Act for the Queen’s Surety and, 248–49, 259, 263–64
adultery and, 191–92, 206
Armada and, 283
Babington plot and, 255, 258–65
biographical information about, 71, 165–66, 183–84
Catholic plots in support of, 193–207, 255, 258–65
Catholicism and, 168, 177
characteristics of, 178–79, 180–81, 258
cloth of state of, 94, 248, 270
Darnley, Lord, marriage to, 184, 190–92
Dudley, Robert, betrothal and, 182–83
Edward VI and, 164
Elizabeth I and, 165, 167–69, 172–73, 175–78, 182–83, 190–207
Elizabeth I’s personal struggle/indictment of execution of, 11, 261, 264–72, 332–33
English throne claims by, 79, 101, 165, 167–69, 175–78, 206–7, 241, 243
execution of, 11, 207, 249, 261, 264–72, 283
France’s claim to British throne and, 164–71, 256–57
François II’s marriage to, 165–69, 171
Guise faction and, 164–71, 165–67, 177–78, 258, 263, 310
Hepburn’s marriage to, 190–92
Howard, Thomas, 4th Duke of Norfolk, and, 198–203, 207
imprisonment of, 190–92, 194, 199, 203, 248
James VI and, 184, 190, 271
letters during imprisonment and, 248, 257, 259
Marie de Guise and, 71, 116, 165–66, 168, 170
marriages of royal women and, 171
martyrdom and, 263, 271, 310, 315
papal authority and, 191, 200, 202, 237
Poland’s support for, 277–78
pregnancy/birth of James VI and, 184, 190
princely self-image and, 13, 137, 262
private assassination plan and, 265, 269–70
as Queen of France, 165–67, 177–78
Ridolfi plot and, 197–203, 215
statecraft and, 225
Throckmorton plot and, 242
treason and, 206
trial of, 249, 256, 261–64
virtu/virtue versus Fortune and, 267–69
Mary Tudor (Queen of France), 27, 35, 79–80, 184
Matilda, Empress, 113–15
Matilda of Boulogne (Queen consort of England), 114–15, 286
Matilda of Flanders (Queen of England), 58, 111, 124
Matilda of Scotland (Queen of England), 55, 58–59, 111, 113
Melissus, Paulus, 315–16, 320
Mendoza, Bernardino de, 238, 240, 243, 245, 248, 250–51, 258, 293–94, 300
Morison, Richard, 10, 102, 104
Murad III (Sultan of Ottoman Empire), 294–96, 303
N
nationhood, 2–3, 7, 18, 86–87, 213, 287, 290
Netherlands, the
Armada and, 284
England and, 185–89, 218, 224, 236–37, 241, 251–54, 273, 280–81, 299, 309–10
Farnese, Duke of Parma, and, 252, 254–55, 279–80, 282, 284–85
France and, 233–34, 240–41, 245, 250–51, 289, 309
Protestantism and, 185–89, 218, 224, 236–37, 236–38, 240–41, 251–54, 273, 280–81, 299, 309–10
Ridolfi plot and, 198–201
Russia and, 276, 280–81
Spain and, 27, 41–42, 139, 185–89, 198–201, 233, 236–37, 244–47, 250–54, 280–81, 289
trade and, 186–87, 280–81
Neville, Charles, Earl of Westmorland, 152, 193–95
New World, 143–44, 237–38, 251
Norris, Henry, 36–37, 203
Norton, Thomas, 224–25, 227
O
Ottoman Empire
arms deals with, 275, 277, 293–95
Elizabeth I and, 57, 275, 277, 281, 292–95, 297, 302–3
France and, 165
gender categories for rulers and, 294–95
humanist learning and, 5
Lutheranism and, 57
papal Rome and, 292–93
Poland and, 278, 297–98
Protestantism and, 297
queenship and, 294–95, 302–3
Spain and, 294, 296–97
sultans/sultanas of, 293–96, 294–96, 302–3
theological war and, 292–96
trade and, 51, 293–95, 302–3
P
papal Rome. See also Catholicism
Armada and, 283
Babington plot and, 258
Boleyn and, 84
Catholicism in England and, 28–29, 195–96, 204–5, 227, 254
Counter-Reformation and, 236–37, 240–41, 314, 316
Elizabeth I’s expulsion for heresy under Regnans in excelsis and, 195–96, 204–5, 215, 227, 292–93
France and, 28–29, 167, 204–5, 312–13
Henry VIII and, 56, 58–59
incest/marriages within degrees and, 28, 139
Machiavelli’s works and, 6
martyrdom and, 196
Mary I as heir to English throne and, 28–29
Ottoman Empire and, 292–93
Poland and, 277–78
popes and, 28–29, 58, 139, 143, 195–96, 204–5, 227, 283
Ridolfi plot and, 197
Spain and, 143–45, 254
Throckmorton plot and, 240–41
ultra-Catholicism and, 236
Parr, Katherine (Queen of England)
biographical information about, 44
death of, 49, 52, 55, 67–68, 148
Elizabeth I and, 49, 52, 55, 67–68
Henry VIII’s marriage to, 43–44, 48–50, 66
Protestantism and, 62–63, 230
sex games between Elizabeth I and husband of, 67–70
Seymour, Thomas and, 44, 66–68
Parry, Thomas, 68–71, 94, 97, 101, 103, 108
Paulet, Amyas, 248, 257, 263, 265, 269–70
Pembroke, Earl of (Henry Herbert), 147, 173, 188, 306, 313
Percy, Henry, 8th Earl of Northumberland, 242–43, 259
Percy, Thomas, 7th Earl of Northumberland, 193, 195
Phelippes, Thomas, 226, 256–57, 259–62, 301
Philip II (King of Spain). See also Spain
Armada and, 254–55, 283
Catholicism and, 85, 95–96, 101, 118, 138, 153, 195
commoner marriage and, 153
Counter-Reformation and, 143–44, 186, 193, 236–37
death of, 137, 317
Elizabeth I’s accession/succession and, 107, 313, 332
Elizabeth I’s pre-accession period and, 83–84, 97, 104, 138
Elizabeth I’s reign and, 75, 96, 101, 104, 137–39, 148, 186–88, 224
Elizabeth I’s suitors/alliances and, 137–39, 147–48, 224, 317
France and, 140, 153, 166, 250–51, 310–11, 313
incest/marriages within degrees and, 139
Isabella, Infanta, and, 286, 313, 332
marriages of, 147–48
Mary I’s marriage to, 85, 95–96, 101, 118, 153
the Netherlands and, 186, 233–34, 236–37, 244–47, 250–54, 289
Ottoman Empire and, 294
plots against Elizabeth I and, 197–200, 242–43, 247
plots against Elizabeth I’s reign and, 300–301
plots against Mary I’s reign and, 98, 104, 138
Portugal and, 147–48, 237
Scotland and, 144, 164, 170
tyranny and, 143–45
Poland, 158, 275, 277–81, 297–98
Pole, Reginald (Cardinal), 95, 100, 103–4
Portugal, 143, 147–48, 237
princely self-image (Renaissance prince). See also self-presentation
allegorical portraits and, 1–3
courtly life and, 211
definition of, 4–7
duty versus desire and, 326
education of, 47, 54
Edward IV and, 211
Elizabeth I and, 1–7, 12–13, 47, 54, 83, 86–87, 117, 121, 134–35, 156, 161, 181, 220, 285, 305, 319–20, 329, 332
gender categories and, 1–7, 12–13, 47, 54, 117,
121, 134–35, 266, 288, 319–20
humanist learning and, 54
Machiavellian, 9–11
magnificence and, 210
Marguerite of Navarre as, 54
Mary Stuart as, 13, 137, 262
peace and, 161, 220, 285
as royalty model, 3–4
signatures as, 12–13
trials/executions of royalty and, 266
printing press, 5, 24, 103–4, 178, 213
Protestantism
Bible and, 314
Boleyn and, 55–62
Cecil, William, and, 77
courtly love and, 62–63, 162, 257, 315–16
Dudley, Robert, and, 77
eastern Europe and, 278–80, 297, 298
Edward VI and, 72–73, 80, 209
Elizabeth I’s beliefs and, 62–64, 73–74, 84, 107–8, 120, 142–43, 186
Elizabeth I’s royal authority and, 56, 62–64, 109–10, 123, 138–42, 144, 163, 168, 178, 191, 195, 204, 216–17, 220–21, 225–26
Elizabeth I’s self-presentation and, 63–64, 71, 80, 136
exiles during Mary I’s reign and, 102–3, 278
fanaticism and, 80, 186, 314
France and, 166–67, 177–78, 189, 197, 232–36, 240, 274, 309–14
Henry VIII and, 62–63, 78–79
Holy Roman Empire and, 56–57, 102
Huguenots and, 177, 189, 197, 232–36, 240, 274, 314
inner self and, 213–14
in Italy, 102–5
massacres against, 177–78, 232, 234–36, 300
the Netherlands and, 185–89, 224, 236–38, 240–41, 250–54, 299
Ottoman Empire and, 297
Parr and, 62–63
printing press and, 103–4, 178, 213
Protestant, as term of use and, 56–57
queenship, 116
Scotland and, 57, 167, 169, 170, 241–42
self-presentation and, 63–64, 71, 80, 130, 136
symbols and, 219–20
theological war and, 275, 277, 292–97
Q
queenship. See also kingship; specific queens
Bible and, 55–59, 113–18, 122–23, 158, 215–16, 264
commoner marriages and, 152–53
common law and, 111
courtly love and, 32–39, 62, 181
Europe and, 111–18, 313
gender categories and, 112–16, 275–76, 294–95
king’s criticism deflection and, 26, 53
luxury arts/goods and, 212
mother of nation and, 215–16
Ottoman Empire and, 294–95, 302–3
pageantry and, 125, 211
patrilineal authority and, 111, 114–15
peace and, 112
Poland and, 158
Protestantism and, 116
Renaissance and, 7
royal authority and, 111, 122
royal chamber “pastime” and, 32, 35–36
Russia and, 275–76
Scotland and, 55, 58–59
sexual transgressions and, 305
symbols and, 122, 215–16
trials/executions and, 261, 266
two bodies of sovereigns and, 54, 117–18, 132–33
virago (“third sex”) category and, 113, 115–16, 286
Virgin Mary/virgin queen cult and, 13, 18, 53–56, 158, 220, 223, 325
women’s characteristics and, 110–11
R
Ralegh, Walter, 11–13, 268, 306, 313
Renaissance. See also princely self-image (Renaissance prince); specific authors
artworks during, 49, 51
child-rearing practices and, 24
definition of, 4–5, 212
duty versus desire and, 7, 225, 304, 326
in France, 35, 54, 210–11, 216
gender categories and, 116–17
humanist learning and, 2–3, 5–6, 9–10, 12–13, 15, 24, 32–33, 44–49, 51, 54, 76, 97–98, 102, 158, 163, 279
inner self and, 210, 213–15
in Italy, 208, 210
nationhood and, 7
poetry and, 10–11, 32–33, 36–39, 208–9, 222, 267–69, 289–90, 305, 335
politics and, 7, 50–51, 205, 213, 231, 262, 325
printing press and, 5, 24, 178, 213
statecraft and, 8, 11, 31, 77, 146–47, 170, 191, 225, 239, 261, 326
tapestries and, 50–51
Renard, Simon, 85, 89, 92, 104, 107
Richard II (King of England), 17, 158–63, 212, 325
Ridolfi, Roberto, 197–203, 215
Ridolfi plot, 197–203, 215
Robsart, Amy (later Dudley), 147, 151–52, 154–56
Rochford, Lord, 26, 30–31, 36–38, 55
Rösslin, Eucharius, 24
Russia, 273–81
S
Sadler, Ralph, Earl of Sussex, 89, 91, 187, 194, 200–201, 248
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 177, 232, 234–36, 300
Scotland, 164, 168–70. See also specific rulers
Catholicism in, 71, 116, 165–68, 170, 240–42, 241
civil war in, 190
England and, 164–67, 168–70, 172, 175, 197–203
English throne claims by, 164–67
Guise faction and, 71, 116, 164–71
naval ships and, 283
Protestantism in, 57, 167, 169, 170, 241–42
queenship and, 55, 58–59
Spain and, 144, 164, 170
Throckmorton plot and, 240–41
virgin queen cult and, 55
self-presentation. See also Elizabeth I: SELF-PRESENTATION; princely self-image (Renaissance prince)
Dudley, Robert, and, 221
Henry VIII and, 209
Protestantism and, 63–64, 71, 80, 130, 136
Seymour, Edward, Duke of Somerset/Earl of Hertford, 41, 66–67, 75–76, 79, 90–91, 174–77
Seymour, Jane (Queen of England), 41, 51, 122, 148
Seymour, Thomas, of Sudeley , 44, 66–71, 79, 176
Shakespeare, William, 6–7, 9, 38, 132, 282, 323, 331
Shrewsbury, Earl of (George Talbot), 200, 248, 270, 292, 334–35
Sidney, Philip, 133, 150, 160, 217, 278–79, 313, 315
Smeaton, Mark, 36–38, 41, 84
Spain. See also Philip II (King of Spain)
Armada and, 13–14, 143, 145, 183, 244, 254–55, 283–85, 289–91, 304, 309, 336
Counter-Reformation and, 193, 236–37, 250–54
Elizabeth I’s reign and, 13–14, 72, 75, 96, 101, 104, 143–45, 147–48, 183, 233–34, 236–38, 244, 251, 254–55, 274, 283–86, 289–91, 304, 309, 336
France and, 99, 139–40, 144, 153, 166–67, 170, 197–98, 242–44, 250–51, 254, 310–13
humanist learning and, 46
Ireland and, 254, 309
Isabella, Infanta of, 286, 313, 332
Italy and, 139–40, 233
maritime raids and, 237–38
naval ships and, 237, 251
the Netherlands and, 27, 41–42, 139, 185–89, 198–201, 233–34, 236–37, 244–47, 250–54, 280–81, 289, 299
New World and, 143–44, 237–38, 251
Ottoman Empire and, 294, 296–97
papal Rome and, 143–45, 254
plots against Elizabeth I and, 197–200, 241–43, 247, 250–51, 254, 258
Poland and, 277–78, 298
Portugal and, 143, 147–48, 237
Scotland and, 144, 164, 170
trade and, 187
Spenser, Edmund, 82, 217, 287–89, 330–31
statecraft, 8, 11, 31, 77, 146–47, 170, 191, 225, 239, 261, 326
Stewart, James, 1st Earl of Moray, 190–92, 203
Strickland, Agnes, 21
Stuart, Esme, Duke of Lennox, 241–42
Stuart, Henry, Lord Darnley, 184, 190–92
Sweden, 149–50, 278, 280
T
Throckmorton, Francis, 242–43, 256
Throckmorton, Nicholas, 108, 155, 168, 172, 176
Throckmorton plot, 239–43, 247, 249–51, 254
two bodies of sovereigns, 13, 53–54, 56, 108–10, 114–15, 117–18, 132–33, 179, 325, 329, 332, 336
V
Venice, republic of, 4, 40–41, 51, 102, 104–5, 180, 293, 295, 303
Virgin Mary/virgin queen cult, 13, 18, 53–56, 158, 220, 223, 325. See also under Elizabeth I: VIRGIN QUEEN CULT
virtu/virtue versus Fortune, 10–13, 267–69, 316
W
Walsingham, Frances, Countess of Essex, 306–7
Walsingham, Francis
Anglo-Spanish relations and, 233–34, 251, 254
Babington plot and, 255, 259–60, 262
Catholic plots and, 228–30
Counter-Reformation and, 235–36, 251–54
Elizabeth I as suffering lover and, 289
on Elizabeth I’s grief over death of Dudley, Robert, 291–92
Elizabeth I’s ministers/advisors and, 10, 102–3, 197–98
Franco-Spanish alliance and, 197–98
illnesses/health of, 299–300
Mary Stuart’s trial/execution and, 249, 263–64, 266, 270
the Netherlands and, 237, 251–53
Protestant exiles and, 102–3
spies/security measures and, 197–99, 202, 207, 226, 228, 230, 254, 256–57, 259–60, 262, 299–300
Throckmorton plot and, 242
Turkish-Spanish relations and, 296–97
Walsingham, Frances, Countess of Essex, and, 306–7
William, Prince of Orange, 233–34, 246–47, 250
Wyatt, Thomas, 36–38, 86–87, 267–68
Wyatt, Thomas, of Kent, 86–92, 173
About the Author
*
LISA HILTON is the acclaimed author of Athénaïs, Mistress Peachum’s Pleasure, Queens Consort, and The Horror of Love. She is the author of three novels: the bestselling Wolves in Winter, The House with Blue Shutters, which was short-listed in the UK for the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize, and The Stolen Queen. She was educated at Oxford University and lives in central London.