DNA information about, 406;
of social insects, 349–50;
suffering caused by, 391, 401
Pasteur, Louis, 418
peahens and peacocks, 60, 61, 62, 64
Peking Man, 184, 185, 186, 196
penguins, 170, 180, 345
Penny, David, 322, 324–5
periodic table, 92–3
Permian extinction, 140
Permian period, 99, 101
Pew Forum, 430, 434
Pezosiren, 172– 3
pharyngeal arches, 357
pheasants, 54–5, 134, 6
Phoridae, 349 – 50
photons, 376, 379–80
photosynthesis, 376
pigeons, 27, 29, 41, 55
pigs, 38
‘pill bugs’, 299– 300
Piltdown Man, 150
pinnipeds, 172–3
Pithecanthropus erectus, 184–5
Pittendrigh, Colin, 371
placental mammals, 268, 300–1, 302, 342–3
plate tectonics, 274–8, 281–3, 17 – 19
Plato, 21–3, 26
Platyhelminthes, 148–9
platypus, duck-billed, 327, 22
pleiotropy, 76
Plesianthropus, 191–2
Pliny the Elder, 55n
Pod Kopiste, 113–15
Pod Mrcaru, 113–16
pollination, 47–53, 77
population genetics, 31n
population thinking, 23
potassium argon clock, 96–7, 102, 106
potassium-40, 96–7, 102, 107
prawns, 305, 307
Precambrian, 149
predators: and prey, 380–1, 386–7, 426;
prudent, 388–90
preformationism, 213–16
primroses, 47
Pringle, J. W. S., 346–7, 348
prions, 236n Proganochelys, 177–9
proof, 10–11
proteins: chains, 236–7;
Darwin’s speculation on origins of life, 417, 419–20;
molecules, 235–6, 240, 419–20;
mutations, 237;
natural selection, 249–50;
role as enzyme, 238, 419–20;
virus assembly, 223–4
Prothero, Donald, 171
protons, 92–5
pseudogenes, 332–3, 336
pterodactyl skeleton, 288, 289
Puijila darwini, 172–3
puppies, 35–6
Pusey, Harold, 165
Pythagoras’ Theorem, 10, 11
rabbits, 22–6, 316–17
radioactive decay, 94–5
rats, 31–2, 67–9, 68
redwood trees, 379
Reidenberg, Joy, 362
Reisz, Robert, 175
reproduction: asexual, 116–17, 118, 126n;
sexual, 47, 126n, 301, 405;
survival and, 63, 384, 395, 405
reptiles and birds, 151, 159–61
resemblance, patterns of, 296–7, 315
retina, 353–5, 356
reward and punishment, 407–8
Reynolds, Craig, 219–20
Reznick, David, 138–9
Rhamphorhynchus, 347 –8
rhodopsin, 236n
Ridley, Matt, 399n
risk-taking, 72–3
RNA, 420–1;
‘RNA World’ theory, 419, 421
rocks: igneous, 96–7;
sedimentary, 97–8
Romer’s Gap, 164–5
roses, 45–6, 60, 61
rotifers, bdelloid, 303, 304
running, 380–90
Russell, Bertrand, 13
Sagan, Carl, 12, 58–9
Sahelanthropus, 204
St Helena, 265–6
salamanders, 351–3, 29
San Andreas Fault, 276, 17
Sarich, Vincent, 317
Schafly, Andrew, 131
sea: emergence from, 161–9;
return to 169–70, 173, 176, 180, 299
sea-floor spreading, 275–6, 18 – 19
sea lions, 169, 172–3, 180
seals, 169, 172–3, 180
Second Law of Thermodynamics, 413, 414–15
segmented body plan, 305–7, 357–9, 425
selection: artificial, 28, 39–42, 61, 62, 65–8, 81–2, 422–3, 2;
‘group selection’, 62n;
natural, see natural selection;
sexual, 54–5, 62
selective breeding: by females of males, 54–6, 60, 62, 134, 138;
by humans, 38–9, 47, 60, 61;
of humans, 38–9;
by insects, 47–54
self-assembly, 216–17, 220, 224, 235, 243
self-replication, 392, 419
Selfish Gene, The, 349n
Shannon, Claude, 416n
sharks, 175, 360, 361, 366, 367
Shubin, Neil, 168
Sibson, Francis, 341
Silurian period, 99, 100
Simons, Daniel J., 14–15
Simonyi, Charles, 215n, 403
sinuses, 370
sirenians, 342, 344
skeleton: ancestral, 295–6, 308;
exoskeleton, 305, 308, 315;
flying creatures, 288–90, 27;
homology, 288–93, 312;
Lucy, 188;
mammalian, 287–8, 292–3;
vertebrate, 289, 293, 305, 308, 315
skulls: adult and infant, 205–7;
AL 444-2, 188–9;
amphibian, 166, 167;
bones in, 293;
brain size, 187, 343;
chimpanzee, 187, 205;
D’Arcy Thompson’s transformations, 310, 311 –312;
fish–amphibian, 166;
Georgian Man, 186;
gorilla, 115;
Homo sapiens, 192, 205, 294, 310, 312;
horse, 294;
Java Man, 185;
Mrs Ples, 191–3;
Paranthropus boisei, 115n, 190;
sirenian, 172;
thylacine, 300, 301;
Twiggy, 193
Smith, Adam, 390
Smith, J. L. B., 163
Smith, John Maynard, 211, 345
snakes, 298, 299, 391
Social Darwinism, 62n
solar: energy, 375–80, 414–16;
system, 413
South America: animals, 272;
bees and orchids, 78–9;
continental drift, 16, 273–5;
Galapagos islands, 258, 260– 1, 264;
litopterns, 291–2;
monkeys, 269–70;
moths, 50;
tectonic plate, 276–8, 281–2
speciation, 256–7
species: database, 406;
gene transfer, 303;
geographical distribution, 272–3, 283–4;
how new species are born, 254–7;
immutability of, 26–7;
status, 190
Spencer, Herbert, 65
Sperry, Roger, 233–4
spider monkeys, 290–1, 26
spine, movement of, 298–9, 384
squirrels: flying, 268, 288–90, 302;
grey, 304
starlings, flocking behaviour, 218–20, 229, 16
stars, 426
Streptococcus, 301
subduction, 275–6
suffering, 392–3, 401
Sulston, John, 246, 247
sunbirds, 51–2, 5
Sunday Times, 5, 151–2
sunflowers, 46–7, 61, 67, 2
survival: genetic change, 237, 242, 250;
natural selection, 384, 392;
neutral theory, 332–4;
non-random, 42, 63–4, 66, 405–8;
‘of the fittest’, 65, 395, 401;
pain and, 393, 395;
selecting agent, 62–3;
successful genes, 248
symmetry, 59, 305, 358–60, 425
tadpoles, 233
tameness, 73– 6
Tanganyika, Lake, 266, 267
t
arpon, 63, 64
‘Tasmanian wolf’, 300–1
Taung Child, 189, 190–1
Taylor, Bert Leston, 306n
tectonic plates, see plate tectonics
teeth, 67–70
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 150n
teleosts, 366
terrapins, 174, 180
tetrapods, 166–7
theodicy, 392–3, 401
theory, 9–10, 16–17
Thompson, D’Arcy, 308, 310–14, 423
Thompson, Silvanus P., 331n
thylacines, 300–1, 302
tides, 411–12
Tiktaalik, 168–9, 10
time, 24–5, 81–2, 85–8
tortoises, 174–80
transformation, 301, 303
‘transformations’ (D’Arcy Thompson’s), 308–14, 311 – 12
trees: height, 377–80, 383;
rings (dendrochronology), 88–90;
on St Helena, 265– 6
trial-and-error process, 407–8
Triassic period, 99, 174, 178
troglobites, 351
turbellarians, 148– 9
Turin Shroud, 105–6
Turkana Boy, 197
Turkey, opinion polls, 432–5
turtles, 173–80
Twiggy skull, 193, 194, 196
Uganda Game Department, 112
United States of America: opinion polls, 7, 106, 268, 269, 429–30, 434, 437;
school syllabuses, 106;
science teaching, 4
universes, 426
Unweaving the Rainbow, 148
vagus nerve, 360–3
varves, 90
vas deferens, 364– 5
vegetarian diet, 114–16
vertebrates: classes, 154, 159, 160, 183–4;
early evolution, 162;
embryology, 226–7;
eyes, 353–4;
land, 162–3, 166, 293;
notochord, 227;
returning to water, 173;
segmented body plan, 357–9;
skeletons, 289, 293, 305, 308, 315;
spinal cord, 306;
symmetry, 305–6
Victoria, Lake, 266, 267
viruses, 222 –4, 391–2, 421
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 22, 30, 31, 49–50, 64–5
wasps: ichneumon, 370, 395;
solitary, 77–8;
thynnid 78, 5
Watson, James, 30n, 246n, 319
Wegener, Alfred, 273–6, 281
Weinberg, Wilhelm, 31n
whales: brains, 343;
fossil record, 170–2;
genetic evidence for evolution, 170;
return to water, 169–70, 176, 180, 299;
skeleton, 342;
spinal motion, 299
Wiles, Andrew, 12
Williams, George C., 364, 424
Williams, Robyn, 369–70
Wilson, Allan, 317
wings, 344–50, 29
Wolpert, Lewis, 216, 220, 226
wolves, 27–8, 71–5, 302, 381
wombats, 268, 369
Wong, Yan, 335
woodlouse, 299–300
Wright, Sewall, 31n
Wright, Wendy, 198–202
Yahya, Harun, 154
zebras, 72, 384