two bodies of sovereigns and, 13, 108–10, 126–27, 137, 158, 179, 325–26, 329, 332, 336
tyranny and, 195, 204, 222, 224–26, 231, 292, 305–8
virtu/virtue versus Fortune and, 11–13, 267–69, 316
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Act of Uniformity and, 141–44, 225–26
Catholicism and, 73–74, 84, 96, 108, 120, 124–25, 142–43, 186, 204–5, 230
coronation and, 119–20, 340–41
courtly love and, 62–63, 162, 257, 315–16
Elizabeth I’s expulsion for heresy under Regnans in excelsis and, 195–96, 204–5, 215, 227, 292–93
evangelicalism and, 73, 80, 124
fanaticism and, 186, 314
Lutheranism and, 57
Protestantism and, 62–64, 73–74, 84, 107–8, 120, 142–43, 186
tolerance/intolerance and, 226
SELF-PRESENTATION (see also under CHARACTERISTICS; PORTRAITURE)
Accession Day Tilts and, 216–22, 247–48
aging and, 313, 328, 333–36
appearance of, 14, 83, 132
Bible and, 215–16, 264
classical imagery and, 2, 127, 147, 218–19, 223–24, 287–88, 331
cleanliness and, 127
clothes and, 128–30, 282–83
divine status and, 11–14, 32, 39, 63, 127, 158–63, 170, 177, 231, 266, 268–69, 276, 290, 292, 313–15, 325–26, 329
gender categories and, 131
human identity and, 15, 289, 321, 325–26, 336
innocence defenses and, 72
jewelry and, 135–36, 190, 213, 215, 223–24, 238
Machiavelli doctrines and, 213, 225
magnificence and, 126–27, 210, 212–13, 226, 330
mask/makeup and, 3, 132–35, 202, 292, 304
medals with portraits and, 136
as mother of nation, 86–87, 215–16, 287–88, 305–6
nationhood and, 287, 290
personal authority and, 13–14, 64, 126–28, 132
Protestantism and, 63–64, 71, 80, 136
Richard II and, 158–63, 325
Ridolfi plot and, 202, 215
as scholar-king, 10, 53–54
symbols and, 64, 121–22, 131–34, 209, 215–20, 224, 316, 319–20
Tilbury speech and, 244, 290
virgin queen cult and, 128, 146–47, 151, 158–63, 217, 220–24, 290
SUITORS/ALLIANCES
Arundel, Earl of, and, 152
Charles, Archduke of Austria, and, 148, 151
commoner marriages and, 152–53
Courtenay, Edward, and, 86, 99
courtly love and, 33, 38–39, 62, 319–21, 326
Devereaux, Robert, Earl of Essex, relations and, 11, 158, 182, 298–99, 307, 309, 317–27
Dudley, Robert, relations and, 76–78, 150–56, 173, 218–21, 252–53, 273, 291–92, 299
Elizabeth I as suffering lover and, 33, 246, 289
Erik XIV and, 148–50, 156, 280
François, Duke of Anjou, and, 33, 181, 232–33, 243–46, 287, 289–90
Howard, Thomas, 4th Duke of Norfolk, 152
incest/marriages within degrees and, 139
marriage/marriage market and, 27, 146–63, 171, 288–90
Neville, Charles, Earl of Westmorland, and, 152
papal authority and, 139
Philip II and, 137–39, 148, 224, 317
pre-accession period and, 29, 68–69, 147–48
public popularity and, 139, 148, 244–45
Raleigh and, 11–13
Seymour, Thomas, 68–69
statecraft and, 146–47
virgin queen cult and, 146–47, 151, 156–58
virtu/virtue versus Fortune and, 11–13
VIRGIN QUEEN CULT (see also Virgin Mary/virgin queen cult)
Bible and, 157–58, 220
Boleyn’s execution as influence on, 18–19, 148
coronation and, 119, 121
idolatry and, 215–16, 288
maids of honor and, 157
negative reactions to, 304–9
portraiture and, 287–88
propaganda and, 287–88
queenship and, 55
Richard II and, 158–63, 325
self-presentation and, 128, 146–47, 151, 158–63, 217, 220–24, 287–88, 290, 336
suitors/alliances and, 146–47, 151, 156–58
symbols and, 224–25, 288–90
Tilbury speech and, 244, 290
trade and, 276
two bodies of sovereigns and, 13, 53, 56, 108–10, 114–15, 118, 132–33, 158, 170, 179, 325
Virgin Mary and, 18, 220
WRITINGS
foreign language translations and, 10–11, 45, 52–53, 62, 64, 82, 105, 313–14
Golden Speech and, 328–30
letters and, 10, 12–13, 52–53, 64, 89–91, 100, 292, 295
personal authority and, 313–15
poetry and, 10–11, 32–33, 38–39, 208–9, 267–69, 305, 335
speeches and, 10, 46, 56, 108, 121–22, 244, 268–69, 282, 284–87, 290, 328–30
“Tide Letter” and, 89–91
Tilbury speech and, 244, 282, 284–87, 290
England. See also specific rulers
childless rulers and, 17, 161, 218–19, 243
commoner marriages and, 152–53
coronation oath and, 339–41
French throne claims by, 29, 168
legal statutes and, 340
luxury arts/goods and, 210–12
navy of, 273–75, 283, 296
pageantry and, 211, 337–38
prostitution and, 133, 306, 308
Renaissance style in, 210–12
royal authority and, 340
trade and, 51, 139, 149, 186–89, 274–80, 293–95, 303
Erik XIV (King of Sweden), 148–50, 156, 280
Europe. See also specific countries
eastern, 81, 158, 275–81, 297–98
gender categories in, 58, 111–16
luxury arts/goods and, 50–51, 210–11
queenship in, 111–18, 313
F
Farnese, Duke of Parma, 252, 254–55, 279–80, 282, 284–85
Feria, Count of, 107–8, 138–40, 153–54, 173
Fitton, Mary, 146, 306, 329
Fitzroy, Henry, 22
Foxe, John, 35, 61, 72, 91, 219–20
France. See also specific rulers
Burgundian court in, 35, 210–12, 216
Catholicism and, 177, 204–5, 232, 233, 234–35, 236, 240, 250, 309–13
childless rulers and, 240, 243
claims by England to throne of, 29, 168
claims to English throne by, 6, 164–71, 167–68, 239–43, 256–57
England and, 6, 27–28, 87–88, 98–101, 140, 153, 164, 166–68, 203, 226, 232–33, 236, 239–45, 289, 309–13
English Catholic exiles in, 226
Guise faction in, 164–71, 177–78, 258, 263, 310
Holy Roman Empire and, 27–28
Huguenots and, 177, 189, 197, 232–36, 240, 274, 314
humanist learning in, 54
Italy and, 28, 54, 139–40
luxury arts/goods and, 210–12
Mary I and, 87–88, 98–101, 140, 153, 166
Mary Stuart’s imprisonment and, 199, 203
massacres against Protestants in, 177–78, 232, 234–36, 239, 300
mignons and, 240, 305
naval activities and, 169
the Netherlands and, 233–34, 240–41, 245, 250–51, 289, 309
Ottoman Empire and, 165
papal Rome and, 28–29, 167, 204–5, 312–13
Protestantism and, 166–67, 177–78, 189, 197, 232–36, 240, 274, 309–14
Renaissance in, 35, 54, 210–11, 216
Ridolfi plot and, 197–98
Russia and, 276
Scotland and, 57, 142, 164–71
Spain and, 99, 139–40, 144, 153, 166–67, 170,
197–98, 244, 250–51, 254, 310–13
trade and, 186–87, 293
two bodies of sovereigns and, 54
Vatican and, 28–29, 167, 204–5
war of succession in, 243, 310–13
François, Duc de Guise
Counter-Reformation and, 232, 234–35, 240, 251, 258
English throne claims by, 6, 165–67, 177–78, 239–40
French war of succession and, 243, 310–11
Mary Stuart and, 165–67, 177–78, 258, 263, 310
Spain and, 140, 166–67, 242–43, 251, 310–11
Throckmorton plot and, 242–43, 247, 249
François, Duke of Alençon and Anjou, 33, 181, 232–33, 235, 240, 243–46, 287, 289–90
François I (King of France), 27–28, 35, 54
François II (King of France), 28, 165–69, 171
G
Gardiner, Stephen (Bishop), 88–89, 96–97
gender categories. See also under Elizabeth I: GENDER CATEGORIES
clothing styles and, 131
divine status and, 266, 275–76, 290, 329
education and, 3, 45–47, 110–11
Europe and, 58, 111–16
femininity and, 3, 53, 108–10, 114–15, 179, 287, 319–20, 332
household organization and, 3
military activities and, 3, 47, 282–83, 285–86
ministers/councilors and, 266
Ottoman Empire rulers and, 294–95
princely self-image and, 1–7, 12–13, 47, 117, 121, 134–35, 266, 288, 319–20
queenship and, 112–16, 275–76, 294–95
Renaissance and, 116–17
signatures and, 12–13
trials/executions of royalty and, 266
virago (“third sex”) category and, 113, 115–16, 286
women’s characteristics and, 111
German states, 24, 169, 227–28, 278
Grey, Lady Jane, 80–83, 89, 92, 99, 173–74
Grey, Katherine (later Seymour; later Herbert), 80, 173–77, 183, 219
Grindal, William, 12, 44, 126, 235–36
Guise faction, 71, 116, 164–71, 246, 258, 263, 310. See also specific Guise members
H
Hapsburg Empire, 27, 41–42, 101, 146, 185, 188, 204, 297
Hatton, Christopher, 10, 180, 209, 261, 263–64, 266, 270, 278
Hawkins, John, 188–89, 237–38, 293–94
Henri (King of Navarre/King of France), 182, 232, 234, 243, 250, 309, 311–16
Henri II (King of France), 100, 164–69
Henri III (King of France), 239–43, 251, 305, 310–11
Henry VI (King of England), 115, 265, 286
Henry VII (King of England), 17–18, 27, 38, 78, 121–22, 160, 173, 186, 211, 219–20
Henry VIII (King of England)
accession and, 17–18
Act of Supremacy and, 339–40
Anne of Cleves’s marriage/annulment and, 41–42
Boleyn’s marriage/annulment/execution and, 17–19, 28, 30–32, 40–41, 57–58, 84, 148
Catholicism and, 58–59, 216
characteristics of, 34, 65
conception of Elizabeth I and, 32, 40–41, 121, 293
coronation and, 121–22, 124
courtly love and, 32–34, 41–42
dancing and, 180–81
death and funeral of, 66, 78
Elizabeth I and, 18, 21–22, 32, 40–41, 43–44, 48–52, 63–65, 121, 293
Fitzroy as illegitimate son of, 22
foreign relations and, 27–28, 41–42
health/illnesses of, 31, 42, 65
Howard, Katherine, marriage/execution and, 42–44, 148
idolatry edicts and, 216
incest/marriages within degrees and, 28, 32, 40–41, 139
Katherine of Aragon’s marriage/annulment and, 18, 26, 28, 40, 59, 122, 139, 209
kingship and, 325
literature collection of, 209
marriage/alliances and, 27
Mary I and, 23–26
Mary Tudor as sister of, 27, 35, 79–80, 118
nationhood and, 18
papal authority and, 56, 58–59
Parr’s marriage to, 43–44, 48–50, 66
portraiture and, 49, 51, 63, 210
Protestantism and, 62–63, 78–79
religious beliefs and, 58
Renaissance figures and, 7–8
royal authority and, 56, 63–64, 120
royal chamber “pastime” and, 35–36, 38
Russia and, 273
self-presentation of, 209
Seymour, Jane, marriage/death and, 41, 51, 122, 148
Succession acts and, 50, 79–80
symbols and, 289–90
tapestries and, 51
will/testament/succession of, 79–80, 107, 176
Hepburn, James, Earl of Bothwell, 190–92
Hoby, Philip, 101–2, 104
Hoby, Thomas, 101–4
Holbein, Hans, the Younger, 49, 51
Holy Roman Empire
emperors of, 21, 27–30, 35, 86, 186, 276
England and, 14, 29, 81, 85, 89, 92, 104, 107
France and, 27–28
Henry VIII and, 21–23, 26, 30–31, 57
Mary I and, 81, 85, 89, 92, 104, 107
Protestantism and, 56–57, 102
Russia and, 276
Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey, 38, 333
Howard, Katherine (Queen of England), 42–44, 148
Howard, Thomas, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, 22, 55, 60, 86, 136
Howard, Thomas, 4th Duke of Norfolk, 123, 136, 152, 180, 195, 198–203, 205–7
Howard of Effingham (Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham, Lord Admiral), 230, 270, 283–84, 324, 335
I
Ireland, 180, 254, 309, 317–18, 322
Isabella, Infanta of Spain, 286, 313, 332
Isabelle (Queen of France), 153, 286
Isabelle (Countess of Angoulême), 53, 152
Italy
English Catholic exiles in, 225–27, 256–57, 332
France and, 28, 54, 139–40
humanist learning in, 5, 45, 102
Protestantism in, 102–5
Renaissance style and, 208, 210
Russia and, 276
Spain and, 139–40, 233
trade and, 51
Ivan IV the Terrible (Tsar of Russia), 273–78, 280–81
J
James VI (King of Scotland)/James I (King of England)
accession/coronation oath and, 9, 135, 182, 322, 326, 332–33, 341
allegories and, 337–38
Armada and, 283
birth of, 184, 190
Catholicism and, 241–42
Elizabeth I and, 135, 182, 326, 332–33
Mary Stuart and, 184, 190, 271
pageantry and, 337–38
Protestantism and, 241–42
rebellious factions in England and, 322–23, 326
regents for, 190–92, 203, 241
spies/security measures and and, 9, 201
Stuart, Esme, Duke of Lennox and, 241–42
tutors of, 206
K
Katherine of Aragon (Queen of England)
Arthur Tudor’s marriage to, 18, 40
Charles V and, 21, 28
Henry VIII’s marriage/annulment with, 18, 26–28, 32, 40, 59, 84, 122, 139, 209
illness/death/funeral of, 29–30
incest/marriages within degrees and, 28, 32, 40, 139
ladies-in-waiting and, 23, 44
marriage/alliances and, 27
Mary I’s birth/childhood/succession and, 21, 23, 26
parents of, 86, 143
kingship. See also queenship
chastity and, 158–63
childless rulers and, 240, 243
courtly love and, 41–42
luxury arts/goods and, 212
queens’ deflection of criticism of, 26, 53
Renaissance and, 7
royal chamber “pastime” and, 32, 35–36
Russia and, 275–76
Kingston, Anthony, 98–100
Knollys, Lettice, Countess of Essex (now Lettice Dudley), 244, 253, 298
Knox, John, 115–18, 122, 130
L
Laski, Albertus, 278–81
Latymer, William, 35, 57–58, 61
Lee, Henry, of Ditchley, 216–18, 220–22
Lopez, Roderigo, 299–302, 312
Louis XII (King of France), 27, 54
Lutheranism, 56–57, 59–60
Lyly, John, 176, 215, 288
M
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 6–11, 102, 213, 225, 231, 266–68, 271
Margot (Queen of Navarre), 232, 234
Marguerite (Queen of Navarre), 52–55, 62
Marie de Guise (regent of Scotland), 71, 116, 165–66, 168, 170
Marlowe, Christopher, 6, 300, 326
Mary I (Queen of England)
accession/coronation/oath and, 83, 97, 119, 341
arms deals and, 276–77
birth/childhood/succession and, 21, 23, 26
Boleyn and, 25–27
Catholicism and, 11, 72–73, 80, 84–85, 95–96, 101, 118, 153, 258
characteristics of, 24, 138
“chivalric kingship” and, 82, 86–87
commoner marriage and, 153
Courtenay, Edward, and, 86
death of, 108
eastern Europe and, 81
education of, 46, 83–84
Edward VI and, 41, 72–73
Elizabeth I and, 41, 72–73, 83–84, 96
on Elizabeth I as illegitimate, 41, 72, 84
executions by, 92, 173
France’s relations and, 87–88, 98–101, 140, 153, 166
François II/dauphin betrothal and, 28–29, 165
governesses for, 23
Grey, Lady Jane, queenship and, 80–83, 86, 92, 173
as heir to throne, 26, 50, 52, 79–82, 164–65
Henry VIII and, 23–26
Holy Roman Empire and, 85, 89, 92, 104, 107
household of, 72
humanist learning and, 46
illegitimate status of, 50, 80, 83, 84
illnesses/health of, 97, 107
literature collection of, 209
nationhood/mother of nation and, 86–87
papal authority and, 28–29
Philip II’s marriage to, 85, 95–96, 101, 118, 153
portraiture and, 49, 51, 63
pregnancies as false and, 95–96, 107, 138
princely self-image and, 86–87
Protestant plots against, 86–92, 94–106, 173
public popularity of, 82, 97, 139, 148
queenship and, 111, 268
religious intolerance/burnings and, 93–94, 97–98, 117, 141
royal title awarded/revoked for, 23–26, 50
Russia and, 274–77
Spain’s relations with, 75, 96, 101
speeches by, 86–87
Venetian ambassadors and, 83, 100, 104–6, 138
will/testament/succession of, 107
Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots)