intolerable burden of
and Kierkegaard
and Nietzsche
podvig in Russian literature
and Rousseau
and Schopenhauer
and Tocqueville
twentieth-century diminishing of
see also individual, liberal universalist ideal of; will, individual
Freeman, E. A.
French Revolution
Catherine of Russia on
cult of ‘Supreme Being’
de Tocqueville on
Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)
and equality
executions of king and queen
and German thinkers
global spread of ideas of
influence of Rousseau
intellectual prehistory
and terror
and women
Freud, Sigmund
Fukuyama, Francis
Fuller, Margaret
Futurism
Galileo
Gandhi, Mohandas
assassination of (1948)
eulogies to Mazzini
and Savarkar
Hind Swaraj (1909)
Gandhi, Rajiv, assassination of (1991)
Garibaldi, Giuseppe
Gay, Peter
gender
and French Revolution
and German nationalism
and Hindu nationalism
inequality
misogyny
and Napoleon
and Nietzsche
and Rousseau
Suzanne Voilquin’s travels
women in Iran
see also masculinity
Gentz, Friedrich
German Idealism
German Romantics
developmentalist ideology
Herder’s cultural identity concept
Kultur
and Macpherson’s Ossian fraud
and Marxism
notion of self-cultivation/bildung
organic national community (Volk)
ressentiment of France
and Rousseau
and the spirit of history
and Wagner
Germany
anti-Semitism in
‘catch-up’ with Atlantic West
classical past
far-right resurgence in
fragmented pre-1815 political structure
and French Revolution
and imperialism
industrialization
literature
Munich murders (2016)
Napoleon’s invasion/occupation
nationalism
pan-Germanism
philosophy
post-1815 Confederation
post-WW2 period
radical student movement
religious revival in nineteenth century
search for ancestral myths
Sorel’s influence in
unification
Wagnerian myth-making
Wartburg castle ceremony (1817)
Ghadar Party
Ghotbzadeh, Sadegh
Gifford, Gabrielle
Girard, René
globalization
characteristics of
as conjoined with international radicalism
Keynes on
nineteenth-century surge of mimetic desire
and older forms of authority
present-day clamour against
and privatization of war
Tocqueville’s warnings on
de Gobineau, Arthur, Essay on the Inequality of Races (1853–5)
Godse, Nathuram
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
Gogol, Nikolai
Goldman, Emma
Golwalkar, Madhav Sadashiv
Gorky, Maxim
Görres, Johann Joseph von
Gothic style
Gramsci, Antonio
Gray, John
Greek war of independence (1820s)
Greene, Graham, The Quiet American (1955)
Grimm, Frédéric-Melchior
Grossman, David
growth, economic
as end-all of political life
as enriching small minority
Guantanamo
Gurgaon, India
Hardayal, Lala
Hasan, Nidal
Havel, Václav
Hayek, Friedrich
Hedayat, Sadegh, The Blind Owl (1937)
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Heidegger, Martin
Heine, Heinrich
Helvétius, Claude Adrien
Henry, Émile
Herder, Johann Gottfried
Herzen, Alexander
and 1848 revolution
and the Decembrists
and Nechaev affair
on philosophes
and Western materialist culture
Herzl, Theodor
notion of ‘Darwinian mimicry’
Der Judenstaat (1895)
Hindu nationalism
and admiration for Nazi Germany
anti-Muslim pogroms/massacres (2002)
and appropriative mimicry
Bharat Mata (Mother India) cult
and Christian eschatology
destruction of Babri mosque (1992)
Hindu Mahasabha party
Hindu supremacist terrorism (1909)
Hindutva concept
and Islam
Mazzini’s influence
Modi’s revolutionary futurism
and popular culture
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)
and reconfiguring of Hinduism
and social class
Swami Vivekananda’s revivalism
and violence
Hitler, Adolf
and Atatürk
and D’Annunzio
and Wagner’s opera
Hobson, J. A.
Hofmannsthal, Hugo von
Hölderlin, Friedrich
‘Holy Alliance’
Holy Roman Empire
homosexuality
Hong Kong
Hoveida, Amir Abbas
human rights
Hume, David
Hungary
Huntington, Samuel
Hussein, Saddam
Huysmans, J. K., A Rebours (1884)
ideology, theory of
Ignatieff, Michael
immigrants
anarchists in USA
fin de siècle as great age of migration
hate-mongering against
Polish émigrés in Turkey
racism towards after Brexit vote
imperialism, Western
backlashes in name of traditional society
creation of ‘long-term losers’ by
decolonization
exporting of modernity
French
German
institutionalization of racism by
Italian
justifications for violence
legacy for nation states
of Napoleon
neo-imperialism
nineteenth-century expansion of
Rhodes on
Spanish American colonies
and Tocqueville
see also British Empire; post-colonial states
India
author’s upbringing in
caste system
and European mystical doctrines
gods and goddesses
independence (1947)
Indian Mutiny (1857)
and individualism
inequality in
Kashmiri and Naga insurgencies
Maoist guerrillas in
Marx on
modernization
nuclear tests (1998)
post-independence writers and artists
and Herbert Spencer
universal suffrage in
Young India
see also Hindu nationalism
individual, liberal universalist
ideal of
attempts to impose by force
and capitalist modernization
Enlightenment inception of
failed universalization of
fin de siècle rejections of
and French Revolution
German counter-tradition
and Mill
Napoleon’s politicization of
and new post-war ‘Western Model’
notion of self-expansion
and the philosophes
promoted by privileged minority
rational choice-making capacity
Rousseau as critic
and Sorel
worldwide spread of
individualism
and Bakunin
and creeping despotism
culture of competition and mimicry
and digital media
dominance of since 1990s
and Dostoyevsky’s writings
and globalization
and ISIS
and Mazzini
neo-liberal fantasy of
nineteenth-century rise of
Ayn Randian clichés
rational egoism notion
rhetoric of self-empowerment
and rise of ressentiment
in USA
war of all against all
Indonesia
industrial revolution
inequality
as abetted by intellectual classes
in India
in nineteenth/early twentieth century
present-day
intellectual and artist class
‘comprador intelligentsia’
fin de siècle
as first apostles of nationalism
and French Revolution
in India
in Muslim countries
support of despotic modernizers
and Voltaire-Rousseau battle
see also German Romantics; philosophes
Iqbal, Muhammad
IRA
Iran
Khomeini’s rule
Khomeini’s velayat-e faqih (guardianship by jurist)
revolution (1978)
Shah of
Shah’s repressive security apparatus
US and UK backed coup (1953)
Iran-Iraq war (1981–8)
Iraq
First Gulf War (1990)
invasion of (2003)
Ireland
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)
appeal of
birth of
destruction as a creative passion
and individualism
intellectual forefathers
and ‘narcissism of small difference’
use of internet
Western bafflement at
Islam
Jalal Al-e-Ahmad writings
and Atatürk
cartoons lampooning Prophet Mohammed
clash of civilizations thesis
and Erdogan
and European fin de siècle
‘experts’ on
first generation of Islamists
and Hindu nationalism
intellectual and artist class
Iranian revolution (1978)
Italian invasion of Libya (1911)
Naipaul on
pan-Islamism
in post-colonial states
and Rashid Rida
Shiite tradition
Sunni tradition
and Voltaire
Western campaign to ‘reform’
Islamism, Radical
9/11 terrorist attacks
al-Suri’s jihad strategy
appeal of
and Christian eschatology
as disconnected from Islamic faith
historical continuity explanations
ideological eclecticism
intellectual forefathers
and ‘jihad’
and local defences of autonomy
mimetic violence
as product of modern era
and pseudo-explanations
and struggle against sensuousness
and urbanization
World Trade Centre attack (1993)
see also ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)
Israel
Italy
assassination of Umberto I (1878)
Bakunin’s influence
Carboneria
city states
constitutionalist revolt (1820–21)
failings of unified state
far-right resurgence in
Fascism
fin de siècle migration
and First World War
and ‘Free State of Fiume’
imperial ambitions
industrialization
Lazzaretti in Tuscany
literature
Marx on
militarism in late nineteenth century
Northern League
post-WW2 period
Risorgimento
Sorel’s influence in
unification
Young Italy
see also Mazzini, Giuseppe
Jabotinsky, Vladimir Ze’ev
Jacobi, Friedrich
Jacobins
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig
James, Henry
Japan
Jena-Auerstädt, battle of (1806)
Jews
see also anti-Semitism
Jihadi John
jingoism
Johnson, Samuel
Joyce, James, Ulysses (1922)
Jünger, Ernst
Kalimantan, Indonesia
Kang Youwei
Kant, Immanuel
Kashmir
Kasravi, Ahmad
Keats, John
Kepler, Johannes
Keynes, John Maynard
Khamenei, Ali
Khan, Ayub
Khomeini, Ayatollah
post-revolutionary reign of terror
Kierkegaard, Soren
Kipling, Rudyard
Kitaro, Nishida
Kleist, Heinrich von
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb
Kölcsey, Ferenc
Korner, Theodor
Kotkin, Stephen
Kropotkin, Peter
Kuliscioff, Anna
Kyle, Chris, American Sniper
Kyoto School of philosophy
de Lafayette, Marquis
de Lagarde, Paul
de Lamartine, Alphonse
de Lamennais, Abbé Félicité
Words of a Believer (1834)
Lang Lang (pianist)
Le Pen, Marine
Lebanon
Lees, Edith
Lenin
Leroux, Pierre
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim
Lewis, Bernard
Li Shizeng
Liang Qichao
Adam Smith’s theory
ideal of pursuit of individual interests
see also free market ideology; neo-liberalism
Libya
Lichtheim, George
Locke, John
Lohia, Rammanohar
Loughner, Jared
Louis Vuitton
Louis XIV, King of France
Lu Xun
Luce, Henry
Luther, Martin
Macpherson, James, Ossian fraud
de Maistre, Joseph
Malatesta, Errico
Mali
mandarin culture
Mandela, Nelson
Mandelstam, Osip, ‘My Age, My Beast’ (1918)
Mann, Heinrich
Mann, Thomas
Mannheim, Karl
Manzoni, Alessandro
Mao Zedong
al-Maqdisi, Abu Mohammed
Marat, Jean-Paul
Marinetti, Filippo
The Futurist Manifesto (1909)
Marx, Karl
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
view of history
Marxism
dialectic
dream of universal utopia
see also Communism
masculinity
crisis of in nineteenth century
fixation with manliness
and Hindu nationalism
machismo of Napoleon
New Man in fin de siècle
Mateen, Omar
Maududi, Abu Al-Ala
May, Theresa
Mazzini, Giuseppe
non-European disciples
religion of humanity
‘Third Rome’ plan
McEwan, Ian, Amsterdam (1998)
McKinley, William, assassination of (1901)
McLuhan, Marshall
McVeigh, Timothy
media
see also digital communications
Meinecke, Friedrich
messianism, revolutionary
metric system
Metternich, Prince
Mexico
Meyerbeer, Giacomo
Michelet, Jules
Michels, Robert
Mickiewicz, Adam
Micklethwait, John
Middle Ages
Middle East
division into mandates
Israeli assault on Lebanon (2006)
see also individual countries
Miglio, Gianfranco
Mill, John Stuart
mimesis
and Adam Smith’s theories
appropriative mimicry
and commercial society
Herzl’s’Darwinian mimicry’
mimetic desire
national emulation
and ressentiment
and Rousseau
and violence
and Westernizing dictators
Mishima, Yukio
modernity
Anglo-America as maker of modern world
Enlightenment inauguration of
and European imperialism
fin de siècle rejections of
German counter-tradition
and Khomeini
latecomers to
Marshall Berman’s definition
and mimetic desire
modernization from above
and Naipaul’s ‘mimic men’
and post-colonial nations
reappearance of mythic volk
violent history of
and Voltaire-Rousseau battle
West vs Islam binary
see also Enlightenment; individual, liberal universalist ideal of; progress, Enlightenment/modern notions of; Western society (the West)
modernization theory
Modi, Narendra
Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh
Montaigne
Montesquieu
Persian Letters (1721)
The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
Mosaddeq, Mohammad
Mosca, Gaetano
Most, Johann
Muenzer, Thomas
Mukerjee, Radhakamal
Mumbai
Munif, Abd al-Rahman, Cities of Salt (1984)
Mussolini, Benito
Myanmar
Naipaul, V. S.
Napoleon
imperialism
invasion/occupation of Germany
nostalgia for era of
secular universalist project
‘narcissism of small difference’
nation states
implosions of in Africa/Middle East
legacy of imperialism
nineteenth-century rise of
postcolonial nation-building ideologies
rise of in Africa and Asia
social democracy in post-WW2 era
nationalism
Arab
Chinese