puppies, 35–6;
running, 381;
selective breeding, 37–40, 45, 52, 60, 66–7;
sniffing, 233;
thylacines and, 300;
working, 38–9
dolphins, 298–9, 340–3, 29
domestication, 27–8, 53, 65, 71, 73
dorados, 298–9, 340–1
Douglas-Hamilton, Iain, 113
dragonflies, giant, 164
Dubois, Eugene, 184–5
dugongs, 169, 172–3, 176, 180, 342, 11
Earth: age of, 7, 106–7, 430;
axis, 411, 412;
opinion polls on existence of life on, 430;
opinion polls on orbit, 434;
orbit, 412–13;
rotation, 410–12;
satellite, 411–12
earthquakes, 90
Eddington, Arthur, 415
electrons, 92–4
elephants, 111–13, 326
embryology: analogies for development, 221–2, 224–9;
apoptosis, 221;
biomorph, 40–1, 423;
cell adhesion molecules, 234–5;
cellular family tree, 243–7;
changes in form during development, 207;
chimpanzee, 207;
computer model of a single cell, 229–32;
constructive enzymes, 240–1;
epigenesis, 213, 216;
evolvability, 423–5;
flocking behaviour analogy, 219–20, 242;
gastrulation, 226–7, 228, 231;
genes, 242–3, 248, 250, 310, 332–3;
invagination, 227–9, 231, 232;
koala, 370;
nerve cells, 233–4;
neurulation, 227–8, 231;
numbers of digits, 167;
origami analogy, 224–9, 235;
preformationism, 213–16;
segmentation, 358;
self-assembly, 216–17, 220, 224, 235, 243;
shell, 41;
wings, 346
Emory University, Atlanta, 434
emus, 344–5
Endler, John, 133–9
enzymes, 235–43, 420–1, 12
Eocene epoch, 98
Eomaia, 153
epigenesis, 213, 216
Escherichia coli, 117, 127–8, 130
essentialism, 21–7
Eucalyptus, 267–8, 22
eugenics, 38, 62n
Eurobarometer, 432–5
Eusthenopteron, 166, 168
evening primrose, 51
evolution: British attitudes to, 431–2, 436–7;
Christian views of, 4–8, 434, 436;
evidence for, 8–9, 99–100;
of evolvability, 423–4;
fact of, 17–18;
Islamic views of, 4, 151, 154, 270, 432, 436–7;
by non-random natural selection, 35, 426;
opposition to, 4, 7, 402;
rates of, 330–1;
start of, 416–22;
theory, 9–10;
US attitudes to, 429–30, 432, 434–7
evolutionary change: bacteria, 116–17, 119, 123–6, 130, 131–2;
birds, 141;
dogs, 37, 81–2;
elephants, 111–13;
and embryological change, 207;
fossil record, 194, 196;
guppies, 139;
invisible, 16;
living fossils, 141;
lizards, 116;
minimum amount of, 323;
selection as cause of, 66;
sexually reproducing populations, 126n;
rate of, 331;
stages of, 153;
timing, 336
exoskeletons, 305, 308, 315
experiment, 66
eye-witness evidence, 14–16
eyes, 351–5, 354
family tree: of all living creatures, 328–40;
cellular, 243, 245, 247;
evolutionary, 243, 324, 328;
of genetic resemblance, 322, 324–5, 328;
of resemblance, 296, 298, 315;
of tortoises and turtles, 177
feathers, 297–8
Fermat, Pierre de, 12–13
Fermi, Enrico, 421–2
‘First Family’, 188
fish: blood vessels, 356–7;
brains, 343;
cleaners, 80–1;
coelacanths, 163–4;
definition, 162; DNA, 180;
emergence on to land, 161–2, 165;
evolution, 424;
livebearers, 342;
lobe-finned, 162–3, 165;
‘missing link’ with amphibians, 151, 164–9;
swim bladder, 366–7;
vagus nerve, 360, 361
Fisher, Ronald, 31n
‘fission track dating’, 107
fixation, 335–6
flatworms, 148–9
flies, 346, 349 – 50
‘flight distance’, 71–3
flocking behaviour, 218–20, 229, 16
Focke, W. O., 31n
forest, 377–80;
canopy, 378–9, 383, 31
Forest of Friendship, 379–80, 387
fossils: creationist view, 100–1, 145, 147–9, 283, 297;
dating, 97–100, 101;
formation, 97;
‘living fossils’, 139–41, 164;
fossil record, 145–50, 194, 198–202, 283–4
foxes, 28, 73–6, 75, 138–9
frogs: ancestry, 152–3;
embryo, 227;
geographical distribution, 271;
pollinators, 47;
species, 424;
spine, 298;
tadpole experiment, 233–4
fruit flies, 135, 303, 346
Galapagos islands, 55–6, 258–65, 259, 20 –1;
finches, 258, 264, 270;
flightless cormorants, 170, 260, 345;
giant tortoises, 260, 263–5, 21;
hawks, 260;
land iguanas, 261–2;
marine iguanas, 170, 261–2, 20 –1
mockingbirds, 262–3;
name, 56;
plants, 262
Gallup polls, 429–30, 434
gastrulation, 226–7, 228, 231
Gauthier, Jacques, 178
gazelles, 381, 383–6
gecko, 7
gene pool: ‘arms races’, 383, 386;
concept, 28–9, 31–3;
database of survival instructions, 405–6;
divergences, 255–6;
domestic dogs, 33–7;
fixed genes, 335;
genetic variants in, 126n;
mutations, 237–8, 250, 335, 352;
natural selection, 242, 248–50;
speciation, 256–7;
survival and reproduction, 63, 242, 248–50
genes: borrowing, 301, 303;
fixed, 335;
gene transfer, 303–4;
GM foods, 304;
hox, 358;
Mendel’s law, 29–31;
mutant, 237–8, 244, 389;
pseudogenes, 332–3, 336;
shared genetic material, 317–22;
survival of successful, 248–50;
tree of genetic resemblances, 322–4;
turned on, 241–3, 245–6
Genius of Charles Darwin, The (Channel Four documentary), 198
genome: bacteria, 117, 128;
‘borrowed’ genes, 303;
C. elegans, 244;
in cell nucleus, 242;
chimpanzee genome project, 316;
Human Genome Project, 246n, 316, 320;
modification, 304;
mutations, 334–5, 352, 368;
new information entering, 131;
Penny study, 325;
sequencing, 326–8;
sizes, 157–8, 327;
species, 256
gill arteries, 356–7, 359
giraffes, 295 –6, 360–4, 370–1
GM foods, 304
gnus, 296, 380
Goldbach Conjecture, 11–12
Gondwana, 275, 276, 281–2, 345
gorilla test, 14–15, 16, 8
gorillas, 115, 159, 183, 317
Gosse, Philip, 214
Gould, Stephen Jay, 140, 150n, 395
gravity, 411
Great Barrier Reef, 266
Great Chain of Being, 150, 155–9
Griffith, Frederick, 301
Guardian, 265n, 436
guppies, 133–9, 6
gypsy moths, 346
hackles, 340
Haeckel, Ernst, 308, 309
haemoglobin: genes, 336;
plant, 304n
haemoglobin-A, 322–4
hair standing on end, 339–40
hairpin thought experiment, 24–6
Haldane, J. B. S.: darwin unit, 330–1;
on evolution, 147, 211–12, 217, 248–50;
on origin of life, 418;
population genetics, 31n
halteres, 346 –7
Hamilton, W. D., 190n
Hardy, G. H., 31n
Harries, Richard, 5–6
Head, Jason, 175
Heikea japonica, 56–9
Heinlein, Robert, 70
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 353–4, 355, 356, 371
Heraclitus, 23
heredity, 29—31
hermit crabs, 307–8
Herrel, Anthony, 113–14
Hillis, David, 328–30;
‘Hillis plot’, 329
hippos, 170
history-deniers, 7–9, 85, 106–7, 150–1, 198, 202–3, 269, 427
Hitler, Adolf, 62n
Hodgkin, Jonathan, 303, 326–7
‘Hodgkin’s Law’, 316, 327
Homo: ancestry, 192;
classification, 193–4, 196, 202–3;
erectus, 185–6,190, 196 –7, 199–201;
ergaster, 195, 196–7;
floresiensis, 188;
georgicus, 186;
habilis, 193–4, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203;
heidelbergensis, 197;
neanderthalensis, 190, 197;
rhodesiensis, 197;
rudolfensis, 193–4;
sapiens, 186, 190, 195, 197, 199, 203, 205, 207;
sapiens neanderthalensis, 190
homology, 288, 290–1, 312–13
Hooker, Joseph, 390, 404, 417
Horizon (BBC TV series), 431
horses: in America, 292n;
diet, 70;
galloping, 298–9;
hooves, 291–2;
legs, 385;
skull, 294
hox genes, 358
Hoyle, Fred, 87n
Hubble Space Telescope, 355, 356
Human Genome Project, 246n, 316, 320
humans: ancestry, 155, 203;
bird-fanciers, 55–6;
bodybuilders, 37–8,2;
brain size, 185, 187, 197;
brain surface, 343;
cell generations, 245;
and chimpanzees, 8, 26, 150–1, 155–6, 183, 187, 205–7, 317–21, 323–5;
culture, 408;
and dinosaurs, 7, 270, 434–5;
dog-breeders, 34–7, 42, 45, 81;
domestication of animals, 70–1, 73;
embryos, 214, 221, 357, 359, 14 –15;
eugenic breeding, 38–9, 62n;
evolution, 183, 196, 203;
eyes, 353–5;
feet, 157, 167;
gardeners, 45–7, 53, 61, 81;
genome, 316, 333;
Great Chain of Being, 155–9;
hands, 305, 312;
memory, 408;
‘missing link’, 150– 2, 184–5, 187, 197;
and monkeys, 155;
opinion poll answers on, 433;
skeleton, 288, 290, 312;
skull, 192, 205, 294, 310, 312;
soul, 6;
walking on two legs, 187, 197, 367–8
hummingbirds, 48, 51–2, 5
Huxley, Julian, 36, 57–9, 314, 404n
hypothesis, 10–11, 66
Ichthyostega, 166– 7
iguanas: on Anguilla, 257–8, 261;
on Galapagos islands, 261–2;
marine, 170, 180, 261–2
immune system, 316–17, 406–7
impalas, 296
inference, 15–16
insects: clade selection, 424–5;
mimicry, 59–60, 350, 7;
parasites, 349–50;
relationship with flowers, 46–54, 77–80, 4 –5;
segmented body plan, 358;
sympatric speciation, 257;
wings, 313, 345–7, 349–50
intermediates: ape–man, 184–5, 187, 194, 196–7, 199–200, 202–3, 207;
chain of, 23–5;
to chelonians, 174;
creationist demand for, 145, 151, 159, 198–9, 202;
fish-amphibians, 165, 169, 202;
in fossil record, 145, 150–1, 196–7, 199, 201;
koalas, 370;
mammal ancestry, 298–9;
sunflowers, 47;
terrapins, 180;
to whales, 169;
wings, 346
invagination, 227–9, 228, 231, 232
Islamic views: of age of earth, 106;
of creation, 154, 436–7;
of evolution, 151
island gigantism, 264
isotopes, 93, 102–3, 107
Jacob, François, 368
Janet, Pierre, 65–6
Jarvik, Erik, 166–7
Java Man, 184–5, 186, 196
jet engine, 365–6
Johanson, Donald, 117, 188
Jones, Steve, 436
Joyce, Walter, 178
Jurassic period, 98–9
Kaehler, Ted, 41
kakapos, 345, 28
kangaroo, 22
Kimeu, Kamoya, 197
Kimura, Motoo, 332
Kingdon, Jonathan, 367–8
kiwis, 344
KNM ER 1813 skull, 192 –3, 194
KNM ER 1470 skull, 192 –3, 194, 196
koalas, 369–70, 22
Krebs, John, 240, 382
Labradoodle, 34–5
Lamarck’s theory, 17
Lang, Herbert, 206
laryngeal nerve, recurrent, 356–7, 360–4, 361, 363, 371
Latimer, Margaret, 163
Lawrence, D. H., 150
Leakey, Mary, 189
Leakey, Richard, 197
Lee, Sheila, 206
legs, 385–6
lemurs: dancing sifaka, 23;
flying, 290;
population distribution, 269;
ringtailed, 23;
walking on two legs, 368
Lenski, Richard, 117–31
Limulus, 141
Lingulella, 140
lions, 380–1, 384, 388–90, 30
litopterns, 291–2
lizards: backbone, 298;
body temperature, 344;
Croatian experiment, 113–16, 115;
evolutionary divergence, 114, 116, 255;
‘flying’, 289– 90
lobefins, 162–3, 165
lobsters, 305, 307
Lorenz, Konrad, 28
Lucy, fossil skeleton, 117, 188–9, 198
lungfish, 162, 164, 170
Lyell, Charles, 183
Lysenko, Trofim, 74
Madagascar, 269, 281–2
magnetic north, 280–1
maize, 67, 134
Malawi, Lake, 266, 267
Malthus, Thomas, 17, 399n mammals: body temperature, 343–4;
brains, 343;
dolphins and whales, 342–4;
placental, 268, 300–1, 302, 342–3;
segmented body plan, 357–8
manatees, 169–70, 172, 342, 11
marsupials, 268–9, 300–1, 302, 22
Martineau, Harriet, 17
Matthew, Patrick, 31
Mayr, Ernst, 21–3, 26
Medawar, Pet
er, 150n, 158n
Mendel, Gregor, 29, 31
Michelangelo, 37
Miller, Stanley, 418–19
millipede, 299–300
Miocene epoch, 98
‘missing links’, 150–2, 164–9, 173, 180n, 184–5, 187, 197
Mitchell, Graham, 362
mitochondria, 377
moas, 344
monkeys: and earthworms, 156–9;
and humans, 155;
platyrrhine, 269;
spider, 290–1, 26;
walking on two legs, 368
Monod, Jacques, 236n
Moore, Gordon, 325
Moore’s Law, 325–7
MORI poll, 431–2
Morris, Desmond, 206
Morton, Oliver, 48n
moths, 50, 52, 4 – 5
Mrs Ples, 191 –3
MRSA, 132
mutations: in bacteria, 117, 121, 124–30;
in C. elegans, 244;
change in protein shape, 237;
computer simulation, 39–41;
D’Arcy Thompson’s ‘transformations’, 310;
definition, 35;
deleterious, 352–3;
dog breeding, 35;
embryological processes, 424, 425n;
evolution by natural selection, 130, 249–50;
fixation and, 335–6;
frequency, 335–6;
in genetic code, 409;
large and small, 352n, 355, 368;
neutral, 332–5;
rates, 117, 336
Myers, PZ, 131
natural selection: angler fish, 62, 63;
Darwin on, 64;
discovery of, 31;
of DNA, 406;
favouring competitive individuals, 390;
genes, 242, 248– 50;
hindsight, 371;
hypothesis of, 17–18;
non-random, 35, 130, 405, 426;
pain and, 393–5, 400–1;
start of, 419;
survival and reproduction, 63–4, 405;
‘tinkering’, 368;
tree height, 380;
Wallace on, 64–5
Nature, 172, 174
Neanderthal man, 190
Needham, Joseph, 229n
nematode worms, 243–4, 253, 303
Neo-Darwinian Synthesis, 29
neoteny, 36, 207
neurulation, 227 –8, 231–2
neutrons, 92–5
New Zealand, 160, 270, 271, 344–5
Noah: Ark, 268, 269–70;
flood, 100–1, 106, 283
notochord, 227–8
Nova (US TV series), 431n
Odontochelys semitestacea, 174–9, 11
okapis, 295 –6
Oligocene epoch, 98
omphalogy, 214
Oparin, Alexander, 418
orchids, 49–50, 52, 77–80, 4 – 5
Ordovician period, 98–9, 100
origami, 220, 224–9, 232
Orrorin, 204
Oster, George, 229–32
ostriches, 272, 282, 344–5, 28
Owen, Richard, 362
oxygen, 164n, 418
pain, 392–6
Palaeochersis, 178–9
Pan, 194
Panderichthys, 167– 8
Pangaea, 274
Paranthropus boisei, 115n, 190
parasites: arms race, 383, 426, 31;
co-evolution, 80–1;