Jesuits and, 226–31, 240–41, 258, 279–80, 297
loyal citizens and, 144, 196, 204–5
martyrdom and, 61, 196, 229, 241, 256, 258, 263, 271, 310, 315
Mary I and, 11, 72–73, 80, 84–85, 95–96, 101, 118, 153, 258
Mary Stuart and, 168, 177
Philip II and, 85, 95–96, 101, 118, 138, 153, 195
plots during reign of Elizabeth I and, 191–207, 225–31, 239–43, 247, 249–51, 254–55, 258–65, 299–302
Poland and, 277–78
propaganda and, 230
Scotland and, 167–68, 170, 240–42
theological war and, 275, 277, 292–97
treason and, 204, 224–25, 227–29
tyranny and, 224–26, 231
Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury, 13, 300–301, 307, 310, 312, 322–24, 327, 333–35
Cecil, William, 1st Baron of Burghley
Anglo-French treaties and, 144
Anglo-Scottish treaty and, 168–70, 172, 175
Armada and, 283
Babington plot and, 261–62
biographical information about, 75–76, 79, 277, 305–6, 317
Catholic loyal citizens and, 205
Catholic plots and, 191–92, 228–29
coronation of Elizabeth I and, 119, 123, 341
“Device for the Alteration of Religion” in 1558 and, 140–42, 144, 168, 195, 230
Dudley, John, and, 76, 79–81
on Dudley and Elizabeth I, 153, 156
Edward VI and, 79
Elizabeth I’s advisors/partnerships and, 10, 75–76, 103, 105–6, 119, 123, 191–92, 197, 199–202, 206, 291–92, 333
France’s relations and, 312
Grey, Lady Jane, English throne claims and, 80–81
illnesses/health of, 301, 312
Instrument of an Association and, 247–48, 267, 269
Machiavellian doctrines and, 10
marriage of, 76, 80, 101
Mary I’s reign and, 82, 101–6
Mary Stuart and, 191–92, 206, 249, 256, 261–64, 266, 269, 271–72
the Netherlands and, 187, 252, 310
papal authority and, 191, 195–96
Protestantism and, 77, 278
rebellious factions and, 300–301
spies/security measures and, 191–92, 197–202, 205–7, 300–302
succession and, 175–76
Chapuys, Eustace, 21–23, 26, 30–31, 57
Charles V (King of France; Holy Roman Emperor), 21, 27–30, 35, 86, 186
Charles IX (King of France), 232–36, 239–40
Cheke, John, 44, 75, 77, 102, 104, 279
“chivalric kingship,” 8–9, 11, 32–33, 77, 82–83, 86–87, 170, 217, 221–22, 300, 326
Christine de Pisan, 54, 133–34
Coligny, Gaspard de, 232–35
Cooke, Mildred (later Cecil), 76, 80, 101
Courtenay, Edward, Earl of Devon, 85–86, 92, 99
courtly love
Catholicism and, 258
description of, 32
Elizabeth I and, 33, 38–39, 62, 181, 306, 311, 315–16, 319–21, 326
kingship and, 32–34, 41–42
Protestantism and, 62–63, 162, 257, 315–16
queenship and, 32–39, 62, 181
sexual transgressions by courtiers and, 43, 304–9, 306, 330–31
tyranny and, 32, 43, 305–8
Cromwell, Thomas, vii, 10, 26, 29, 31–33, 36–38, 58
D
dancing skills, 48, 146, 151–52, 179–82, 180–81, 220
Davison, William, 269–71
Denmark, 147, 182, 275, 283, 337
Devereaux, Robert, 2nd Earl of Essex
biographical information about, 298
characteristics of, 299, 306–7, 312, 317–18, 323, 326–27
“chivalric kingship” and, 300, 326
courtly love and, 319–21, 326
Dudley, Robert, and, 299
Elizabeth I and, 11, 158, 182, 298–99, 307, 309, 317–27
France’s relations and, 312
Ireland and, 317–18, 320, 322
marriage and children of, 306–7
Mary Stuart imprisonment and, 257
military activities and, 312, 317–19
the Netherlands and, 299, 310
rebellious factions and, 158–59, 298, 300–301, 312, 321–28
spies/security measures and, 300–301
Young Man Amongst Roses (Hilliard) portrait and, 319–20
divine status
Edward VI and, 339
Elizabeth I and, 11–14, 32, 39, 63, 127, 158–63, 170, 177, 231, 266, 268–69, 276, 290, 292, 313–15, 325–26, 329
gender categories and, 266, 275–76, 329
Richard II and, 158–63, 325
Drake, Francis, 237–38, 251, 283–84
Dudley, Guildford, 80, 89, 173
Dudley, Henry, 98–101
Dudley, John, 1st Duke of Northumberland, 76, 78–83, 86, 98–99, 273–74
Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester
Anglo-French treaties and, 144
biographical information about, 77–79, 220–21, 244, 253, 298, 307, 313
characteristics and skills of, 48, 151
“chivalric kingship” and, 77, 221
death of, 291
Devereaux, Robert, and, 299
earldom and, 184
Elizabeth I and, 76–78, 147, 150–56, 173, 218–21, 252–53, 273
Elizabeth I’s advisors and, 72, 75–78, 108, 123, 198, 200, 244, 275
Elizabeth I’s grief over death of, 291–92, 299
Elizabeth I’s human identity and, 289
Grey, Lady Jane, queenship and, 82–83, 219
illness/health of, 291
imprisonment and, 82–83
Knollys’s marriage to, 244, 253, 298
Mary I as heir and, 82
Mary Stuart betrothal/alliance and, 182–83
military activities and, 252–54, 273, 299
the Netherlands and, 218, 237, 252–54, 299
plots by Catholics against, 228–29
Protestantism and, 77, 241
Robsart, Amy, as wife of, 147, 151–52, 154–56
Russia’s relations and, 275
self-presentation and, 221
sexual rumors about Elizabeth I and, 334
Sheffield, Lady Douglas, and, 220–21, 307
statecraft and, 77
Tilbury speech and, 285
trade and, 188
duty versus desire, 7, 48, 67, 94, 143, 150, 201, 225, 304, 326
E
Edward IV (King of England), 35, 78, 85–86, 131–32, 153, 210–12
Edward VI (King of England)
accession/coronation/oath and, 50, 66, 78–79, 122, 339–41
Act of Supremacy and, 339–40
birth/christening of, 41
Catholicism and, 73
“Device for the Succession” and, 80
divine status and, 339
Dudley, John, as minister and, 79
education/tutors and, 44, 47, 141
Elizabeth I and, 41, 66, 71, 80
governesses and, 41
Grey, Lady Jane, queenship and, 80
humanist learning and, 44, 279
illness/death/funeral of, 79, 81, 164–65
legal statutes and, 340
literature collection of, 209
marriages with/without royal consent and, 69–70
Mary I and, 41, 72–73, 80
Mary Stuart and, 164
military activities and, 47
portraiture and, 48, 49, 51, 63
Protestantism and, 72–73, 80, 209
royal authority of, 73, 340
Seymour, Edward, and, 41, 66–67, 75–76, 79, 90–91, 174
Seymour, Thomas, and, 69
will/succession of, 79–80
Elizabeth I (Queen of England)
as aging, 177, 300, 309, 313, 321–22, 325, 328, 330, 333–3
6
birth/christening of, 19–22
childbearing/childlessness and, 218–19, 243, 309, 331
cloth of state of, 2, 262, 279
conception of, 32, 40–41, 121, 290
death of, 336
friendships and, 41, 150–51
illegitimate status and, 19, 40–41, 43, 50, 72, 80, 83–84, 97, 139, 165, 289–90
illnesses/health of, 77–78, 88–90, 97, 179–80, 202, 291, 334–35
legacy of, 7–8, 281, 331–32, 341–42
public popularity of, 23, 26–27, 48, 71, 93, 97, 120–22, 139, 148, 175, 217, 244–45, 271, 328–29
sexual rumors about, 333–34
CHARACTERISTICS (see also under PORTRAITURE; SELF-PRESENTATION)
cautious in foreign affairs, 168–70, 296
charming, 138
confinement etiquette, 48
cynical, 146, 272
dancing skills, 48, 146, 151–52, 179–82, 220
economic stinginess, 208, 210, 303
enigmatic, 209
fickle ruler, 151
foreign language skills, 10–11, 45–47, 52–53, 62, 64, 82–84, 105, 126, 163, 313–14
haughty, 84, 95
horseback riding skills, 47–48, 305, 334
indecisiveness as ruler, 76, 203–4
intelligent, 138, 205, 313
luxurious lifestyle, 47, 129, 273
mercurial ruler, 151
miser, 237
musical skill, 47, 179–82
needlework, 47, 53, 95–96
outdoor activities, 47–48, 152, 220, 334
patience/impatience, 80, 299, 314, 316
performances in royal style, 33, 85, 91, 120–21, 181, 214
physical endurance, 48
playful, 146
prevaricator, 89–90, 296
proud, 84
psychologically tough, 70–71
self-esteem, 84
sexual jealousy, 253, 305
show-off, 178
singleminded, 151
survivor, 8, 11, 72, 225, 331–32
temper, 124, 156, 172, 240, 252–53, 307–8, 334
vivacious, 138
CHILDHOOD/PRE-ACCESSION PERIOD
Anne of Cleves and, 42
challenges during, 166, 183–84
child-care during, 23–25, 43
Edward VI and, 41, 50, 66, 78–79, 122
governesses during, 19, 23–26, 41, 43, 67–71
as heir to throne during, 29, 41, 50, 64–65, 79–80
Henry VIII’s death/funeral during, 66, 78
illegitimate status and, 19, 40–41, 43, 50, 72, 80, 83–84, 97, 165
illnesses/health during, 88–90, 97
imprisonment/confinement during, 82–83, 89–95, 101, 267
luxurious lifestyle during, 47, 129
Mary I’s accession and, 83, 97
Mary I’s relations during, 72–73, 83–84, 96
Philip II’s relations during, 75, 80, 83–84, 97, 104, 138
portraiture during, 49, 51, 63–64
Protestant beliefs during, 62–64, 73–74
Protestant plots against Mary I during, 86–92, 97–106, 173
psychological toughness during, 70–71
public popularity during, 23, 26–27, 71, 93, 97
recreation during, 47–48, 53
residences during, 25, 49–50, 67–68
royal title awarded/revoked during, 23–26, 50
sexuality and, 53, 67–71, 80, 148
Seymour, Thomas, sex games during, 67–71, 80, 148
stepmothers and, 42–44, 48–49
suitors/alliances during, 29, 68–70, 147–48
EDUCATION
foreign language skills and, 10–11, 45–47
gender categories and, 3, 45–47
humanist learning and, 3, 12, 15, 44–49, 51, 76, 97–98, 163, 279
tutors and, 9, 12, 43–47, 100–103, 126
FAMILY RELATIONS
Boleyn, Anne, and, 18–25, 29, 32, 40–41, 49–50, 53–55, 61–62, 64–65
Edward VI and, 41, 66, 71
Henry VIII and, 18, 21–22, 43–44, 48–52, 63–65
Mary I and, 41, 72–73, 83–84, 96
Parr and, 49, 52, 55, 67–68
portraiture and, 49, 51, 63–64
GENDER CATEGORIES (see also gender categories)
childbearing and, 218
divine status and, 266, 275–76, 290, 329
education and, 3
femininity and, 3, 53, 108–10, 114–15, 179, 287, 319–20, 329, 332
household organization and, 3
humanist learning and, 3
military activities and, 3, 282–83, 285–86
princely self-image and, 1–7, 12–13, 47, 117, 121, 134–35, 266, 288, 319–20
queenship and, 114–15, 294, 319–20
signature and, 12–13
speeches and, 286–87
PORTRAITURE (see also under CHARACTERISTICS; SELF-PRESENTATION)
as aging, 330, 336
allegories and, 1–3, 12, 49–50, 131–32, 336
Armada Portrait (attrib. Gower), 13–14, 183, 289, 304, 309, 336
artistic patronage and, 210
Bible and, 215–16
Clopton Portrait, 64
coronation portrait, 158–60, 162–63, 336
divine status and, 136, 159–60, 162–63
Elizabeth at Tilbury and, 285
Elizabeth I and the Three Goddesses (attrib. Hoefnagel), 1–3, 12, 336
Family of Henry VIII, The, 49, 51, 63
idolatry and, 216, 287–88
inner self and, 213–15
Machiavelli doctrines and, 213
magnificence and, 212–13
medals with portraits and, 136
miniatures (Hilliard), 223
nationhood and, 213
Pelican Portrait (Hilliard), 215–16
personal authority and, 13–14
Phoenix Portrait (Hilliard), 215
princely self-image and, 1–3
propaganda and, 183, 215, 290
Protestantism and, 64
Queen Elizabeth I as Diana and Pope Gregory XIII as Callisto (van der Heyden) and, 224
Rainbow Portrait, 131, 223, 330
symbols and, 1–3, 12, 49–50, 131–32, 215–16, 288–89, 336
tyranny and, 224
virgin queen cult and, 287–88
REIGN/GOVERNMENT (see also Mary Stuart; Elizabeth I: VIRGIN QUEEN CULT; specific countries, regions, and rulers; specific ministers and councilors)
Accession Day Tilts during, 216–22, 247–48
accession/coronation/oath and, 107, 115, 119–25, 135, 322–23, 340–42
Act Against Fugitives over the Sea and, 204
Act for the Queen’s Surety and, 248–49, 259, 263–64
Act of Supremacy of 1559 and, 204, 225–26
Act of Uniformity and, 141–44, 225–26
arms deals and, 275–78, 293–95
artistic patronage and, 208, 210, 212
biblical figures and, 118, 122–23, 264, 340
Catholic loyal citizens during, 144, 196, 204–5
“chivalric kingship” and, 8–9, 11, 32–33, 77, 83, 170, 217, 221–22, 326
courtly love and, 181, 306, 311, 315–16, 319–21, 326
“cult of Elizabeth” and, 32–33, 39, 218, 239
dancing skills and, 179–82
“Device for the Alteration of Religion” in 1558 and, 140–42, 144, 168, 195, 230
duty versus desire and, 7, 48, 150, 201, 225, 304, 326
economic issues and, 208, 210, 303, 312, 313
military activities and, 252–54, 318
Elizabeth I’s struggles/grief over executions and, 11, 207, 264–72, 301, 327, 332–33
entertainments during, 218–19
executions/hangings during, 11, 195, 205–6, 224, 230, 249, 258, 261–62, 327
fission in, 193–94
foreign affairs and, 168–70, 296
foreign language skills and, 105
golden age and, 221–22
Golden Speech of farewell and, 328–30
Grey, Katherine, and, 80, 173–77, 183, 219
illegitimate status and, 40–41, 43, 50, 72, 80, 83–84, 97, 139
indecisiveness during, 76, 203–4
Instrument of an Association and, 247–48, 267, 269, 332
literature collection during, 208–10, 212
luxury arts/goods and, 212
Machiavelli and, 9–11, 225, 231, 266–68, 272
maids/maids of honor and, 146, 157, 305–9, 329
maritime activities and, 13–14, 143, 145, 183, 237–38, 244, 254–55, 273–74, 274–75, 283–85, 289–91, 296, 304, 309, 310, 336
marriages with/without royal consent during, 174, 305, 306–7, 309
military land activities and, 3, 252–54, 282–83, 285–86, 309–10
ministers/councilors and, 10, 108
nationhood and, 2–3, 7, 18, 86–87, 287
papal authority and, 139, 143, 191, 193, 195–96, 204–5, 224, 227
patrilineal authority and, 114–15
peace and, 118, 140, 144, 161, 186, 220, 226, 264, 268, 285, 304, 309
personal authority and, 13–14, 43, 54, 64, 126–28, 131–32, 144, 170, 208, 214, 219, 305, 309, 313–15, 325
plots during, 191–207, 215, 225–31, 239–43, 247, 249–51, 254–55, 258–65, 299–302, 312
princely self-image and, 1–7, 12–13, 47, 54, 83, 86–87, 108–10, 117, 121, 134–35, 156, 161, 181, 305, 325–26, 329, 332, 336
propaganda and, 14, 183, 195, 201, 206, 215, 226, 287–88, 290
Protestants’ defense on continent during, 185–89, 218, 224, 226, 232–33, 236–37, 240–41, 251–54, 273, 280–81, 289, 299, 309–13, 310, 315
queenship and, 64, 111, 114–15, 125, 215, 264, 268, 286, 325, 332, 342
rebellious factions during, 158–59, 298, 300–301, 312, 321–28
royal authority and faith and, 56, 62–64, 109–10, 122–23, 138–42, 144, 163, 168, 178, 191, 195, 204, 216–17, 220–21, 225–26, 340
sexual transgressions by courtiers and, 43, 304–9, 306, 330–31
signature of, 12–13
spies/security measures during, 48, 131, 196–203, 215, 222, 225–31, 242–43, 247, 251, 254, 256–57, 259–62, 277–80, 279–81, 299–301, 323
statecraft and, 8, 11, 31, 77, 146–47, 170, 191, 212, 225, 261, 326
succession and, 173–77, 218–19, 300, 329–32, 332–36
theological war and, 275, 277, 292–97
Tilbury speech and, 244, 282, 284–87, 290
torture and, 48, 201–2, 222, 224–25, 227, 229–30, 242, 261–62, 301, 333
trade and, 139, 149, 186–89, 238, 274–80, 279
trade companies and, 274–75, 281, 295–97, 303
treason accusations against Elizabeth I and, 98, 204
treason as crime and, 141–42, 173–74, 195, 202, 204, 208, 224–25, 229–30, 268, 324, 326–27