7. Epilogue
Eric Voegelin wrote about Bakunin in his From Enlightenment to Revolution (Durham, NC, 1975). Václav Havel’s writings on the ‘free world’ in Living in Truth (London, 1986) are still incandescent. Søren Kierkegaard’s views on journalism and vanity are contained in his The Present Age, trans. Alexander Dru (New York, 1962). Laurence Scott, The Four-Dimensional Human: Ways of Being in the Digital World (London, 2015), is the most interesting among recent books on the reshaping of the human self by digital media. On the new illusions of the age, see Evgeny Morozov, To Save Everything, Click Here: Technology, Solutionism, and the Urge to Fix Problems that Don’t Exist (London, 2013). The new modes of exclusion are described in Saskia Sassen, Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy (Cambridge, 2014). See also Arjun Appadurai, Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger (Durham, NC, 2006). The Pope’s encyclical about climate change is arguably the most important piece of intellectual criticism in our time. See Pope Francis, Laudato Si’: On Care for Our Common Home (London, 2015). For an example of fresh thinking, see David Kennedy, The World of Struggle: How Power, Law, and Expertise Shape Global Political Economy (Princeton, 2016).
Acknowledgements
Most of the books that guided me in the journey from eighteenth-century Europe to twenty-first-century India are mentioned above. But there are just too many political contexts, intellectual idioms and mentalities in this book for any reader to master adequately on his own, and I am very grateful to those who read Age of Anger, partially or fully, in manuscript, offered advice and encouragement, and demanded clarification: Manan Ahmed, Ian Almond, Negar Azimi, Fatima Bhutto, Isaac Chotiner, Siddhartha Deb, Faisal Devji, Paul Elie, Masoud Golsorkhi, Kia Golsorkhi-Ainslie, John Gray, Suzy Hansen, Hussein Omar Hussein, Shruti Kapila, Tabish Khair, Rebecca Liao, Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Ferdinand Mount, Alok Rai, Joe Sacco, Kamila Shamsie, Adam Shatz, Ajay Skaria and Jeffrey Wasserstrom. I was very fortunate to have in Eric Chinski, Chiki Sarkar and Simon Winder a splendid trio of editors; their suggestions greatly improved the text. In addition, it was a pleasure to work with Richard Mason, a wonderfully alert and responsive copy-editor. Over many years some wonderfully generous and skilful editors enabled me to explore and refine many of the ideas in this book: Lisa Allardice, Leo Carey, Barbara Epstein, Jason Epstein, Sheila Glazer, Nisid Hajari, Paul Laity, Jonathan Shainin, David Shipley, Robert Silvers, Jennifer Szalai, Katharine Viner and Mary-Kay Wilmers. I am also grateful to Francesco Pelizzi, Gini Alhadeff, Enver and Onur Altayli, Nalin Patel and the Sharmas in Mashobra for their generous hospitality during the writing of this book. As always, I counted on Mary’s vast reserves of forbearance, and I should apologize to Maya for writing so much but not nearly as well as Jacqueline Wilson.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
9/11 terrorist attacks
Abduh, Muhammad
Achebe, Chinua, Things Fall Apart (1958)
al-Adnani, Abu Mohammed
al-Afghani, Jamal al-din
Afghanistan
Africa
impact of Western materialism
and modernity
rise of nation state in
spiralling wars in
traditional beliefs in
Voltaire on
Western colonialism in
see also individual countries
African-Americans
al-e-Ahmad, Jalal
Westoxification (1962)
Ajami, Fouad
Aksakov, Konstantin Sergeyevich
d’Alembert, Jean
Aleppo, Syria
Alexander II, Tsar, assassination of (1881)
Alexandria, Egypt
Alfonso XIII, King of Spain
Algeria
Ambani, Mukesh
Ambedkar, B. R.
America First (right-wing think tank)
American Revolution
anarchism
fin de siècle
fin de siècle terrorism
fin de siècle terrorism in literary fiction
see also Bakunin, Mikhail
ancien régimes
Anglo-American liberalism see democracy, liberal; liberalism, classical; neo-liberalism
D’Annunzio, Gabriele
anti-Semitism
in Austria-Hungary
in France
in Germany
in late nineteenth century
of Wagner
Appiah, Kwame Anthony
Arab world
‘Arab Spring’
see also individual countries
Arendt, Hannah
negative solidarity concept
The Origins of Totalitarianism
Argentina
Arminius
Arndt, Ernst Moritz
Aron, Raymond
Arts and Crafts movement
Asia
financial crisis (1997)
impact of Western materialism
and modernity
pan-Asianism
rise of nation state in
spiralling wars in
traditional beliefs in
Western colonialism in
see also individual countries
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal
Hitler’s reverence for
Atta, Mohammed
Austria
Austria-Hungary
al-Awlaki, Anwar
Baader-Meinhof group
Bagehot, Walter
Bajrangi, Babu
Bakunin, Mikhail
and idea of individual freedom
influence in Italy
and Nechaev affair
and Wagner
Balkan conflict (1990s)
Balzac, The Country Doctor (1833)
Banerjea, Surendranath
Bangladesh
Barcelona
Barres, Maurice
Baudelaire, Charles
Bayly, Christopher, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914 (2004)
Beethoven, Ludwig van
Belinsky, Vissarion
Ben-Gurion, David
Benjamin, Walter
Benn, Gottfried
Bentham, Jeremy
Berdyaev, Nikolai
Bergson, Henri
Berlin, Isaiah
Besant, Annie
Beyoncé
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali
bin Laden, Osama
Bismarck, Otto von
Blavatsky, Madame
Bloom, Allan
Boer War (1899–1902)
Bolívar, Simón
Bollywood films
de Bonald, Vicomte
Boo, Katherine, Behind the Beautiful Forevers (2012)
Borneo
Boulanger, Georges
bourgeois society
1848 victory of
loathing of in nineteenth century
see also commercial society
Braun, Lily
Brazil
Breivik, Anders Behring
Britain
Brexit (2016)
commercial class in
English nationalism
Gandhi and Savarkar in
Glorious Revolution
Great Exhibition (1851); see also Crystal Palace
industrial revolution in
jingoism in
and neo-liberal revolution
Rousseau on England
and Second World War
Voltaire in England
British Empire
conquest of Palestine (1917)
Hindu supremacist terrorism (1909)
nineteenth-century revolts against
Bruce-Gardyne, Jock
Brussels attack (March 2016)
Buber,
Martin
Buddhism
Buffon, Comte de, Natural History (1749)
Burke, Edmund, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
Bush, George W.
Byron, Lord
Camus, Albert
Canovas, Antonio, assassination of (1897)
capitalism
and class antagonisms
and ‘negative solidarity’
nineteenth- /early twentieth-century crises
nineteenth-century rise of
social and working conditions
see also commercial society; free market ideology; globalization; growth, economic; neo-liberalism
Carducci, Giosue
Carpenter, Edward
Catalonia
Catherine of Russia
imperialism in Poland and Turkey
and the philosophes
Catholic Church
see also Christianity
Cavour, Camillo
Chaadaev, Pyotr, Philosophical Letter (1836)
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart
Chamran, Mostafa
Charlie Hebdo
Chateaubriand, The Genius of Christianity (1802)
Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra
Chaudhuri, Nirad C.
Chechnya
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai
What is to be Done (1863)
Chesterton, G. K.
China
anti-Western cinema and literature
Boxer Rising (1900)
economic liberalization in
European imperialism in
great leaps forward
impact of Western materialism
and individualism
Japanese invasion of (1930s)
Li Shizeng’s anarchists
Liang Qichao and Mazzini
Lu Xun’s ‘New Life’ campaign
modernization
nationalism
shift eastwards of economic power
Young China
Chraïbi, Driss
Christianity
challenge of science
and the Enlightenment
German Protestantism
idea of resurrection
and Mickiewicz
in modern USA
and Nietzsche
and nineteenth-century shift to the secular
and the philosophes
in post-Soviet Russia
Reformation
revival in nineteenth-century Germany
and revolutionary thought
and Rousseau
Cioran, Emil
civil society
clash of civilizations thesis
climate change
Clinton, Hillary
Clough, Arthur Hugh, Amours de Voyage
Code Napoléon
Cold War
end of
overthrow of left wing regimes in Third World
colonialism, Western see imperialism, Western
commercial society
Adam Smith’s theories
as atomised
in Britain
and class antagonisms
and creeping despotism
dog-eat-dog politics and economy
elites as not politically vulnerability
frustrated aspiration
growth as end-all of political life
and mimetic desire
moneyed elite and the rest
Rousseau’s condemnation of
and Schiller
see also bourgeois society
communications and transport
Communism
Bolshevism
brutal suppression of in Third World
The Communist Manifesto (Marx/Engels, 1848)
‘Internationals’
see also Marxism
Comte, Auguste
Condillac, Treatise on Systems (1749)
de Condorcet, Nicolas
Conrad, Joseph
Constant, Benjamin
Corradini, Enrico
Crimean War
Crystal Palace
Cuba
Czaykowski, Michal
Dalai Lama
Darnton, Robert
Darrawi, Ahmed
Darwin, Charles
DeLillo, Don
demagoguery
democracy, liberal
attempts to impose by force
belief in worldwide spread of
and Cold War
and creeping despotism
in early nineteenth century
and First World War
and French Revolution
Fukuyama’s end-of-history hypothesis
as game rigged by the powerful
and Nietzsche
nineteenth-century failings of
present-day crisis of
and rise of totalitarianism
and Tocqueville
triumphalist history
Denmark
Descartes, René
developing and emerging economies
see also post-colonial states
development
origins in Germany
Western inspired national emulation
Dickens, Charles, Little Dorrit (1857)
Diderot, Denis
and Catherine of Russia
Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville (1772)
digital communications
internet
ISIS use of
IT revolution
and rise of ressentiment
social media
Dobroliubov, Nikolay
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor
and Nechaev affair
and nihilism
and Western materialist culture
Crime and Punishment (1866)
Demons (1872)
Notes from Underground (1864)
Dreyfus, Albert
Dubai
Duterte, Rodrigo
Dumas, Alexandre
Durkheim, Émile, Suicide (1897)
dynamite
Eastwood, Clint
The Economist
Egypt
Eliot, T. S.
elites, political
absolutist
commercial society rigged in favour of
contempt for
junking of social democracy by
Lenin’s vanguard
and national emulation
and nationalism
as not politically vulnerable in present day
and the philosophes
in postcolonial world
and present-day ultra-nationalism
seen as deceptive and arrogant
totalitarian
traditionalist in non-West
transnational/global
Elizabeth of Austria, assassination of (1898)
Ellis, Havelock
emerging and developing economies
see also post-colonial states
Encyclopedia Britannica
Encyclopédie
Engels, Friedrich
Enlightenment
and commercial society
concept of human agency
egalitarian spirit
see also equality
and end of ancien régimes
enlightened despotism
meritocratic society
Paris salons
and religious faith
Rousseau’s alienation
and Russia’s Westernization
and sense of time
tradition seen as unproblematic norm
West’s dirty war against
see also modernity; philosophes; progress, Enlightenment/modern notions of; Western society (the West)
equality
and French Revolution
gender and
as Islamic ideal
modern promise of
and neo-liberalism
and Rousseau
and Tocqueville
see
also inequality
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip
Escobar, Arturo
ETA
Ethiopia
ethnic cleansing
ethnic minorities
see also immigrants
eugenics
European Union (EU)
and Brexit
Falconet, Étienne-Maurice
Fardid, Ahmad
Farini, Luigi Carlo
Farook, Syed
Fascism
al-Fatah
Fellowship of the New Life
feminism
Fénelon, François, The Adventures of Telemachus (1699)
Ferdinand, Archduke Francis, assassination of (1914)
Ferguson, Niall
Ferrer, Francisco
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
financial crisis (2008)
financial system
Finland
First World War
Fiume (Adriatic town)
Flaubert, Gustave
Forster, Georg
Foucault, Michel
Fourier, Charles
France
assassination of Carnot
cult of the nation
Dreyfus affair
failings of bourgeois society
German Romantics’ ressentiment
imperialism
July Revolution (1830)
late nineteenth-century terrorism
literature
massacre of Italian immigrants (1893)
Nazi occupation of
Paris Commune (1871)
Paris massacres (November 2015)
present-day nationalism in
rapid growth in eighteenth century
right-wing extremism in
see also French Revolution; philosophes
Francis, Pope
Franco-Prussian war (1871)
Frankfurt School
Frederick II, King of Prussia
free market ideology
attempts to impose by force
promised universal civilization
resurrection of fundamentalist variant (1980s)
see also neo-liberalism
triumphalism at end of Cold War
war of all against all
see also liberalism, classical
freedom, individual
and Bakunin
Byronic notions of
failure to materialize
fin de siècle