Weingarten, Theodore. All God’s Dangers: The Life of Nate Shaw. University of Chicago Press, 1974.
Wexler, Laura. Fire in a Canebrake: The Last Mass Lynching in America. Scribner, 2003.
White, Gregory C. A History of the 31st Georgia Volunteer Infantry: This Most Bloody and Cruel Drama. Butternut and Blue, 1977.
White, Helen, and Redding S. Sugg, Jr. From the Mountain: An Anthology of the Magazine Successively Titled Pseudopodia, the North Georgia Review, and South Today. Memphis State University Press, 1972.
Wiencek, Henry. The Hairstons: An American Family in Black and White. St. Martin’s, 2000.
Williams, David. Bitterly Divided: The South’s Inner Civil War. New Press, 2010.
Williams, Kidada. They Left Great Marks on Me: African American Testimonies of Racial Violence from Emancipation to World War I. New York University Press, 2012.
Williams, Sarah Stone. The Man from London Town. Neale, 1906.
Williamson, Joel. A Rage for Order: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation. Oxford University Press, 1986.
Williamson, Joel. New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the New South. Free Press, 1980.
Willoughby, Lynn. Flowing Through Time: A History of the Lower Chattahoochee River. University of Alabama Press, 1999.
Wood, Amy Louise. Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890–1940. University of North Carolina Press, 2011
Woodward, C. Vann. The Burden of Southern History. Vintage Books, 1968.
INDEX
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
A
Abbott, Robert, 175–76
Armstead, Ednell Allen. See Edna
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL), 218, 222
Atkinson, W.Y., 87–88, 152
Atlanta Constitution, 6, 70, 78, 101, 114–15, 134, 142, 146, 149, 150, 152, 173
Atlanta, Georgia
moving of Harris County trials to, 192
police-black relations in, 106
police officers as KKK members in, 222
race riots (1906) in, 40, 105–9, 110, 111, 114, 116, 126, 152
Atlanta Georgian, 108, 114, 152
Atlanta Journal, 107, 191
Atlanta University, 108, 110
B
Baker, Ray Stannard, 68, 109, 116–17, 120, 149
Baptist churches, 21, 145, 168. See also specific church
Beall, Elias, 21, 28, 102, 216, 244
Beall family, 4, 12, 21, 28, 93, 99–100, 102, 121
Beard, Jessie, 187, 188, 189, 190
Beers, Josie Gordon (Norman’s mother), 51, 56, 60, 81, 145, 153, 181, 215
black churches, 31, 115, 127, 145, 176, 192, 208, 209, 233. See also specific church
“black conspiracy,” 83–90, 146
blacks
cemeteries for, 247
emergence of middle-class, 234
as freedmen, 27–34, 35–37, 78–79, 91, 94
as helping blacks, 224
inferiority of, 153, 210, 256
as issue in violent behavior, 62
“law-abiding,” 113
and lynching of blacks to protect white men, 152
as Masons, 224
as moonshiners, 153
at Norman’s funeral, 61
and organizing of black women, 208–9, 210, 211
“passing” by, 152
voting by, 28–29, 31, 35–37, 91, 110–11, 127, 131, 171, 221, 223, 234
white caricatures of, 92
white fear of, 86, 114, 146, 223
white protection of, 108–9, 126, 186, 248
whites mistaken for, 92
See also race relations; slaves; specific person or topic
Blue Springs Road Plantation, 22, 26, 46–47
boots-on killings, 193–95, 239
Boy George (slave), 64, 86, 123, 154
Branan, Karen
ambitions of, 236, 250
beginning of family history search, 3–7, 18–19, 48–49
birth of, 220
childhood/youth of, 9, 10–11, 220, 233–34, 236, 248
and ghost woman, 255
“good” and “bad” about family of, 255–56
hypnogogic vision of, 3, 4
professional career of, 236–37
“racial etiquette” training of, 10
racial views of, 179–80, 249–50, 254–55, 257–59
racially mixed granddaughter of, 254–55, 257, 258
wedding of, 253
Brewer, Thomas, 221, 234, 235, 252
Brown, Joseph M., 139, 151, 176
Bryant, Gene, 83–84, 90, 138
Buchanan, Willie, 14, 226, 227, 228–29
Bugg, Cornelius, 226, 228, 229
C
Caldwell, Josh, 53, 84, 88–89
Cash, John, 85, 217
chain gangs, 92, 106, 222
Chicago Defender, 175–76, 183
Chicago Tribune, 97, 130
children: lynching of, 187
churches. See black churches; specific church
civic leagues: Northen’s proposal for, 111, 112, 114, 115–16, 146
Civil Rights Act (1875), 34
civil rights movement, 220–21, 234, 252
Civil War, 24, 26–27, 35, 38–39, 52, 247
The Clansman (play), 106–7
Clutch of Circumstance (Hardy), 120–22, 145–46
Columbus, Georgia
Beallwood section of, 102
black churches in, 127
description of, 21–22, 126–29
founding of, 21
impact on Harris County of, 128
mobs at jail in, 131–32
politics in, 35
post–Civil War years in, 27–28, 35
rape laws in, 108
and special trial request for Hadley suspects, 67, 68, 79–80, 90, 123–25, 126, 132–33, 135–43
Wells writings and, 97
women in, 127, 210
Yankee investments in, 128–29
See also specific person, family, or topic
Columbus Ledger, 55, 58, 142, 196, 203, 248
Columbus Sun-Enquirer, 87, 108
Coming to the Table, 253, 258
Confederate Memorial Day, 12, 38–39, 62, 137, 258
Congress, U.S., 28, 30, 33, 218, 226
convict labor system, 33, 78–79, 111, 127
Cook, Cecil, 200–201, 245
Cooper, Anna Julia, 98–101, 102, 103–4, 109, 118, 155, 208–9, 210–11, 255
Copeland family, 121, 231
Copeland, Alex, 16, 115, 161, 163–64, 183, 207, 231, 235, 246
Cornett, Billy, 88, 181
Cramer, May Brit, 230–31, 232, 250
Crisis, 177–78, 187
Crutchfield, Jim, 55, 65, 66–67, 68, 70, 78, 79–80, 148, 185
Crutchfield, Loduska “Dusky”
as Branan’s ghost woman, 255
burial of, 171
charges against, 150
family of, 55
as first woman lynched in Georgia, 171, 186, 211
guilt/innocence of, 150, 171, 173, 212, 238–39, 240–42
heroism of, 208, 242
in jail, 80, 123, 147–48, 236
and “Ladies” of Hamilton, 207, 208
legal representation for, 123
as legend, 224
lynching of, 7, 155, 158–59, 162–63, 166, 168, 169, 209, 239
media portrayals of, 173–74, 176
Mobley connection of, 81, 148, 154, 170, 214, 215
as nameless, 242
and
Norman’s murder, 51, 54, 55
occupation of, 81
“pregnancy” of, 239, 240
and publicity about Norman’s murder, 148–49
questioning of, 149–50
role in Norman’s murder of, 65, 66, 80–81, 143, 150, 173, 241
screams of, 159, 161–62, 178, 194, 209, 239
symbolism of, 210–11
white allies of, 80–82
See also lynchings, Hamilton
Curry, Albert, 246, 251–52
D
Dawson, Deborah, 252–53
“The Demagogue” (Hardy poem), 160
Dixon, Thomas, 106, 107, 108, 120–21, 148
Douglass, Frederick, 34, 97, 100–101
Du Bois, W.E.B.
and American Negro Academy, 104
and Atlanta riots, 108–9
Baker and, 116
Bureau of Labor study by, 109–10
“Divine Rights” by, 177–78
and Hamilton lynchings, 177–78
and inequality as heart of “Negro problem,” 116
and investigations of lynchings, 67–68
McClure article by, 110
miscegeny issue and, 118, 120
and Niagara Movement/NAACP, 108, 112
Northen and, 112
and publicity about Hadley murder, 149
The Quest of the Silver Fleece by, 110
and white protection of blacks, 108–9
DuBose, Edward, 247–48
E
Edna (Ednell Allen Armstead), 10, 92, 119
F
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 223, 225, 226–27, 232
Felton, Rebecca, 102, 155
First Baptist Church, 11, 126–27, 253
First Methodist Church, 132, 138
First Presbyterian Church, 234
Forbes, Rev., 44, 144–45
Fort, Edna, 159, 194, 239, 241, 248
Fort, Mary, 159, 194, 239, 241, 248
Friendship Baptist Church, 7, 30, 44, 144, 158, 161, 163, 165, 239, 242, 248
G
Gary, Carlton (“Stocking Strangler” case), 250–52
Georgia
class structure in, 34–37
Crutchfield as first woman lynched in, 171, 185, 211
during Civil War, 26–27
early settlers of, 20–21
economy of, 33
executions in, 235
founding of, 20
last lynching in, 223
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries politics in, 20–34
martial law in, 28, 30
moonshine production in, 52
number of lynchings in, 212
as number one lynching state, 130
primary voting in, 234
prohibition in, 110
proposal for state police force in, 212
racial hatred in, 195
segregation laws in, 95
slave population in, 21
state constitution of, 34
Georgia Baptist Convention, 111–12
Georgia Equal Rights Convention, 112, 114
Georgia General Assembly, 29–30, 31, 129
Gilbert, Henry “Peg,” 224–28, 229, 230–31
Gilbert, Stirling Price
ambitions of, 141
innacurate characterization, 179
criticisms of, 153
culpability in Hamilton lynchings of, 172, 173, 179
and grand jury decision about Hamilton lynchings, 182
and increase in violence, 54, 191, 192
and Land family trial, 189–90
and McElheney-Land case, 187–88
as military man, 139, 141
and mob violence, 125, 131–32
and Moore (Lula) trial, 185
personal and professional background of, 130–31, 138, 141
Phelts case and, 131–32
popularity of, 140, 141, 172
pressures on, 140–42
and prohibition, 140–41
racial views of, 131–32
reputation of, 132
and “River Killings,” 197
and Slayton hanging, 137
and special trial for Hadley suspects, 67, 68, 123, 124–25, 132–33, 135–43, 172
Gordon family, 39, 47, 51–52, 53, 59, 60–61, 62, 65, 79, 90, 153, 181
Gordon, Horace, 240–41
Gordon, John B., 39, 61–62, 78
Gordon, Mans, 52, 72, 241
Gordon, Sambo, 52, 53, 59, 61, 72, 83, 84, 88–90
Graddick, Fanny, 158, 161
Grant, Shorty, 14, 246
Graves, John Temple, 108, 152
Green, Verna, 213–14
Grimke, Angelina Weld, 208–9
H
Hadley, Berta “G’mamma” “Miss Berta”
affects of lynchings on, 207
Betty’s relationship with, 213
Branan’s childhood visits with, 11–12, 13, 14–18, 224
Daddy Doug’s relationship with, 243
drug habit of, 213, 217, 221–22
family of, 182, 198, 202
Hamilton home of, 1–2
Hamilton lynching and, 2, 5, 168, 169, 240, 241
illness/headaches of, 16–18, 222, 227, 228
in 1960s, 245
oral history of, 1–2, 3, 237, 240
and rape conversation, 18, 251
Hadley, Buddie (Marion Madison)
authority/responsibility of, 90, 129, 144
blacks’ relationships with, 47
and Branan’s racial views, 179, 180
and Daddy Doug’s swearing-in, 144
death of, 218
as deputy sheriff, 44–45, 46, 115
elected as sheriff of Harris County, 47–48, 123, 153, 185, 198
Emma’s relationship with, 45, 68, 154
family of, 45–47
home of, 45–46, 48, 239, 244
and increase in violence in Harris County, 191, 192
jobs of, 46
as Mason, 48
and move to Mobley home, 45–46, 48
and “Negro conspiracy,” 146
personality and character of, 51, 154
post-sheriff life of, 198
pride in, 49
and protection of prisoners, 154
reputation/image of, 67, 124, 191, 197
and “River Killings,” 195–98
and sheriffs in Hadley family, 53
and violence in Mountain Hill, 54
Hadley, Buddie (Marion Madison) and Hadley (Norman) murder/Hamilton lynchings
and cleanup of lynchings, 168
and culpability in lynchings, 172, 173, 179
and day of lynchings, 156, 157, 160, 171, 172–73
Hardaway arrest and, 144
and innocence of suspects, 150
and investigation of lynchings, 181
and masked posse promise of Hadley, 66–67, 124, 126, 133, 135, 143
and message of lynchings, 172
and Moore (John)–Hadley relationship, 164
and Norman compared with Buddie Hadley, 51
and Norman’s funeral, 64
and Norman’s murder, 6, 52–53, 54–56, 90
Norman’s relationship with, 52
and “questioning” of witnesses/suspects, 64–67
and special trial request, 67, 68, 79–80, 90, 123–25, 126, 132–33, 135–43, 172
Hadley, Douglas (Dad Doug)
and child abuse, 243
appearance of, 13–14
authority/responsibility of, 228, 229
backers of, 222–23, 224
and Berta’s illness, 222, 227, 228
Berta’s relationship with, 243
Betty’s relationship with, 217, 243
and black rights, 222
Branan’s memories of, 226, 229, 236
and Branan’s racial views, 179, 180
and Cramer (May Brit) exile, 230, 232
and day of Hamilton lynchings, 160, 172–73
&nb
sp; death of, 229, 235
“deputies” of, 229
elections as sheriff of, 218, 221, 235
family of, 182, 198, 243
FBI and, 227, 232
and Gilbert (Peg) case, 224–28, 229
as Huling assistant, 202–3, 222
influences on, 222–23
and KKK, 203, 233
and lynchings in Harris County, 221
miscegeny cases and, 230, 232–33
Moore (John) as relative of, 164
and Moore (Lulu) arrest, 184
personality of, 221, 235
as politician, 222, 229
post-law enforcement life of, 198
racial views of, 233
reputation of, 218
swearing-in as deputy sheriff of, 144
and Tip Top murders, 202
and viewing of Hamilton lynchings, 169
Weaver’s memories of, 245–46
and Whitehead case, 202
Hadley, Emma, 45–46, 67, 68, 154, 160, 169, 244
Hadley, Evelyn, 4, 5, 6, 12, 15–16, 17
Hadley, Joe, 46, 53, 72, 73, 159, 193
Hadley, Lillian “Nana,” 11, 12, 214, 243
Hadley, Louise, 160, 168–69, 194, 241–42
Hadley, Marion Elizabeth “Betty.” See Williams, Marion Elizabeth Hadley
Hadley, Norman
after-death image of, 56, 58, 59–60, 63, 149
arrests of, 53, 57
Branan first learns about murder of, 6–7
Buddie compared with, 51
Buddie’s relationship with, 52
childhood/youth of, 51–52, 56
funeral/burial of, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61–62, 63, 64, 181
impact of murder of, 152, 176
jobs of, 56, 57
and Moore-Hadley connection, 71–72
motive for murder of, 55, 65, 238
personality and character of, 51, 52, 56–57, 149
publicity about murder of, 149
reputation of, 56, 57, 145, 173–74, 175, 177
revenge for murder of, 77
shooting of, 6–7, 51, 52–53, 54–55
white reaction to murder of, 83, 84, 88, 90
who killed, 212, 237–43
See also lynchings, Hamilton
Hadley, William Henry “Buck,” 46–47, 49
Hadley family
characteristics of, 47, 51–52
as early Georgia settlers, 20–21
Hamilton home of, 1–3, 4, 11–12, 13, 14–18, 224
and Hamilton lynchings, 164, 242–43
land sales by, 223
marriage in, 47
men in, 47
and Moore-Hadley connection, 71–72
and Norman’s murder, 62, 149