sheriffs in, 46, 53
wealth of, 9
Williams family compared with, 46–47
Hamilton Baptist Church, 16, 23, 30, 44, 160
Hamilton Female College, 22, 35, 125, 210, 244
Hamilton, Georgia
Branan’s childhood visits to, 11–18
burning of, 26, 91
during Civil War, 26–27
class issues in, 35
Confederate soldier statue in, 4, 39–43, 44, 159, 206, 244
courthouse in, 13–15, 18–19, 26, 39, 120, 123, 139, 206, 244
day of lynchings in, 156–66
description of, 12–14, 21–22, 50, 138, 244–45
as “education center,” 247
jail in, 15, 54, 78, 79, 148, 236, 244
“Ladies” of, 205–11
Lost Cause activities in, 39–43, 44
Monument Square in, 12, 40, 45, 138, 139, 244
“Negro trials” in, 73–74
politics in, 29–31, 62
population of, 12
public events in, 38–39
Hamilton Journal, 29
Hanging Tree, 172, 239, 240
Hardaway, Burrell
arrest of, 144, 145
burial of, 171, 242
charges against, 150
family of, 175
guilt/innocence of, 150, 171, 173, 212, 238–39, 240–42
hanging of, 158–59, 162, 163, 166
in jail, 147–48, 236
and media attention about Hadley murder, 148–49
media portrayals of, 174, 176
as nameless, 242
as preacher, 144–45, 146, 147, 148, 246
as suspect, 173
and who murdered Hadley, 149
See also lynchings, Hamilton
Hardy, Arthur
and aftermath of Hamilton lynchings, 174
and castration of rapists, 108
Clutch of Circumstance by, 120–22, 145–46, 151
Confederate Memorial Day speech of, 62
and day of Hamilton lynchings, 159–60
“The Demagogue” poem of, 160
and “good” and “bad” lynchings, 125
Hamilton lynchings comments of, 178–79
and legal representation of Hadley murder suspects, 123
reputation of, 163
and special trial request for Hadley suspects, 123, 124–25, 126, 132–33, 135–43
and Tip Top murders, 200
Titanic poem of, 184
as writer about race, 107, 120–22
Hardy, Irene, 121, 122, 159–60, 207
Hargett family, 74–75, 77, 82, 88, 193, 196, 241
Hargett, Hershall Vanderbilt “H.V.,” 75–77, 193
Hargett, Laney C., 74–75, 76, 77, 79, 88
Hargett, Shaffer, 77, 196, 197, 198
Harrington, Bertha Lee, 65, 72, 148, 149, 174–75, 177, 178
Harrington, Eugene “Gene”
arrests of, 66
burial of, 171, 242
charges against, 79, 80, 150
church background of, 66
defense of, 150
guilt/innocence of, 150, 171, 173, 212, 238–39, 240–42
hanging of, 7, 158–59, 162, 163, 166
in jail, 68, 72, 78, 79–80, 123, 147–48, 236
legal representation for, 123
media portrayals of, 174, 176
as nameless, 242
as “Negro desperado,” 70
and publicity about Norman’s murder, 148–49
“questioning” of, 65–67, 72
respectability of, 72
as suspect in Norman’s murder, 143, 173
See also lynchings, Hamilton
Harris County
Barfield history of, 206
black population in, 34–35
black voting in, 110
class structure in, 34–35
crime rate in, 248
increase in violence in, 191–92
influence of Columbus in, 128
legal lynchings in, 86
modern-day description of, 246–47
moonshine business in, 128, 196–97, 198, 248
murder rate in, 221
NAACP in, 247, 248, 249
politics in, 29, 31, 35–37, 47
population of, 248
reputation of, 191
slave population in, 21
See also specific town or topic
Harris County Journal, 44, 46, 50, 54, 59, 107, 108, 122, 125–26, 168, 178–79
Harris, Julian, 86, 203–4
Hilton Head Island: Williams trip to, 233
Hodge, Iva, 239, 240, 241
Hoover, J. Edgar, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228
Hose, Sam, 97–98, 104, 108, 164
Howard, Jule, 83–84, 89–90, 138
Huckaby, Dozier, 83, 84, 90, 111
Huckaby family, 82, 86
Hudson family, 4, 91, 93, 120, 121, 206, 245, 247, 252–53
Hudson, Lewis, 26, 91
Hudson, Verna, 91, 239, 240
Hudson, William I., 29, 30, 36
Huling, Mitch, 53, 72, 77, 80, 81–82, 115, 141–42, 153–54, 196, 202–3, 215, 221
Hunter, Charlayne, 249–50
I
Irvin family, 194–95, 199–201
J
Jackson (teacher), 145–46
Jane (indentured servant). See Moore, Jane
Jefferson, Thomas, 24–25, 253, 257
Jordan, Gunby, 102, 118, 127, 129, 136
Justice Department, U.S., 218, 225
Juvenile Missionary Society, 138, 159, 192, 208, 209, 230
K
King, Martin Luther, 235, 247
King, Primus, 234, 252
King, Rodney, 4
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Atlanta riots and, 107
Branan’s play about, 236
Brewer and, 234
The Clansman play and, 106, 107
decline of, 203–4
Hadley (Dad Doug) and, 233
Hamilton parade of, 224
Harris explanation of behavior of, 86
importance of, 203
Moonshine Mafia compared with, 196–97
opposition to, 223
outlawing of, 33
police officers as members of, 222
in Reconstruction era, 39, 61–62
resurrection of, 63, 195
revocation of charter for, 222
and University of Georgia demonstration, 249–50
whippings of women by, 202
L
Ladies Memorial Association, 40, 206
Land, Brewster, 76, 142, 187, 189–90, 234
Land, Clay, 252
Land family, 82, 120, 184–85, 187–88, 189–90, 196, 252
Land, John, 252
Land, John H., 234, 241, 251–52
Land, Will, 187, 189–90
law enforcement
and blacks killing officers, 152
and charges against officers for surrender of prisoners to mobs, 218
and Dorsey’s proposal for state police force, 212
impact of Norman’s murder on, 152
as popularity contest, 90
and responsibility for mob violence, 218–19
symbolism of, 61
women’s influence on, 219
See also police; sheriffs; specific person
The Leopard’s Spots (Dixon), 106, 108, 120–21
Lincoln, Abraham, 26, 128, 184
Lost Cause movement, 38, 39–40, 41, 42, 44, 62, 78, 99, 122, 165
lynchings
and anti-lynching movement, 97, 115, 130, 178, 186–87, 188, 192, 207, 208, 209, 211–12, 218–19, 222, 225–26
and Atlanta riots, 107–8
of black women, 232, 240
of blacks to protect white men, 152
Branan learns about, 1–7
of children, 187
community effects on, 155
compensation for families of victi
ms of, 212
and Crutchfield as first woman lynched in Georgia, 171, 185, 211
description of, 82
Dixon’s The Leopard’s Spot and, 106
as felonies, 129
of freedmen, 27
Georgia as number one state for, 130
“good” and “bad,” 125
and “grassroots clubs,” 111
increase in number of, 36
investigations of, 224–25
judges opposition to, 138–39
last Georgia, 223
and legal lynchings in Harris County, 7, 86
lessons from, 249–53
message of, 171–72, 201
militia and, 135
motives for, 152–54, 223, 224
NAACP stand against, 108, 186
number of Georgia, 212
prison sentence for participation in, 212, 218
sexual relations and, 36, 91, 95
special trials and, 126
and states’ rights, 130, 183
white views about, 125–26, 256
of whites by blacks, 114
See also specific person or lynching
lynchings, Hamilton (1912)
after effects of, 191–92
and anti-lynching movement, 212
biracial conversations about, 248
black response to, 168–69, 174–76, 177–78, 242–43
coroner’s decision about, 170–71, 214
and Crutchfield as first woman lynched in Georgia, 171, 185, 211
day of, 156–66
description of, 171
as family matter, 166
grand jury decision about, 182–84, 191, 244
and guilt/innocence of victims, 212, 237–43
and increase in lynch mobs, 191–92
investigation of, 176, 177, 178, 181, 183–84
and “Ladies” of Hamilton, 207
media and, 167, 172, 173–79
and members of mob, 172, 173, 181, 182, 196, 213–14, 215–16, 237–43, 255–56
memorial service for victims of, 249
message of, 171–72, 201, 242–43
motives for, 152–54, 173, 175, 176, 214
national reactions to, 170–71
photos of, 168
recollections about, 237–43, 248–49
and removal of bodies, 167–68, 171–72
responsibility for, 213–14
souvenirs from, 171
and Teel interview, 19
and threat against suspects, 124
and victims’ families, 174–75, 185
viewings of, 167–70
white justifications for, 256
See also Crutchfield, Loduska “Dusky”; Hardaway, Burrell; Harrington, Eugene “Gene”; Moore, John “Johnie”
M
M Street School (Washington, D.C.), 104, 208, 209
Manly, Alex, 102–3, 111
Manly, Charles, 102, 103
Marshall, C.D., 205–6, 207, 225, 238–39, 241
Masons, 44, 48, 59, 60, 61, 62–63, 64, 90, 224, 232
McClure’s magazine, 110, 116
McCullers, Carson, 250
McElheney (T.Z.) case, 187–88, 189–90, 234, 252
McLaughlin, Douglas “Buster,” 13, 15, 122, 231, 233
Methodist churches, 140, 145, 147, 168
Methodist Missionary Society, 204
Methodist Women’s Missionary Society, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 218, 230
Metropolitan A.M.E. Church (Washington, D.C.), 170, 183
militia, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139–40, 141
miscegeny
and anti-miscegenation movement, 94–95, 123, 151, 153
Baker’s views about, 68, 117
code of silence about, 118
debate during Reconstruction about, 93, 94
as felony, 230
and Hamilton lynchings, 149
Hardaway preachings about, 146
Hardy views about, 120–22, 151
as motive for lynchings, 153, 173, 175, 201, 223
Northen views about, 112–13, 118
prevalence of, 91, 92–94
rape and, 94–95
segregation and, 95
and slave-owner sexual relations, 92–93
and “two-family families,” 119–20, 230, 237
and white support of children, 177
white women views about, 93, 95
See also specific person or family
mob violence
and charges against law officers for surrender of prisoners to mobs, 218
and Dorsey’s criticism of local law enforcement, 212
as felony, 129
increase in, 191–92
law enforcement responsibility for, 218–19
and militia, 135, 137, 139–40, 141
and prison sentence for participation in, 212
See also lynchings; specific person or lynching
Mobley family
and black-white sexual relations, 93
Crutchfield (Dusky) connection to, 81, 148, 170, 214, 215
deaths in, 193
Gilbert family relationship with, 138
and Hadley (Buddie) election defeat, 198
Hamilton home of, 4, 12, 45–46, 48, 138, 239, 244
and Hamilton lynchings, 148, 164, 170, 213–14, 215, 241
hotheads in, 139
miscegeny in, 121
murders by members of, 5
and publicity about Norman’s murder, 149
wealth of, 33
women in, 206
Mobley, Henry, 42, 86, 148, 170, 214, 215
Mobley, James Monroe, 24, 31, 34, 41, 42, 148, 155, 193, 224
Mobley, John B. “Bud,” 193, 214
Mobley, John Ivey, 224
Mobley, Lula “Miss Lula”
as activist, 150, 155, 204, 207, 208, 209–10, 222
and anti-lynching campaign, 192, 207, 222
and Cramer (May Brit) exile, 232
and Crutchfield lynching, 155
and day of Hamilton hangings, 159
Gilbert family relationship with, 138
influences on, 155
and Ladies Memorial Association, 40
and “Ladies” of Hamilton, 207, 208, 209
personality and character of, 209–10
and unveiling of statue in Hamilton, 40–41, 43
WCTU activities of, 150, 155
moonshiners, 128, 153, 196–97, 198, 248
Moore, Alfred, 71, 72, 73, 89
Moore family
cemetery of, 69
characteristics of, 51–52
connections between black and white, 69–70
and coroner’s decision about Hamilton lynchings, 170
Gordon family intermarriage with, 51–52
men in, 47
and Moore (Lula) trial, 184–85
mulatto, 72, 73, 151–52
and Norman’s murder, 62
sheriffs in, 46
wealth of, 9
and white protection of blacks, 153
Moore, James B., 69–70, 71, 76, 164
Moore, Jane (indentured servant), 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 89, 164–65, 255
Moore, John “Johnie”
burial of, 171, 242
charges against, 79, 150
childhood and youth of, 70–71
church background of, 66
connection to Hadley-Moore family of, 70, 71
defense of, 150
and Dusky’s testimony, 82
family history of, 72
guilt/innocence of, 150, 171, 173, 174, 177, 212, 238–39, 240–42
hanging of, 7, 158–59, 162, 163, 164–65, 166
in jail, 68, 70, 73, 74, 76–77, 78, 79–80, 123, 147–48, 236
legal representation for, 74, 76–77, 123
media portrayals of, 174, 176, 178
as member of Branan’s mulatto family, 70
named as Norman’s murderer, 55, 64,
80
as nameless, 242
as “Negro desperado,” 70
and publicity about Norman’s murder, 148–49
questioning of, 55–56, 64–67, 149
respectability of, 70–71
as suspect in Norman’s murder, 143, 173
See also lynchings, Hamilton
Moore, Louis, 70, 71, 73–74, 76–77, 78, 89–90, 138
Moore, Lula (John’s mother), 71, 80, 151, 184–85
Moore, Milford, 70, 71, 74, 75–77, 83, 138
Moore, Sog, 71, 72, 73, 74–75
Mountain Hill, Georgia
churches in, 60
description of, 58–59
as Hadley (Norman) home, 51
moonshine activities in, 60
politics in, 62
race relations in, 72–73
and special trial request for Hadley murder suspects, 138
terrorizing of blacks in, 86–87
violence in, 53–54
white outlaws in, 86–87
Murphy, A.J., 239–40, 241
Murray, Louis “Sugar Bear,” 5, 199–201, 215, 244
N
Narramore, Coon, 74, 75, 76, 83, 90
Narramore family, 90, 136
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
and anti-lynching movement, 186, 211, 218, 225
and black voting rights, 234
Columbus chapter of, 247
and Easter mass for lynching victims, 183
founding of, 108, 130
and Georgia primary voting system, 221
and Gilbert murder, 225
and Hamilton lynchings, 173, 175, 177, 178
in Harris County, 247–48, 249
and investigations of lynchings, 67–68
and miscegeny, 173
organization of Georgia chapters of, 247–48, 249
and segregation, 235
women and, 211
National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, 101, 104, 210
National Woman Suffrage Association, 210
New Orleans; black-white sexual relations in, 93
Niagara Movement, 108, 112
Northen, William J., 110, 111–13, 114–17, 118, 120, 129, 146, 177
O
Obama, Barack, 249
P
Palmer, George, 149–50, 190, 191, 197
Peabody, George Foster, 110, 118, 127
Plessy v. Ferguson (1895), 34, 95
police
abuse of blacks by, 106
integration of, 113
as KKK members, 222
See also law enforcement; sheriffs
Pomeroy, Ed, 107, 110, 133
populism, 36, 62, 111, 114, 116, 128, 141, 146, 195
posse
of blacks hunting for white child molester, 113–14, 176
Hadley’s (Buddie) promise to masked, 66–67, 124, 126, 133, 135, 143