
and prevalence of war, 286
and South Asian regional dynamics, 109–10
and World War II, 21–28
Jerusalem, 115, 118, 119, 120
Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 104
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 129–30, 177–78, 279
Jordan, 112, 118–21, 127
Judaism, 63, 113, 115
Kashmir, 98, 104–6, 110
Kazakhstan, 44, 99, 100
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 21
Kennan, George, 32
Kennedy, John F., 35, 148–49, 182
Kennedy, Paul, 41
Keynes, John Maynard, 25–26
Khan, A. Q., 106
Khomeini, Ruhollah, 122
Kissinger, Henry, 87
Korea. See North Korea; South Korea
Korean War, 34, 40, 85–86, 94
Kosovo, 73, 261
Kosovo War, 73, 78
Kurds, 46, 113, 123–24, 127, 130, 293
Kuwait, 45–46, 53–54, 112, 123–24, 127, 274, 281
Lashkar-e-Taiba, 168
Latin America, 39, 55, 63–64, 241, 275. See also specific countries
Latvia, 44
League of Nations, 17–20, 23–24, 26, 274
least developed countries, 240
lend-lease program, 24
Lenin, Vladimir, 18, 22
liberal world order, 296–303
Libya, 47, 106, 125, 179–80, 248, 259, 285, 291, 299–300
life expectancy, 55–56, 77, 88, 95, 101, 138, 209–10, 241, 242, 244
Lima Group, 152
Lindbergh, Charles, 26
Lithuania, 44
Luxembourg, 71
Maastricht Treaty, 74
MacArthur, Douglas, 85
malaria, 138, 209, 212, 213, 249
Maldives, 110
Malvinas (Falkland Islands), 150
Manchuria, 23
Mandela, Nelson, 135–36
Mao Zedong, 9, 85, 90
Marshall, George, 31, 71. See also Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan, 31–32, 71–73, 241
Meiji Restoration, 10
mercantilism, 220
Mexico, 12, 55, 102, 145–47, 151–53, 195, 226, 271, 290, 295
Middle East, 53–54, 111–30, 112
and Arab Spring, 125–29
and Cold War, 40
and development, 241
energy resources, 114–15, 116, 185–88
historical background, 117–21
and intrastate conflict, 289, 291
and Iran-Iraq dynamics, 121–24
and nation-building efforts, 295
and nuclear proliferation, 129–30, 178
&n
bsp; overview, 111–15, 112
and post–Cold War era, 53
and refugees, 197
sources of instability, 129–30
and terrorism, 115, 169
See also specific countries
Middle East respiratory syndrome, 210
migrants and migration, 76, 193–200, 194
Millennium Development Goals, 249
Minsk Agreement, 80
monetary policy, 54, 230–39, 234
monetary unions, 74–75
Monroe, James, 147
Monroe Doctrine, 39, 147–48
Morocco, 127
mujahideen, 107
multilateralism, 163–64, 269
multipolar/multipolarity, 263, 269
Muslim Brotherhood, 125
Mussolini, Benito, 23
Myanmar (Burma), 83–84, 102
Nagasaki, Japan, 27, 182
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 7, 25, 69, 147–48, 303
Napoleonic Wars, 147
nationalism
and interwar period, 19–20
and liberal world order, 298–99, 302
and post–Cold War era, 44, 54–56, 70, 73–74, 81
and World War I, 12–13, 255
and World War II, 26, 255
nation-building, 124, 294. See also Marshall Plan
Nauru, 82
Netherlands, 24, 71, 75, 134
New Zealand, 82, 84, 194
Nicaragua, 39, 150
Nigeria, 134, 138, 140–41, 169
Nixon, Richard, 87, 94
Non-Aligned Movement, 39–40
noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), 138, 211–14, 212
non-state actors, 130, 166, 169–70, 260–61, 289, 299. See also terrorism and counterterrorism
nontariff barriers, 221–22, 225–26, 297, 301
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 152, 152–53, 226
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
and Afghanistan, 109
and Cold War, 32, 36, 42, 67, 70, 72, 255
general background, 266–68
geographical depiction of, 30
and global governance, 276
and post–Cold War era, 44, 47, 49–53, 69, 73, 77–80, 298
and responsibility to protect doctrine, 47, 259
and Yugoslavia conflict, 46, 73, 78, 276, 293
Northern Ireland, 108, 168, 293–94
Northern Triangle, 55, 151
North Korea
and Asian geopolitics, 93
and Asian regional history, 82, 85–86
and Cold War, 34, 40
and cyber issues, 52, 204
and globalization, 163
and nuclear weapons program and proliferation, 53, 106, 176, 178–80, 179, 204, 279, 284
North Vietnam, 35, 86–87
nuclear power, 176–77, 186–88
nuclear weapons and proliferation, 173–82, 174, 179
and Asian geopolitics, 92
and Cold War, 36–37, 72
cyberattacks on nuclear programs, 204
and Middle East instability, 129–30
and mutually assured destruction (MAD), 36
and post–Cold War era, 45, 51, 52
and regional dynamics of the Americas, 145
and South Asia, 106
and terrorism, 169–70
and types of war, 283
and World War II, 27
Obama, Barack, 126, 130, 226
oil and gas resources, 116, 151, 183, 186, 292
Opium Wars, 9
order and disorder, 253–56
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 141
Organization of American States (OAS), 152
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 114–15
Oslo accords, 120
Ottoman Empire, 8, 11–12, 16, 19, 117, 122, 280
outer space, 52–53, 278, 301
Outer Space Treaty, 53
Owen, Wilfred, 16
Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza, Shah of Iran, 122
Pakistan
and Asian geopolitics, 92
modern history of, 104–5
and nuclear program and proliferation, 176, 178, 179
population density, 103
and post–Cold War era, 55–56, 290
and refugees, 196, 198–99
and South Asian regional dynamics, 55, 62, 97, 99–103, 105–10, 294
and terrorism, 169–71
Palestine and Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 33, 54, 104, 112, 115, 119, 120–21, 168, 262
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 168
Panama Canal, 148
Paris Agreement, 51–52, 190, 191, 279
Paris Peace Accords, 87
Paris Peace Conference, 18
peacekeeping, 46, 73, 281, 292–93
Pearl Harbor attack, 27
Persian Gulf, 112, 113
Philippines, 33, 82–84, 89, 148, 195, 271–72, 297
Poland, 19, 24–25, 31–33, 38, 44, 54, 78, 272
populism, 48, 54–55, 76, 81, 147, 197, 299, 302
Portugal, 133, 147
post–Cold War era, 4, 43–57, 255
poverty, 55, 90, 101, 131, 136–37, 137, 169, 215, 243–45, 249–50
Powell, Colin, 108, 228
preemption and preemptive war, 181, 284–85
prevention and preventive war, 175, 181, 283–85, 292
privatization, 246–47
protectionism, 21–22, 26, 162–63, 220, 224, 227, 246, 255, 302
Provisional Irish Republican Army, 168
Prussia, 7–8, 11, 18
Puerto Rico, 148
Putin, Vladimir, 49, 78–79
Qaddafi, Muammar al-, 125
Qatar, 112, 114
Reagan, Ronald, 38–39
refugees, 56, 70, 102, 104–5, 110, 120, 136, 159, 161, 185, 193–99, 210, 243, 248, 285, 294
religious identity and conflict, 5, 63, 101–2, 175, 294
renewable energy resources, 186–88
reparations, 18–19, 21–22, 26
Republic of Korea. See South Korea
reserve currencies, 233–39, 234
Responsibility to Protect (R2P), 46–47, 258–59, 297–98
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), 169
Ricardo, David, 216–17
Rohingya refugees, 102
Romania, 19, 32–33, 44
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 24, 26–27, 30, 148
Roosevelt, Theodore, 148
Roosevelt Corollary, 148
Russia
and Arab Spring, 126
and Asian geopolitics, 91
civil war, 18
and collapse of Soviet Union, 44
election interference, 49, 53, 81, 204, 260
and Georgia, 281
and global governance, 274, 275, 276
and interwar period, 18
and liberal world order, 49, 79, 296–97, 298, 300–301
and nuclear proliferation, 129–30, 176–78, 179, 180
and post–Cold War era, 49, 77, 79–80, 266, 285, 294
and responsibility to protect doctrine, 47, 259
Russia-U.S. relations, 49, 71, 79–81, 279
and Ukraine, 54, 79–81, 281, 298
and views on sovereignty, 260
and World War I, 11–12, 14, 18
and World War II, 25, 27, 30–31
See also Soviet Union
Russo-Japanese War, 10
Rwandan civil war and genocide, 46, 140, 259
Sadat, Anwar, 119
; sanctions, 23, 46, 49, 73, 80, 123, 129–30, 135, 166, 170, 177–80, 206, 211, 238, 259, 282, 284, 292–93, 297, 301
Santayana, George, 3
Saudi Arabia, 112, 114, 127–30, 286, 300
Schengen Area, 74
Schuman, Robert, 71
secession, 140, 288, 291
Second Boer War, 134
self-determination, 17–19, 127, 261–62
Senkaku Islands, 91. See also Diaoyu Islands
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks (9/11), 47–48, 108–9, 166–69, 171, 259–60
Serbia, 12, 73, 78, 261, 293
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 210
Sharia law, 108, 141
Shia Islam, 113, 122–24, 126, 128
Sinai Peninsula, 118
Singapore, 84, 88, 89
Sino-Indian War, 84, 106
Six-Day War, 118, 120, 281, 285
slavery, 133
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, 21, 221
Somalia, 131, 240, 290, 294
South Africa, 134–36, 138, 140, 178–79, 182
South Asia, 55–56, 97–111, 98
and China, 109–10
and development, 244–45
history and geopolitics of, 104–6
India-Pakistan relations, 99–106, 196
ongoing challenges, 109–10
population density, 103
See also specific countries
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 97
South China Sea, 50, 91, 297
Southeast Asia, 33–34, 84. See also specific countries
South Korea
alliances, 267
and Asian economic miracle, 88–91, 89
and Asian geopolitics, 91, 93
and Asian regional history, 86
and Cold War, 34, 40
and development, 247
and post–Cold War era, 77
South Sudan, 196, 240, 288–89, 294
South Vietnam, 34–35, 86–87
sovereignty, 6–7, 47, 61, 74, 203, 255, 257–61
Soviet Union
alliances and coalitions, 265–66
and Asian geopolitics, 94
and Cold War, 29–42, 133–34, 148–50, 203, 243
collapse of, 43–44, 73
and European regional history, 69–70
and nuclear proliferation, 173–79, 283–84
origins of, 18, 22
and preventive/preemptive war, 283–84
Soviet-Afghan War, 107
and Vietnam War, 34–35, 86–87
and World War II, 25, 27–28, 30–31
See also Russia
Space Command, 53
Spain, 133, 147–48, 169, 289
Spanish-American War, 148
Spanish flu, 210
sphere of influence, 38–39, 69–70, 117, 302
Sri Lanka, 110, 203
Stalin, Joseph, 22, 25, 30–31, 34
state-owned enterprises, 222, 246