See also Free-market economic systems
Economic theory: Adam Smith’s procapitalist theory, 240
Economist magazine, 250–251
Education
GI Bill, 206–208
land grants through the Morrill Act, 78, 206
Lincoln’s, 13, 16
Thomas Lincoln’s lack of, 19–20
Effie Afton case, 22–23
Eight-hour work day, 173
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 214(fig.), 215–216, 215(fig.)
Elections and election campaigns
abolitionist platform, 98
growing momentum of the secession movement, 55–60
Harding’s postwar rhetoric, 194–195
Lincoln’s challenge to Senator Douglas, 38–42
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address, 43–49, 48(fig.), 59, 102–104
Lincoln’s election victory triggering the secession crisis, 55–60
Lincoln’s New England speaking tour, 49–50
Lincoln’s position on the Southern economy, 52–54
Lincoln’s victory, 55–57
military stalemate threatening the election, 151
Obama embracing Lincolnian government, 241–244
political cartoons, 105–106
Reagan’s victory, 223
regional success of the Republican Party, 43
Republicans’ nonabolitionist position, 102–104
Theodore Roosevelt’s attempted comeback, 186–188
Wade-Davis Bill provisions, 163
Wilson claiming Lincolnian views, 189
See also Suffrage; Voting rights
Electoral College, 57–59
“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (Gray), 15
Elements of Military Art and Science (Halleck), 136
Emancipation (lithograph), 131(fig.)
Emancipation efforts
Confederate emancipation proposals, 112–113
fugitive slaves during the war, 111–112
interregnum, 114
Lincoln’s political guile and political weakness, 115
Emancipation Memorial (statue), 130
Emancipation Proclamation (Preliminary, 1863), 127
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 120(fig.), 244(fig.)
as military order, 125
congressional presentation, 134
criticism of, 113–116
draft copy, 123
Frederick Douglass’s response to, 127–128
hinging on Union victory, 120–121
initial misgivings over, 117–118
issuance of, 126
Lincoln bypassing Congress, 119–120
Lincoln’s concerns over reelection, 149
Lincoln’s persistence in eradicating slavery, 79
Lincoln’s “unfinished work,” 139
omitting racial equality, 124
reconstruction process, 162–163
Seward and Welles denouncing, 117–118
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 64–65
Employment Act (1946), 208
Employment programs
Clinton’s economic policy, 231
low-income jobs replacing middle-income jobs, 247
Entrepreneurship, 221–222, 232
Environmental protections, 184, 228
Equality of opportunity. See Economic opportunity
Erie Canal, 25
Estate tax, 192, 231–232, 252, 261–262
Eugenics, 175–176
Exceptionalism, American, 73
Extension of slavery
as requirement for the survival of slavery, 72–73
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 33–36
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 38–42, 60
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address, 44–49
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, 67–68
Lincoln’s refusal to compromise on, 61–64
Lincoln’s shift towards abolitionism, 100–101
Republican Party backing for Lincoln’s position on, 49–50
Republican voters’ support of Lincoln over, 105
Southern states’ secession, 71–72
”ultimate extinction” philosophy, 52–54
versus secession, 60–61
Extremists, Lincoln’s concerns over, 94–95, 98–99, 102–104
Fair Deal initiatives, 215
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 205
Fairness in government, 257
Family and Medical Leave Act (1993), 228
Family as labor force, 13–14
Federal Bureau of Corporations, 186
Federal Government Arbitration Commission, 183
Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906), 184
Federal Reserve Bank, 216
Federal Reserve Board, 192
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 192
Fifteenth Amendment, 168–169
Film industry, 188–189
Foner, Eric, 123
Ford, Gerald, 219–220
Four freedoms, 214
Fourteenth Amendment, 164, 168
Free labor
Lincoln’s economic policy, 49–50
Lincoln’s position on government involvement, 30–31
Lincoln’s position on slavery, 91–93
Lincoln’s presentation of the Emancipation Proclamation, 116
under free-market economics, 173–175
See also Labor
Free Soil issue, 43, 60
Free trade, 173
Freed slaves
Andrew Johnson’s lack of postwar protection and support, 166
laissez-faire economic doctrine and social Darwinism, 176
response to former slave owners, 165–166
Union troops, 149
Freedmen’s Bureau, 164, 166–168
Free-market economic systems, 30–31, 172–175, 220–221, 237–238
Friedman, Milton, 216, 218
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 34, 67–68, 100, 107, 110
Fugitive slaves: Civil War onset, 110–112
Garrison, William Lloyd, 104, 129–130
Gates, Bill, 258
Gender roles: Lincoln’s background, 13–14
General Land Office, 80
Gettysburg, Battle of, 147, 188
Gettysburg Address, 76–77, 114, 137–142, 137(fig.), 141(fig.), 178, 188
GI Bill (1944), 206–208
Giddings, Joshua, 99
Gilded Age
abandonment of the poor, 172(fig.)
Bush’s conservative policies, 234
government policies enriching the rich, 177
laissez-faire economic doctrines, 175
loss of economic opportunity, 190
rationale of political economy, 172–173
Reagan’s belief in the values of, 221
supply-side economics as rebirth of, 219
Glass-Steagall Act (1933), 227
Godkin, E.L., 175
God’s will, Civil War as, 140–145, 149, 151–155
Gospel of Wealth, 179, 190, 195–196, 217, 220, 232, 234, 257, 260
Government, federal
Clinton’s economic policy involving, 228–230
declining confidence after the Great Recession, 240
expenditures under Roosevelt, 209–210
Franklin Roosevelt codifying America’s social contract, 205–206
history of efficiency and effectiveness, 249–250
ideological debate over the function of, 257–260
infrastructure development, 25–26
laissez-faire economic doctrine, 172–175, 177–179
legislating economic control, 77–78
legitimate objects of, 75–77
Lincoln’s expansion of federal government and army, 84–87
Obama espousing Lincolnian tradition, 241–244
postwar federal expansion, 171
Reagan and the Republicans’ benefits for the wealthy, 234–235
Reagan’s call for reduction in, 220–222
s
ocial Darwinism, 176
state economic regulation regimes, 222
supremacy of state governments over, 134
Government failure, 235
Government “for the people”
Cleveland denouncing, 178
FDR’s New Deal programs, 199–210
laissez-faire doctrines denying, 178–179
Lincoln’s legacy, 7, 73
Lyndon Johnson’s “great society,” 216
national and state parks, 80
Reagan’s rhetoric and economic policies, 222–225
role of armed conflict, 136–139
slavery as economic and moral issue, 113–115
Theodore Roosevelt’s commitment to social problems, 182–187
Wilson’s commitment to, 191–192
Graduated income tax system, 78, 192
Grant, Ulysses S., 142, 149, 150(fig.), 151–152, 171–172, 177–178
Gray, Thomas, 15
Great Depression, 197–198
Great Recession, 237–240, 245–246, 259
Great Society programs, 216
Greeley, Horace, 46, 113, 124
Greenspan, Alan, 218, 237–238
Griffith, D.W., 188–189
Guerrilla warfare, 167
Gustrine, Charles, 193(fig.)
Habeas corpus, suspension of, 140
Halleck, Henry W., 117, 136, 147
Hanks, Dennis, 13
Hard war program, 154
Harding, Warren G., 194–195
Harpers Ferry raid, 102–104, 103(fig.)
Harper’s New Monthly magazine, 42
Hay, John M., 119
Hayes, Rutherford B., 167–168
Health insurance programs under Lyndon Johnson, 216
Henry Jackson Initiative for Inclusive Capitalism, 238–239
Heritage Foundation, 218–219
Hodges, Albert G., 141
Home ownership, 248
Homestead Act (1862), 78, 88
Hooker, Joseph, 147
Hoover, Herbert, 196–198, 222, 260
Hoovervilles, 195–196
“House divided” speech, 4–8, 39–40, 42–43, 47–50, 141
Human capital, federal spending for, 228
Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co., 22–23
Ideological differences
Gilded Age policies enriching the rich, 177
Reagan’s economic policy, 217–218
the function of government, 257–260
See also Laissez-faire (free-market economics) doctrines; Slaves and slavery
Immigration
building the economy through, 87
labor surplus creation, 174
Obama’s policies, 249
Union troops, 149
Impeachment vote against Andrew Johnson, 166
Inaugural Addresses, Lincoln’s, 67–70, 77, 106–107, 142–145, 144(fig.), 155, 162, 243
Inauguration, Lincoln’s, 65
Income inequality, 232–234
Income tax bill, 78, 85
Independence Day message, 134–135
Individual rights, 228
Industrial Revolution, 80, 89–90
Industrialization
free-market economics, 172–175
New Deal social policies, 205
Northern states’ economic expansion, 86–87
postwar wealth gap in the North, 171
Theodore Roosevelt’s commitment to the working class, 181–183
Inequality, economic and social
building a successful middle class to reduce, 257
Bush dismantling Clinton’s economic gains, 231–232
Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth, 179
equal pay for African American soldiers, 79, 127
Franklin Roosevelt codifying America’s social contract, 205–206
Great Recession increasing, 238–240
income inequality, 232–234
Nordic countries’ economic equality, 250–252
Obama’s economic plan targeting the wealthy, 249–250
post-1982 economic shift to benefit the wealthy, 231–237
postwar wealth concentration, 171
rise with postwar expansions, 236(fig.)
social Darwinism increasing, 176–177
Thomas Lincoln’s ambivalence towards slavery, 17
Tocqueville’s observations of the American Dream, 11–12
See also Middle class
Inflation: Carter’s monetary policy, 216–217
Infrastructure
chain gangs and peonage labor, 168
destruction of, 152–153
federal government support for, 22–26
Jackson’s opposition to development of, 28
Insurance
Franklin Roosevelt’s social insurance programs, 204, 209–210
health insurance programs under Lyndon Johnson, 216
Interregnum, 114
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 184
Interstate Commerce Commission, 186
Jackson, Andrew, 27–28, 77–78
James, Frank, 167
James, Jesse, 167
Job creation, 247–249
“John Brown’s Body” (song), 154–155
Johnson, Andrew, 156, 164–166
Johnson, Lyndon, 216
Judiciary
laissez-faire doctrines, 178–179
Theodore Roosevelt’s reforms, 186
The Jungle (Sinclair), 184
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 29–30, 33–36, 57(fig.), 60, 92
Kellogg, William, 62
Keynes, John Maynard, 219
Ku Klux Klan, 168–169, 189
Labor
capital and, 81–84, 185–186, 200–201
foreign immigrants, 87
Franklin Roosevelt’s defense of the New Deal, 200–201
free labor under free-market economics, 173–175
Lincoln’s background, 13–15
minimum wage debate, 249
Obama’s economic recovery plan, 248–249
right-to-work laws, 222–223
Theodore Roosevelt echoing Lincoln’s views on the superiority of, 185–186
Labor surplus, 174
Labor unrest, 204
Laissez-faire (free-market economics) doctrines, 172–175, 177–179
Land
Homestead and Morrill Acts, 78, 88, 206, 249–250
national and state park systems, 80
Thomas Lincoln’s struggle to retain, 20
voting rights based on property ownership, 176–177
Law practice, Lincoln’s, 21–24, 34–35
League of Nations, 193
Lee, Robert E., 142, 147–148, 152–153
Liberty League, 200–201
Lincoln, Abraham
abolition and racial equality in reconstructed states, 163–164
age progression, 256(fig.)
Alschuler’s photograph, 39(fig.)
assassination of, 155–156
Cooper Union address, 43–49, 48(fig.), 59, 102–104
Cuomo invoking the legacy of, 223
Eisenhower’s portrait of, 214(fig.)
equal economic opportunity, 80
“enslavement” to his father, 17–18
eulogy for Henry Clay, 30
fireside reader, 14(fig.)
Franklin Roosevelt’s progressive policies as the legacy of, 198–199, 210–211, 213–214
Gilded Age abandonment of the poor, 172(fig.)
ideological differences in the purpose of government, 257–260
inauguration, 65
initial tenets and goals, 23–27
innovative programs, 249–250
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 35–36
legitimate objects of government, 75–76
Lincoln’s embrace of antislavery, 92–93 (see also Economic opportunity)
Lincoln-Douglas debates on extension of slavery, 38–42
Lincoln’s loss to Douglas, 42 (see also Elections and election campaigns; Lincoln-Douglas debates)
McClellan’s tactics, 146–147
military service and law practice, 21–24
military stalemate threatening the election, 151
personal ambition and commitment to abolition, 44
pragmatism, Lincoln’s, 72, 255–256
presidential candidates’ claims on, 187
presidential nomination, 44
racial equality stance, 121–124
Rail-Splitter painting, 19(fig.)
Reagan’s claim to the legacy of, 220–221, 223–225
retail enterprise, 20
socioeconomic background, 12–15
Theodore Roosevelt and, 185(fig.), 187(fig.)
Wilson claiming Lincolnian views, 189–192
See also Casus belli; Civil War; Economic opportunity; Emancipation Proclamation; God’s will, Civil War as
Lincoln, Nancy (mother), 14
Lincoln, Robert (son), 187
Lincoln, Thomas (father), 13–14, 16–17, 19–21
Lincoln Quick-Step (sheet music), 56(fig.)
Lincoln-Douglas debates
attacking Lincoln’s abolitionist position, 102
Horace White’s coverage of, 174
“House Divided” speech, 4–8, 39–40, 42–43, 47–50, 141
influence of public opinion on public policy, 114
Lincoln’s embrace of antislavery, 92–93
Lincoln’s position on extension compromise, 38–42
Linder, Usher, 98
Lippman, Walter, 198
Lochner v. New York, 178–179
Lovejoy, Elijah, 97
Lyceum speech, 95–97
Lynchings, 95–96, 168–169
Magee, J. L., 131(fig.)
Mandate for Leadership: Policy Management in a Conservative Administration (Heritage Foundation), 218–219
Manufacturing
black labor migration from the South, 169–170, 203
Lincoln encouraging development of, 78
postwar industrialization in the North, 170–171
Union’s scorched-earth policy toward the South, 151–152
See also Industrialization
Mason-Dixon line, 33
McClellan, George B., 111, 117–118, 146–147, 150(fig.)
Meade, George G., 147
Meatpacking industry, 184
Media
attacking Lincoln’s position on abolitionism, 101
Lincoln’s command of public opinion and, 115
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address, 46
Lincoln’s emancipation proposal, 118–119
political assassination, 97
publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 100
Southern response to Lincoln’s Inaugural Address, 70
voter interest in politics, 35
Mellon, Andrew, 222
Mexican-American War (1846–1848), 33, 98
Micklethwait, John, 250–251