page 68: Two lines of rats, from H. R. Hunt, C. A. Hoppert and S. Rosen, ‘Genetic factors in experimental rat caries’, in R. F. Sognnaes, ed., Advances in Experimental Caries Research (Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1955), 66–81.
page 75: Dmitry Belyaev with laboratory foxes, Novosibirsk, Russia, March 1984, photo RIA Novosti; inset photo from D. K. Belayev, ‘Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication’, Journal of Heredity 70 (1979), 301–8.
page 112: Graph from A. C. Brooks and I. O. Buss, ‘Trend in tusk size of the Uganda elephant’, Mammalia 26: 1 (1962), 10–34.
page 115: Diagram from A. Herrel, B. Vanhooydonck and R. van Damme, ‘Omnivory in lacertid lizards: adaptive evolution or restraint’, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17 (2004), 974–84.
page 116: Photograph of caecal valve, from A. Herrel, B. Vanhooydonck and R. van Damme, ‘Omnivory in lacertid lizards: adaptive evolution or restraint’,Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17 (2004), 974–84; photo courtesy Anthony Herrel.
pages 123 (both), 125 and 127: Lenski experiment, diagrams from R. E. Lenski and M. Travisano, ‘Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: a 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91 (1994), 6808–14.
page 140: Lingula: ‘Recent specimen of the brachiopod Lingula with long pedicle emerging from the 5 cm long valves of the phosphatic shell’, © Natural History Museum, London. Lingulella, engraving © Natural History Museum, University of Oslo.
page 153: Eomaia scansoria, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), redrawn from Qiang Ji, Zhe-Xi Luo, Chong-Xi Yuan, John R. Wible, Jian-Ping Zhang and Justin A. Georgi, ‘The earliest known eutherian mammal’, Nature 416 (25 April 2002), 816–22.
page 166: Eusthenopteron, after S.M. Andrews and T.S. Westoll, ‘The postcranial skeleton of Eusthenopteron foordi Whiteaves’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 68 (1970), 207–329.
page 167: Ichthyostega, after Per Erik Ahlberg, Jennifer Clack and Henning Blom, ‘The axial skeleton of the Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega’, Nature 437 (1 Sept. 2005), 137–40, fig. 1. Acanthostega, after J. A. Clack, ‘The emergence of early tetrapods’, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatoogy, Palaeoecology 232 (2006), 167–89.
page 168: Panderichthys, reconstruction after Jennifer A. Clack.
page 171: Diagram from D. R. Prothero, Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why it Matters, copyright © 2007 Columbia University Press. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.
page 173 (below): Reconstructed composite skeleton of Pezosiren portelli. Lateral view, length roughly 2.1 m. Shaded elements are represented by fossils; unshaded elements . . . are not. The length of the tail, and the form and posture of the feet are partly conjectural. After D. P. Domning, ‘The earliest known fully quadrupedal sirenian’,Nature 413 (11 Oct. 2001), 626–7, fig. 1.
page 177: Diagram modified from W. G. Joyce and J. A. Gauthier, ‘Palaeoecology of Triassic stem turtles sheds new light on turtle origins’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 271 (2004), 1–5.
page 204: Sahelanthropus tchadensis, reconstruction by © Bone Clones.
page 205: Skull of a foetal chimpanzee, reconstruction by © Bone Clones.
page 206: Baby and adult chimpanzee, photos courtesy Stephen Carr, from Adolf Naef, ‘Über die Urformen der Anthropomorphen und die Stammesgeschichte des Menschenschädels’, Die Naturwissenschaften 14: 21 (1926), 472–7. Original photos by Herbert Lang taken during the American Natural History Museum Congo Expedition, 1909–15.
page 222: Three kinds of virus, after Neil. A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece and Lawrence G. Mitchell, Biology, 5th edn, fig. 18.2, p. 321. Copyright © 1999 by Benjamin/Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.
page 227: Neurulation diagram, courtesy PZ Myers.
pages 242–3: Cellular family tree of Caenorhabditis elegans, http://www.wormatlas.org.
page 259: Map of the Galapagos archipelago, from Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches, 1st illus. edn, 1890, © The Natural History Museum, London.
page 266: Forest trees on St Helena, by courtesy of Jonathan Kingdon.
page 275: ‘South America Secedes’, cartoon by John Holden from Robert S. Diets, ‘More about continental drift’, Sea Frontiers, magazine of the International Oceanographic Foundation, March– April 1967.
page 289: Pterodactyl skeleton, after P. Wellnhofer, Pterosaurs (London: Salamander Books, 1991).
page 292: Polydactylic horse, from O. C. Marsh, ‘Recent polydactyle horses’, American Journal of Science, April 1892.
page 295: Okapi skeleton, after a drawing by Jonathan Kingdon.
page 301: Thylacine skull, S. R. Sleightholme and N. P. Ayliffe, International Thylacine Specimen Database, Zoological Society of London (2005).
page 304: Bdelloid rotifer, after Marcus Hartog, ‘Rotifera, gastrotricha, and kinorhyncha’, The Cambridge Natural History, vol. II (1896)
page 309: ‘Various species of crabs and crayfishes’, from Ernst Haeckel, Kunstformen der Natur (1899– 1904)
pages 311–12: diagrams from D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, On Growth and Form (1917)
page 327: ‘Hodgkin’s Law’, courtesy Jonathan Hodgkin.
page 329: Phylogenetic tree, from David Hillis, Derrick Zwickl and Robin Gutell, University of Texas at Austin, http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense/DownloadfilesToL.html.
page 347: Anhanguera: after John Sibbick.
page 349: Female Thaumatoxena andreinii silvestri, from R. H. L. Disney and D. H. Kistner, ‘Revision of the termitophilous Thaumatoxeninae (Diptera: Phoridae)’, Journal of Natural History (1992) 26: 953–91.
page 361: Diagram from R. J. Berry and A. Hallam, The Collins Encyclopedia of Animal Evolution (1986)
page 363: Giraffe dissection, photo Joy S. Reidenberg PhD.
page 364: Diagram after George C. Williams.
Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders. Should any have been overlooked, the publishers would be pleased to hear from them so that appropriate acknowledgement may be given in future editions.
INDEX
Page nos in italic refer to illustrations in the text. Page nos in bold refer to illustrations in the colour sections.
Acanthostega, 167–8
Adam and Eve, 7–8, 23, 213–14, 404n, 1
Adams, Douglas, 345
Africa: age of rocks, 279–80;
antelopes, 380;
continental drift, 16, 273–4;
elephants, 111, 113;
Eocene beds, 171;
human ancestry, 183–4, 185–6, 188, 196;
lakes, 266–7;
monkeys, 269–70;
moths, 50;
tectonic plate, 276–7, 280, 281–2;
trees, 265–6
Ahlberg, Per, 167
AL 444–2 skull, 188– 9
Al-Nasr Trust, 436
Alexander, Mrs C. F., 212n
Ambulocetus, 171–2
America, see South America, United States of America
amino acids, 235–7, 241, 418
amphibians, 151, 164–9, 227
Anabas, 366
ancestor, single, 408–10
Ancestor’s Tale, The, 165–6, 368
angler fish, 60–1, 62, 63, 64
Anguilla, 257–8, 261
Anhanguera, 347, 348
Answers in Genesis, 185, 436
antelopes: DNA, 392;
hooves, 292;
legs, 70;
risk-taking, 72;
running, 380–1, 384, 30
antibiotics, 132–3, 301
antibodies, 316–17, 406–7
ants, 349–50, 400, 401, 29
apoptosis, 221
ara gene, 119–22
Archaeopteryx, 151, 159–61
Ardipithecus, 204
argon-40, 96–7, 102
armadillos, 269, 299
‘arms race
s’, 81, 382–90, 426, 30–1
arthromorphs, 41, 216n, 423
arthropods, 425
Ascension Island, rats, 31–2, 279
Atkinson, Will, 313
Atlas of Creation, 154
atomic theory, 91–5
Australia: birds, 272;
Eucalyptus, 267;
fossils, 273;
Gondwana, 273, 282;
koalas, 369;
marsupials, 268, 270, 289, 300;
orchids, 78;
river turtle, 173
Australopithecus: afarensis, 188–90, 203;
africanus, 189–90, 193, 203;
brain size, 197, 205;
creationist view, 204;
evolution, 205, 207;
fossils, 199, 201, 202–3;
genus, 190, 192, 194;
habilis (rudolfensis), 193–4;
human ancestry, 195–7, 205, 207;
name, 190–1, 192, 194, 195, 202–3
bacteria: borrowing of DNA, 301, 303, 328n;
chloroplasts, 376–7;
evolutionary change, 116–17, 119, 123–6, 130, 131–2;
Lenski E. coli experiment, 117–31;
mitochondria, 377;
parasite of, 223;
resistance to antibiotics, 132– 3, 301;
thermophilous, 419
baobab tree, 23
bats: in Antipodes, 270;
biblical classification, 298n;
featherless, 297, 303;
flight, 348, 27;
pollinators, 47, 48;
skeleton, 287 –9, 291, 312–13, 27
Bathylychnops, 175–6
Beagle, 265n, 270
bees: parasite of, 350;
relationship with plants, 48–9, 51, 53–4, 77, 78–9, 4 –5;
vision, 51
beetles, 350
Belloc, Hilaire, 86n
Belyaev, Dimitri, 73–6, 75
Bergson, Henri, 404n
biomorphs, 39–41, 40, 216n, 313–14, 423
bipedalism, 188–9, 367–8
birds, 159–61;
flightless, 344–5;
reptiles and, 151, 159–61
Blair, Tony, 5
Blind Watchmaker, The, 148, 216n, 422
Blind Watchmaker program, 40–1
Blixen, Karen, 186
Blount, Zachary, 130
blueprints, 214–15, 221
blue-footed booby, 24
Blyth, Edward, 31
Bohr, Niels, 92
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 416n
Boyle’s Law, 366
brain: capacity and power, 402;
memory, 408;
size, 185, 187, 197, 205;
surface, 343
Brenner, Sydney, 244, 246n, 389n
Britain: opinion polls, 7, 106, 431–5;
science teaching, 4;
views on creationism, 106, 436–7
British Charity Commission, 436n
Buckland, William, 395
Bush, George W., 16
butterflies, 30, 48, 51, 52, 53
cabbages, 27, 67, 2
cadherins, 234–5
caecum, 115–16
Caenorhabditis elegans, 242 –3, 243–7, 253
Cairns-Smith, Graham, 419
Cambrian Explosion, 147–9
Cambrian period, 98–100, 141
camouflage, 134–6
canaries, 55–6
carbon, 103–7;
carbon-14, 94, 95, 102–6
Carboniferous period, 101, 164–7, 414
Cartesian Diver, 366–7
caterpillars, 59–60
cathedrals, 217
cats, 321, 381
cattle, 37–8, 39, 70, 292, 2
cells: adhesion molecules, 234–5;
chemical factory, 241–2;
division, 226, 245–6;
family tree, 243–5, 247;
founder cells, 246–7;
genes, 242–3;
infrastructure, 239, 13;
modelling, 229–35;
multiplication, 229;
nucleus, 241–2
Censky, Ellen, 257–8
cheetahs, 298, 380–1, 383–6
chickens, 27, 55
chimpanzees: ancestry, 153–4, 187, 188, 204;
brain size, 187, 188–9, 197, 205;
genome project, 316;
hair standing on end, 340;
infant and adult, 205–7, 206;
relationship to humans, 8, 26, 150–1, 155–6, 183, 187, 317–21, 323–5;
skull, 187, 205, 310, 312;
walking on two legs, 368
chloroplasts, 376–7
Christian views on evolution, 4–8, 434, 436
cichlids, 135–6, 138, 266–7
CIPA (congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis), 394
Clack, Jenny, 167
clade selection, 424–5
cladists, 159–60
climate change, 368
Climbing Mount Improbable, 41, 216n, 416, 425
clocks: carbon-14, 103–6;
molecular, 107, 330–6;
radioactive, 87, 91–8, 101–3, 106;
timescales, 85–8;
tree rings (dendrochronology), 88–91, 105, 106, 330
Clostridium difficile, 132
co-evolution, 80–1
Coates, Michael, 167
coelacanths, 140, 162, 163–4, 170
cold, common, 391–2
Collins, Francis, 246n
colour vision, 50–1
colugo, 27
Conan Doyle, Arthur, 404
Concerned Women for America, 198
conchomorphs, 41–2, 423
Conservapedia, 131
continental drift, 16, 273–4, 275, 281
Coppinger, Raymond, 35, 71, 73, 76
coral: islands, 271;
fish, 80–1, 266;
reefs, 90
cormorants, flightless, 170, 260, 345, 28
Cott, Hugh, 382
cows, see cattle
Coyne, Jerry, 171, 283, 356n
crabs, 56–9, 57, 305, 307 –8, 310
cranefly, 346
Creation Museum, Kentucky, 436
creationist views: of Australopithecus, 204;
of Cambrian Explosion, 148;
of chance, 124–5;
of dating, 94, 100–1;
of Dubois, 185;
of evolution, 9–10;
of fossil record, 100–1, 145, 147–9, 283, 297;
of Lenski research, 117, 124–5, 128, 131;
in opinion polls, 431–2, 437;
of origin of life, 418;
of patterns of resemblance, 296–7;
of plate tectonics, 282–3;
of pseudogenes, 332–3;
of Second Law of Thermodynamics, 415;
of spontaneous generation, 418
Cretaceous period, 98–9, 101, 279, 348
Crick, Francis, 30n, 244, 319, 409
crocodiles, 298–9
cross-fertilization, 47–9
crustaceans, 305–8, 309, 358, 424
crystals, 223–4
cuckoos, 400, 401, 30
Currey, J. D., 356
Cuscuta, 304
cytochrome-C, 322, 324, 336
Daeschler, Edward, 168, 169
daisies, 265–6
D’Alberto, Clare, 328, 25
Dart, Raymond, 189, 190–1
Darwin, Charles: on artificial selection, 42;
birthday, 360, 364;
on blind cave-dwellers, 351;
on comparative evidence, 314–15;
on coral islands, 271;
on Creator and creation, 403–4;
on cruelty of nature, 370, 390, 400;
The Descent of Man, 183, 196;
on domestication, 27–8, 55, 73;
on elephants, 111, 326;
evolution theory, 9–10, 18, 272;
The Expression of the Emotions, 340;
on frogs, 269;
G
alapagos map, 258–9;
Galapagos visit, 260–3, 265, 270;
on geographical distribution, 271–2;
on human evolution, 183, 196;
on ichneumon wasps, 370, 395, 400;
inspiration for natural selection, 17–18, 399n;
on land bridge, 273;
and Mendel, 29, 31n;
on natural selection, 64, 390, 400, 405;
on non-blending of varieties, 30–1;
on orchids, 49–50, 52, 77;
on origin of life, 417–19;
On the Origin of Species, 18, 26, 27, 28, 314–15, 399–400, 417;
On the Origin of Species (first edition), 64, 183, 403–4;
pigeon breeding, 27, 29, 55;
on proteins, 419–20;
on sexual selection, 54, 62;
on struggle for survival, 401;
on survival and natural selection, 62– 3;
The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, 27, 55;
On the Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects, 77;
The Voyage of the Beagle, 261n;
world-view, 402–3
Darwin, Erasmus (brother of Charles), 17
Darwin, Erasmus (grandfather of Charles), 399
Darwin, Francis, 404, 417
Darwin, George, 326
darwin, unit of measurement, 330–1
Darwinius masillae, 180, 9
dating, see clocks
Davies, Paul, 410
Dawson, Charles, 150n
dendrochronology (tree-ring dating), 88–90, 105, 106, 330
Denton, Derek, 370
Denton, Michael, 370n
design flaws: eyes, 353–5;
koala pouch, 369–70;
recurrent laryngeal nerve, 356, 359–64, 371;
sinuses, 370;
vas deferens, 364–5
Devonian period, 98–100, 101, 164–9, 10
dinosaurs, 7, 160–1, 270, 306n, 434–5
DNA: as blueprint, 214–15, 248;
bonding, 318–20;
borrowing, 301, 303;
code, 315, 333, 405, 409–10;
discovery, 409;
evidence, 15–16;
‘Genetic Book of the Dead’, 179–80;
hybridization, 317–20;
‘memory’, 406–7;
natural selection of, 406;
replication, 420–1;
sequence, 247–8;
transformation, 301, 303;
viruses, 391–2
dogs: ancestry, 28, 321;
breeds, 27–8, 35–7, 38, 56, 81–2, 3;
Darwin on, 27, 29;
domestication, 71, 73–4, 76;
fox-breeding experiment, 74– 6;
gene pools, 33–4, 37;
pedigree, 33–5, 257;
Penny’s family tree, 322, 325;