preachers, 146–47, 188. See also specific person
pregnancy: and lynching of women, 239–40
prohibition, 110, 140–41. See also temperance movement
R
race relations
class structure and, 117
code of silence about, 118
and economic gap between races, 105–6
“grassroots clubs” and, 111
in post–Civil War South, 27–34
vendettas and, 83–90
and whites as policemen, 63–64, 113
See also specific topic
rape
and Atlanta riots, 105–6, 107, 108
and “black rapist” myth, 96, 208, 251
and black-white sexual relations, 36, 85–86, 94, 95
Branan-G’mamma conversation about, 18, 251
and castration of rapists, 108
The Clansman play and, 106–7
and Dixon’s The Leopard’s Spots, 106, 108, 120–21
of elderly women, 250–51
Felton’s views about, 102
and “good” and “bad” lynchings, 125
“grassroots clubs” and, 111
and mob violence in Columbus, 131, 132
and race vendettas, 85–86
and Slayton lynching, 87
and “Stocking Strangler,” 250–52
and Walton County lynchings, 133, 135
Wells research/writings about, 96–98
“River Killings,” 5, 195–98
Robinson, Zeke, 68, 139, 158, 159, 163, 167, 169, 171, 172, 173, 179
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 222–23, 225–26
Roosevelt, Theodore, 104, 130, 171
S
schools, 28, 31, 36, 41, 95, 111, 150, 176, 208–9, 231, 234, 247. See also specific school
segregation, 34, 95, 106, 192, 234–35, 247, 249–50
sexual relations
Atlanta riots and, 105–6
Baker’s views about, 116–17
class structure and, 117
code of silence about, 118
Cooper’s views about, 98–101
and Du Bois labor study, 109
and “honor killings,” 42
lynchings and, 36, 91, 95
Manly’s views about, 102–3
Northen’s views about, 115
in post–Civil War years, 32
race relations and, 85–86, 91–95
between slaves and owners, 92–93
Terrell’s views about, 104
Wells-Barnett views about, 96–98
and white-black consensual sex, 97
white supremacy and, 149
white women activists and, 151
See also miscegeny; rape
sheriffs
authority/responsibility of, 129–30, 144, 228
corruption of, 78
as family affair, 46
in Gordon family, 53
in Hadley family, 53
impeachment of, 130
See also law enforcement; specific person
Sins of the Fathers (Dixon), 148
Slaton, Jack, 139, 151
slaves
as childbearers, 25
Georgia population of, 21
Harris County population of, 21
owners’ treatment of, 24–25
sexual relations between owners and, 92–93
See also specific person
Slayton, Jessie, 87–88, 137–38
Smith, Hoke, 36, 40, 42–43, 108, 110, 140, 195
Smith, Lillian, 231–32
Snelling, Paula, 232
South
politics in post–Civil War, 27–34
preservation of traditions in, 39
race relations in post–Civil War, 27–34
removal of U.S. troops from, 33
violence in, 54
Southern Baptist Convention, 112
special trial
characteristics of, 126
and Columbus mob, 131–32
Gilbert decision about Hadley murder suspects,’ 142–43
and Hadley’s (Buddie) promise to posse, 66–67, 124, 126, 133, 135
lynchings and, 126
request for Hadley murder suspects, 67, 68, 79–80, 90, 123–24, 126, 132–33, 135–43, 172
Spence (slave), 84–85, 86
St. Augustine’s School, 99
St. James A.M.E. church, 82, 192, 234–35, 245
Stanford, Leland, 29, 31, 41
states’ rights, 130, 183
Stiggers, O.C., 248–49
“Stocking Strangler,” 250–52
Strange Fruit (Smith), 231–32
Strauss, Levi, 127
Stripling, Edgar, 48, 62, 87, 88, 135–37, 149, 181, 190, 195
Supreme Court, Georgia, 86, 124, 130, 141
Supreme Court, U.S., 34, 95, 130, 221, 235
T
Taft, William Howard, 158, 170–71, 183, 186–87
Talbotton, Georgia: preacher lynching in, 146–47
Tarbell, Ida, 116
Tea Party, 249
Teel family, 19, 82, 195, 196, 241
temperance movement, 52, 59, 60, 110, 141, 207–8
Terrell, Mary Church, 104, 109
Tip Top murders, 5, 199–201
Truett family, 80, 86, 241
Turner, Henry, 27–28, 94, 114, 118
“two-family families,” 119–20, 230, 237
U
United Confederate Veterans, 38–39
United Daughters of the Confederacy, 188
United Nations: and Gilbert case, 227–28
University of Georgia, 230, 249–50
Upshaw, Willie, 44, 115, 161–62
V
violence
and boots-on killings, 193–95, 239
convictions for, 54
and “honor killings,” 42
increase in, 32, 185–88, 191–92
laws about mob, 129
in post–Civil War years, 32–33
white-on-white, 193–94
See also lynchings; mob violence
voting
by blacks, 28–29, 31, 35–37, 91, 110–11, 127, 131, 171, 221, 223, 234
and poll taxes, 37, 222
by women, 211
W
Waddell, Alfred, 40, 103
Walton County: lynchings in, 133–35, 223, 225, 230–31, 240
Washington, Booker T., 34, 54, 109, 110, 111, 126, 127, 208, 234
Watson, Tom, 40, 195
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 67–68, 96–98, 102, 118, 149, 224
West Georgia A&M, 125, 210
white supremacy
Baker’s views about, 116, 117
black voting rights and, 221
black writings about, 120
and Branan’s racial views, 180
Cooper criticism of, 99
Gilbert and, 131
Hadley (“Dad Doug” ) views about, 222
and Hadley (Norman) murder, 61
and Hamilton public events, 39
Masons and, 62–63
and Northen proposals, 112
and sexual relations, 149
white insistence upon black acceptance of, 112
and whites as protectors of blacks, 127
women’s views about, 210
during World War II, 221
Whitehead, W.T., 201–2, 254
Williams, Alfred, 43, 79, 103, 159
Williams, Uncle Alfred, 103
Williams, Barbara, 2, 5, 10, 11, 14, 15, 180, 216, 224, 229
Williams, Ben
alcoholism of, 216, 224, 233, 253–54
Betty’s engagement/wedding to, 215, 216–17
childhood/youth of, 11, 217
confession of, 253
death of, 253
divorce of, 10, 224
education of, 215, 216
family background of, 21, 24
; father’s relationship with, 215, 216
Hadley (Norman) relationship to, 215
Hamilton home of, 216
Hilton Head trip of, 233
and Karen’s wedding, 253
lifestyle of, 9–10, 217–18
professional career of, 9, 215
racism of, 233, 250
Rose’s marriage to, 216–17
secret killing of young black woman by, 2–3, 4–5, 48, 216, 217, 245, 253–54, 256
Williams, Ben, Jr.
in Senate, 36, 78, 101, 164
and special trial request for Hadley suspects, 123, 124–25, 126, 132–33, 135–43
Williams, Britain “Brit,” 22, 23, 24–25, 29, 47, 93, 231, 249
Williams, Britain “Brit,” II, 159, 200, 201, 211, 216, 230
Williams, Charles, 43, 101, 138, 188, 193, 232
Williams, Cooper, 74, 107, 115, 123, 133, 136, 144, 157, 163–64, 170, 193, 247
Williams, Dock, 5, 199, 200, 211, 215, 245
Williams, Ethel “Big Mamma,” 9, 11, 24, 91–92
Williams, Louise, 21, 209, 230, 232, 241
Williams, Marion Elizabeth Hadley “Betty”
Ben’s engagement/wedding to, 215, 216–17
birth of, 182
and Buddie’s death, 218
and child abuse, 243
childhood/youth of, 9, 198, 213, 214–15, 217
and Copeland’s death, 246
Dad Doug’s gift for, 235
divorce of, 10, 224
education of, 214–15
family background of, 24
great-granddaughter of, 258
and Hamilton lynchings, 217, 237, 250
and Hardy’s writings, 122
and Karen’s family history research, 2, 49, 119
Karen’s relationship with, 256
lifestyle of, 9–10, 217–18
most proud people/events in life of, 49
and mother’s drug habit, 213, 217
personality of, 198
racial views of, 10, 18, 119–20, 180, 234, 250–51, 254
and rape of elderly women, 250–51
and “two-family families,” 119–20, 230, 237
Williams, Matilda, 216
Williams, Samuel “Sam,” 29–31
Williams, Steve, 11, 12, 14
Williams, Thomas Arundel, 22, 138, 188
Williams, Will, 193, 200, 201, 214, 215–16
Williams family
and Cooper’s writings, 99–100, 101
deaths in, 193
as early Georgia settlers, 20–21
and economy of Georgia, 33
first biracial votes by, 28–29
and Hadley (Buddie) election defeat, 198
and Hadley (Buddie-Norman) relationship, 52
Hadley family compared with, 46–47
and Hamilton lynchings, 163, 164, 170
home of, 4, 11, 12, 22–24, 46–47
hotheads in, 139
marriage in, 47
miscegeny in, 121, 232–33, 245, 253
papers/letters of, 98
racism of, 250
reunion of, 252–53
sheriffs in, 46
slaves belonging to, 22–25, 32
and Tip Top murders, 200
as “two-family” family, 230, 233
wealth/class of, 9, 23, 33, 101–2
women in, 206
Williams-Hudson Family Association, 258
Williams Memorial Church, 233
Wilmington, North Carolina, 40, 102–3
Wilson, James H., 91, 156
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 59, 110, 150, 155, 206, 210
women
and anti-lynching movement, 188, 218–19, 222
as black housewives, 32
in Columbus, 127
and Cooper as first black feminist, 101
Du Bois comments about white southern, 177
and “honor killings,” 42
influence on law enforcement of, 219
as issue in violent behavior, 54, 74
killing of black, 186
KKK whipping of, 202
and Lost Cause movement, 41
lynching of black, 232, 240
occupations of black, 32
organizing of black, 208–9, 210, 211
protection of black, 95
as suffragists, 210
symbolism of southern, 61
voting by, 211
and white women as sacred, 95
See also rape; sexual relations; specific person
Women’s Missionary Society, 206, 207, 209, 211, 218
Woodmen of the World, 59, 63
World’s Congress of Representative Women (Chicago, 1893), 100–101
World’s Convention of Women (Chicago, 1892), 100
Wynn, Eugene, 140, 189
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