cult of sacrifice and martyrdom
cultural
economic
and emphasis on duties
English
fin de siècle
fin de siècle celebration of violence/virility
French
German
invention of concept
Italian
Khomeinism
Mazzini’s non-European disciples
messianic fantasy of redemption and glory
nineteenth-century adaptations worldwide
poet-prophets
post-9/11 toxic nationalists
post-Cold War resurgence of
in post-colonial states
present-day
as product of men of letters
religiosity of sentiment
‘rise again’ rhetoric
and Rousseau
and twentieth-century world wars
us-versus-them/demonization of ‘other’
white nationalists in USA
see also Hindu nationalism
Nazism
Hindu nationalist admiration for
Nechaev, Sergei
negative solidarity concept
Nehru, Jawaharlal
neo-liberalism
axioms of autonomy and interest-seeking
conflation of free enterprise with freedom
crony-capitalist regimes
New York Review of Books
Newsweek
Newton, Isaac
Niebuhr, Reinhold
Nietzsche, Friedrich
death of God
on development
on French Revolution
the last men
and Napoleon
nihilism
rejection of German nationalism
and ressentiment
superman idea
and Voltaire-Rousseau battle
and Wagner
will to power concept
nihilism
see also anarchism
Nordau, Max, Degeneration (1892)
North Korea
Northern Ireland
Norway, Breivik massacre in (2011)
Novalis
Obama, Barack
oil industry
Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
Oriani, Alfredo
Orlando massacre (2016)
Ortega y Gasset, José, The Revolt of the Masses (1930)
Orwell, George, Nienteen Eighty-Four (1949)
Ottoman Empire
Polish émigrés in
revival of Ottomanism
Paine, Thomas
Pakistan
Pal, Bipin Chandra
Palestinian militant groups
Papini, Giovanni
Pareto, Vilfredo
Pascal, Blaise
Patel, Vallabhbhai
Paul, Saint
Paxton, Joseph
Paz, Octavio, The Labyrinth of Solitude (1950)
Pea, Enrico
Perovskaya, Sofia
Peter the Great
Petöfi, Sándor
Philippines
philosophes
material comfort and hedonism
as not democratic
notion of self-expansion
patronage of autocrats
and religion
as shapers of society
trahison des clercs
philosophy
German
phrenology
Pol Pot’s Year Zero
Poland
partition in late eighteenth century
present-day nationalism in
uprising (1831)
Polanyi, Karl, The Great Transformation (1944)
Pope, Alexander
popular culture
Posivitism
post-colonial states
autocratic modernizers in
see also individual countries
brutal police/intelligence states
growth of ressentiment in
insurgencies since mid twentieth century
and Islam
and Naipaul’s ‘mimic men’
nation-building ideologies
post-Cold War period
Western inspired national emulation
and ‘Western Model’
progress, Enlightenment/modern notions of
assumed spread eastwards
era of US hegemony
and fin de siècle thinkers
and First World War
as fundamentalist creed in West
as globalized fantasy post-Cold War
and Marxist universal utopia
and nineteenth-century French literature
notion of self-expansion
and the philosophes
present-day constraints/doubts
and reason
religion of secular progress
Rousseau rejects
and Social Darwinism
‘propaganda by the deed’
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph
Prussia
defeat at Jena-Auerstädt
Franco-Prussian war (1871)
Frederick II
pseudo-science
public sphere
Pushkin, Alexander
The Bronze Horseman (1836)
Eugene Onegin
Imitations of the Quran (1824)
Putin, Vladimir
al-Qaeda
Qutb, Sayyid
racism
after Brexit vote
Californian Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
institutionalization of by colonialism
Islamophobia
in late nineteenth century
scapegoats and invented enemies
scientific
on social media
white supremacists
worldwide upsurge of
see also anti-Semitism
radicalism and militancy, historical
as conjoined with globalization
‘decade of regicide’ (1890s)
emergence in nineteenth century
influence of Nietzsche
local defences of autonomy
martyrdom, sacrifice and death
and mass migration
in nineteenth-century Russia
politics of flamboyant gestures
pre-1848 conspirators and insurgents
and quests for transcendence
revolts in Spanish American colonies
revolts of 1820s
revolutionary period (1830)
revolutionary period (1848–9)
and rise of mass air travel
shared aspirations across movements
in space between elites and masses
spread of socialism
see also anarchism; ressentiment; terrorism
radicalism and militancy, present-day
Bakunin as forebear of
craving for unlimited despotism
eruption of ‘global civil war’
identity as neither stable nor coherent
nineteenth/early twentieth-century antecedents
and paradox of individual freedom
social backgrounds
and urbanization
violence as end in itself
volatile desire for creative destruction
see also ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria); Islamism, Radical; ressentiment; terrorism
Rai, Lala Lajpat
Ramdev, Baba
Reagan, Ronald
reason
and cult of progress
fantasy of a rationally organized world
and French Revolution
and philosophes’ support of despots
and principle of equality
theoretical rationalism
and triumphs of capitalist imperialism
see also individual, liberal universalist ideal of
Reclus, Élisée
Red Brigade in Italy
; refugees
religious faith
and French Revolution
ideal of transcendence
and nationalist sentiment
in nineteenth-century Germany
pseudo-religions in 1815–48 period
see also individual faiths and religions
Renan, Ernest
Republican Party, US
ressentiment
alienated young man of promise
in Austria-Hungary
characteristics of
in colonial India
and conflicted/contradictory identity
as default metaphysics of modern world
disaffected educated classes
and Dostoyevsky
German Romantics
growth of in post-colonial states
and jingoism
and Kierkegaard
and mimetic desire
and ‘narcissism of small difference’
and Nazism
and Nietzsche
and political spectrum
present-day
and Rousseau
in Russian literature
Max Scheler’s theory
‘superfluous’ groups/people
‘superfluous’ men in Russian fiction
in unified Germany
in unified Italy
unsatisfied fantasies of consumerism
white male
Rhodes, Cecil
Rice, Condoleezza
Rida, Rashid
right-wing extremism
Rimbaud, Arthur
Robespierre, Maximilien
Roca, Mateo Morral
Roman Empire
Romantics
see also German Romantics
Roof, Dylann
Roosevelt, Theodore
Rostow, W. W., The Stages of Economic Growth (1960)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
and amour propre
and assumptions of progress
as dangerous prophet of revolution
denounces commercial society
and female sexuality
and founding of ‘isms’
and German Romantics
idealizing of ancient communities
life and personality of
and nationalism
notion of social hypocrisy
and the philosophes
and Poland
politics as personal for
and religion
and ressentiment
revolt against modernity
and Russia
and social equality
soldier-citizen concept
views on human nature
and Voltaire
Confessions
Considerations on the Government of Poland
Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
Émile (1762)
Julie, ou La Nouvelle Héloïse (1761)
Reveries of a Solitary Walker (1782)
The Social Contract (1762)
Rushdie, Salman
Ruskin, John
Russia
alienated young man of promise
Bronze Horseman in St. Petersburg
‘catch-up’ with Atlantic West
Christianity in
collapse of Soviet Communism
‘Decembrists’ rising (1825)
and industrial revolution
literature
see also Dostoyevsky, Fyodor
muzhik (peasant)
nineteenth-century revolutionaries
peasant commune in
People’s Will movement
Peter the Great’s Westernization
and the philosophes
Putin regime
serfdom in
the ‘superfluous’ man in
Tsargrad TV channel
Russo-Japanese war
Rwanda
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin
Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Léon de
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de
Salvemini, Gaetano
San Bernardino, California
Sand, George
Santayana, George
Sanua, James
Sarkozy, Nicolas
Saudi Arabia
Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar
Scheler, Max
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph
Schiller, Friedrich
Schleiermacher, Friedrich
Schmitt, Carl
Schönerer, Georg von
Schopenhauer, Arthur
Schorske, Carl, Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture (1980)
science
Scotland
Scott, Walter
secessionism
Second World War
sexuality
female
Shanghai
Shariati, Ali
Shaw, George Bernard
Shelley, Percy Bysshe
Shestov, Lev
Shinawatra, Thaksin
Sikh militants
slavery and serfdom
Smith, Adam
Snowden, Edward
Social Darwinism
social mobility
socialism
Soedjatmoko
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander
Sorel, Georges
Soseki, Natsume
South America
anarchists in Buenos Aires
impact of Western materialism
Soviet Union
Spain
Sparta
Spencer, Herbert
Sri Lanka
St Petersburg
de Staël, Madame
Stalin, Joseph
Stalinism
Stendhal
Stephens, Henry
Stifter, Adalbert, Indian Summer (1857)
Stirner, Max
The Ego and its Own (1844)
Sturm und Drang
Sudan, Mahdist revolt (1880s)
Suharto
suicide and depression rates
suicide bombers
al-Suri, Abu Musab
Sweden
Symbolist poetry
Syria
Tacitus, Germania
Tagore, Rabindranath
al-Tahtawi, Rifa’a Rafi’, The Extraction of Gold, or an Overview of Paris (1834)
Tamil militancy
Tanizaki, Junichiro
Tata, Ratan
Taylorism
terrorism
9/11 attacks
al-Suri’s jihad strategy
anarchist (from 1870s)
Brussels attack (March 2016)
Charlie Hebdo attack
‘experts’ on
fin de siècle crackdowns
‘global war on terror’
Hindu supremacist (1909)
Islam-centric accounts of
in late nineteenth-century France
by nationalist groups in recent past
Paris massacres (November 2015)
‘police actions’ policy in West
present-day
‘propaganda by the deed’
Tamil pioneering of suicide attacks
Theodore Roosevelt’s crusade against
white perpetrators
Tetsuro, Watsuji
Thailand
Thatcher, Margaret
Theosophy
Thiel, Peter
Thoreau, Henry David, Walden (1854)
Tibet
Tocqueville, Alexis de
on commercial society
and democracy
on despotic government
and equality
on Frederick of Prussia
on French Revolution
on George Sand
on globalization
and imperialism
and individual freedom
on philosophes
and USA
Tolstoy, Leo
Hadji Murat (1902)
War and Peace
totalitarian polit
ics
Towianski, Andrzej
trade and commerce
rapid growth in eighteenth century
Smith’s ‘hidden hand’
Voltaire’s praise of
see also capitalism; commercial society
transport and communications
Treitschke, Heinrich von
Triple Alliance (1882)
Troeltsch, Ernst
Trump, Donald
Tunisia
Turgenev, Ivan
Fathers and Sons (1862)
Rudin
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques
Turkey
1915 genocide
Erdogan regime
revival of Ottomanism
Young Turkey
see also Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal; Ottoman Empire
Tyutchev, Fyodor Ivanovich
Umberto I, King of Italy
unemployment
United Nations
United States of America (USA)
anti-government sentiment in
assassination of President McKinley (1901)
Californian Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
contempt for elites in
easy availability of weapons in
economic decline since 1970s
Fort Hood killings (2009)
Haymarket affair in Chicago (1886)
immigrant anarchists in
imperialism
individualistic culture
National Rifle Association (NRA)
New Deal
new ‘Western Model’ (post-1945)
Pearl Harbor attack (1941)
post-WW2 hegemony
radical left organizations
Republican presidential primaries (2016)
right-wing extremism
San Bernardino shootings (2016)
segregationist policies
threats to Mexicans and Muslims
Tocqueville on
Treitschke on
triumphalist history in
white nationalists/supremacists in
white perpetrators of mass violence
see also African-Americans
urban development
urbanization
utilitarian ethic
Vidal, Gore
Vienna, Congress of (1815)
violence
and Christian theology
destruction as a creative passion
as end in itself
fin de siècle celebration of
and Futurism
glorified in post-unification Italy
and Hindu nationalism
imperialist justifications for
Liang’s ‘destructionism’
mimetic nature of
and modernity
podvig in Russian literature
post-9/11 intensity in USA
present-day
privatization and socialization of
see also terrorism
Vivekananda, Swami
Voegelin, Eric
Voilquin, Suzanne
Voltaire
and amour propre
anti-Semitism of
and Catherine of Russia
and the Church
in England
and enlightened despots
hatred of the masses
Herder on
praise of consumerism and trade
and Rousseau
and Russia
wealth of
Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations (1756)
‘Le Mondain’ (1736)
Philosophical Letters (1773)
Wagner, Richard
the Weathermen
Weber, Max