criticism of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 115–116
extremist behavior, 102
framer’s goals, 41, 45–47
Harriet Beecher Stowe, 99–100
John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry, 102–104, 103(fig.)
Lincoln’s “enslavement” to his father, 17–18
Lincoln’s plan for extinction of slavery, 109–110
Lincoln’s political and philosophical shift, 99
Lincoln’s resistance to, 91–95
Lincoln’s separation from abolitionists, 60
Lincoln’s softening stance on, 51
Lincoln’s tenuous relationship with, 127
political consequences for the Whig Party, 98–99
public opinion shifting towards permanent abolition, 128
reasons for Lincoln’s mistrust of, 101
Thirteenth Amendment, 129–130
Wade-Davis Bill provisions for reconstructed states, 163
Activist government, 76
African Americans
enlistment of, 79
increased segregation under Woodrow Wilson, 188–189, 191
labor migration during World War II, 203
laissez-faire economic doctrine and social Darwinism, 176
Lincoln’s meeting with, 121–123
Lincoln’s views of, 17–18
Obama’s inauguration, 241(fig.)
Southern postwar reinstatement of stratified society, 168–169
Truman’s initiatives for racial equality, 215
voter repression in the South, 169
World War I veterans, 194(fig.)
See also Slaves and slavery
Agriculture
Lincoln’s background in, 14–15
Thomas Lincoln’s struggle to survive, 20
Union army scorched-earth policy in the South, 149, 151–154
urban migration, 88
Agriculture, U.S. Department of, 88–89
Allegiance to the Union, 161, 167
Alschuler, Samuel, 39(fig.)
American Action Forum, 248
American Revolution, 66
American System, 24–25, 28, 30 (see also Clay, Henry)
American Tobacco Company Trust, 184
Anderson, Jourdon, 165
Anderson, Marian, 210
Anderson, P.H., 165
Annual Messages to Congress, Lincoln’s, 77, 80–81, 85, 87, 125–126, 163
Antietam, Battle of (September 17, 1862), 125
Antitrust legislation
laissez-faire doctrines gutting, 178–179
postwar growth of corporations and trusts, 171
Theodore Roosevelt’s antitrust activities, 184–186
Wilson’s tariff reform, 192
Appalachian Mountains, 16–17
Assassinations, political
Abraham Lincoln, 155–156
attempt on Theodore Roosevelt, 188
Elijah Lovejoy’s abolitionism, 97
Atlanta, capture of, 152
Austerity measures, 219–220
Balanced budgets, 197–198, 202–203, 220
Ball, Thomas, 130
Banks
Clinton reducing government regulation of, 227–228
federal government expenditures and personal savings, 85
Jackson’s campaign against, 28
National Banking Act, 77–78
New Deal correcting the 1929 crisis, 199–202
Barro, Robert, 216
Barton, Dominic, 238–239
Bates, Edward, 51, 84, 119–120
“Battle Hymn of the Republic,” 154–155
Beckwith, Robert Todd Lincoln, 215(fig.)
Bell, John, 55
Birth of a Nation (film), 188–189
Black codes, 166, 170
Black Laws, 36–37
Blair, Montgomery, 114–115
Bloomberg, Michael, 258
Bond legislation, 85
Booth, John Wilkes, 155–156
Border slave states, 111, 116–118
The Boyhood of Lincoln (chromo), 14(fig.)
Bramlette, Thomas, 91
Breckinridge, John C., 55
Britain: Henry Clay’s protective tariff, 28–29
Brown, John, 102–104, 103(fig.), 154–155, 184–185, 241–242
Brown v. Board of Education, 169–170
Browning, Orville H., 118
Bryant, William Cullen, 49
Buchanan, James, 56–57
Buell, Don Carlos, 147
Buffett, Warren, 258
Bull Run, First Battle of, 146
Bully pulpit, Theodore Roosevelt’s, 182–184
Burns, Arthur F., 216
Bush, George H.W., 224(fig.)
Bush, George W., 230–234, 241–242
Business interests. See Corporate interests
Butler, Benjamin, 110–111, 156
Cameron, David, 252
Cameron, Simon, 51
Campaign spending: Theodore Roosevelt’s policies, 186
Capital, labor and, 81–84, 185–186, 200–201
Capitalism: increasing inequality after the Great Recession, 238–239
Carnegie, Andrew, 179
Carpenter, Francis Bicknell, 120(fig.)
Carpetbaggers, 167
Carter, Jimmy, 216–217
Cartoons, political
anti-Lincoln, 105–106
Gilded Age abandonment of the poor, 172(fig.)
Lincoln and Douglas election campaign, 57(fig.)
Lincoln and McClellan, 150(fig.)
Obama’s inauguration, 241(fig.)
presidential race, 105–106
Casus belli (justification for war)
God’s will, 140–145, 149, 151–155
importance of the middle class to the Union, 81–84
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, 144–145
See also Economic opportunity; Slaves and slavery
Chain gangs, 168
Chase, Salmon P.
abolitionism, 100
Lincoln’s cabinet, 84–85
Lincoln’s presidential nomination, 51
objection to the Emancipation Proclamation, 120, 123–124
reconstruction debate and factionalization, 162
Child labor laws, 173–175, 184, 192, 205
Churchill, Winston, 252
Civil War
as God’s will, 140–142
Battle of Antietam, 125
casualty figures, 89–90, 126
Confederate surrender, 156
Confederate victories, 110
Emancipation Proclamation, 117–118
Emancipation Proclamation hinging on Union victory, 120–121, 124–125
end of the formal military phase, 154
expansion of federal government activities, 86–87
fugitive slaves deserting the Confederacy, 110–113
funding, 78
interregnum, 114–115
Lincoln’s belief in the necessity of, 135–137
Lincoln’s commitment to federal control, 90
Lincoln’s expectations of the consequences, 146–147
opening shots, 70
reuniting the nation, 161–162
See also Casus belli; Emancipation Proclamation; Secession
Civil Works Administration, 199
Civilian casualties: Union’s scorched-earth policy in the South, 149, 151–154
Civilian Conservation Corps, 199
Class warfare: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s response to, 200–201
Clausewitz, Carl von, 135–136
Clay, Henry
Compromise of 1850, 33–34
death of, 30
Lincoln’s inspiration from, 24–25
political philosophy, 97–99
protective tariff, 28–29
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914), 192
Cleburne, Patrick, 112
Cleveland, Grover: scand
al and corruption, 178
Clinton, Bill, 227–229, 229(fig.)
Coal miners, 183
Cold War, 217
Collective bargaining, 202, 204–205, 232
Colonization of African Americans, 109–110, 122, 124–126
Common good, government promoting, 76
Communitarianism: Clinton’s policy approach, 228–230
Compensated emancipation, 109–110, 116–117, 122
Compromise of 1850, 33–34, 110
Compromise of 1877, 167–168
Confederate states
economic effect of the military effort, 112
postwar guerrilla groups, 167
surrender to Union troops, 156
See also Southern states
Confiscation Acts (1861 and 1862), 111, 118–119
Congress, US
Henry Clay’s protective tariff, 28–29
compensated, gradual emancipation, 116–117
Confiscation Acts, 111, 118
economic downturn causing declining confidence in, 240
Emancipation Proclamation, 118–119
foreign immigration, 87
income tax bill, 78
Lincoln’s appeal for military support, 70–71
Lincoln’s push for infrastructure development, 26
Lincoln’s Special Message, 77, 80–81
majority white rule in the South, 167–168
political consequences of abolitionism, 98–99
political corruption under Grant, 171–172
reconstruction tensions and conflicts, 166–167
Republican control blocking middle-class programs, 241–242, 245–246
secession crisis, 60–64
Taft-Hartley Act, 222
Theodore Roosevelt’s anti-corruption policies, 185–186
Thirteenth Amendment, 129–130
Truman’s Fair Deal initiatives, 215
”ultimate extinction” philosophy of slavery, 53–54
Wade-Davis Bill, 163
Wilson’s Democratic majorities, 192
See also Annual Messages to Congress, Lincoln’s
Conness, John, 80
Conscription law, 78–79
Constitution, US
arguments for and against abolition, 45–47
Fourteenth Amendment, 164, 168
framers’ goals for abolition, 41
Lincoln’s pragmatic political approach to slavery, 72
Lincoln’s reluctance to eliminate slavery through war, 93–94
power over slavery and racial equality, 60
protection of fugitive slaves, 111
Thirteenth Amendment, 128–130
Consumer demand, 231
Consumer protection legislation, 184
Containment of slavery, 52–53
Contest in America (Mill), 72
Contrabands, 110–111
Convict leasing, 168
Coolidge, Calvin, 194
Cooper Union address, 43–49, 48(fig.), 49–50, 50(fig.), 54, 59, 102–104
Corning, Erastus, 140
Corporate interests
antipathy to Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal, 199–200
coal miners’ strike, 183
economic and societal impact of supporting, 246
Harding’s probusiness administration, 195
inflation under Carter threatening regulation and taxation of, 217
laissez-faire economic doctrine, 174–176, 178–179
postwar industrialization in the North, 171
Reagan dismantling New Deal policies, 219
Reagan’s “entrepreneur as king” rhetoric, 221–222
social Darwinism increasing inequality, 177
Theodore Roosevelt’s policies for the common good, 183–186
Wilson’s rejection of the Gospel of Wealth, 190
Corruption and scandal
Cleveland administration, 178
Gilded Age policies enriching the rich, 177–178
Grant administration, 171–172, 177–178
Harding administration, 194–195
Theodore Roosevelt’s battle against corporate interests, 185–186
Cox, James M., 194
Cuomo, Mario M., 223
Currency policy, 28
Currency unification, 78
Curry, Leonard P., 78
Darwin, Charles, 175
Davis, Jefferson, 65, 112–113, 133, 156
Debt, federal, 85, 235
Declaration of Independence, 72–73, 76–77
Demand-side economic systems, 219–220, 234–235
Democracy
America’s early expansion of, 26–27
redefining under social Darwinism, 176–177
Scandinavian welfare systems, 250–251
Wilson’s progressive views on the purpose of, 191
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 11–13
Democratic National Convention, 198, 223
Democratic Party
accusations of abolitionist violence, 102
Jacksonian policies, 17–18
laissez-faire doctrines, 178
postwar return of Southern states to Congress, 166
Denmark: economic and political system, 250, 252
Domestic violence, 16
Douglas, Stephen A.
admiration for Lincoln’s oratory, 35
attacking Lincoln’s position on abolitionism, 101
Compromise of 1850, 33–35
framers’ views on slavery and abolition, 47
Lincoln’s campaign against, 38–42
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address, 46
Lincoln’s position on racial equality, 40(fig.)
political cartoons, 57(fig.)
political violence, 96
presidential campaign, 42–43
presidential election results, 55
presidential nomination, 43–47
Douglass, Frederick
defense of John Brown’s extremism, 104
Emancipation Proclamation, 127–128
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s writings, 100
Lincoln’s inauguration, 68
Lincoln’s justification for the war, 144–145
Lincoln’s position on racial equality, 122–123, 130–132
political attack on Lincoln’s abolitionist position, 106–107
recruitment of black soldiers, 79
secession crisis, 59
Draft, involuntary, 149
Dred Scott decision, 39, 49, 69–70
Earned-income tax credit, 216
Economic crises
following economic growth, 259
stock market crash of 1929, 195–196
unemployment insurance under Franklin Roosevelt, 209–210
Economic democracy, 41
Economic development, 25–26
Economic growth
average annual growth 1949–1981 vs. 1982–2014, 236(fig.)
Bush dismantling Clinton’s gains, 231–233
Clinton administration progress, 230–231
Franklin Roosevelt’s stimulus programs, 199–200
importance of the middle and working classes, 256–257
laissez-faire economic doctrine, 174–175
major issues impeding growth and stability, 246–247
modern economic policy, 227–228
1920’s boom and bust, 195–196
postwar industrialization in the North, 170–171
Reagan’s view of GDP as barometer of, 222
science of political economy, 172–173
stimulating the civilian and military economies, 88–90
Economic opportunity
as purpose of liberty, 75
building a middle-class life, 257–258
Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth, 179
emancipation interregnum, 114–115
equal pay for African American soldiers, 79, 127
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal policies supporting, 201–202
Henry Clay’s American System, 24–26, 28, 30
history of America’s, 259
ideological debate over, 258–260
labor versus capital, 81–84, 185–186, 200–201
Lincoln’s commitment to Union permanence, 64–67
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address and New England tour, 49–50
Lincoln’s opposition to westward extension of slavery, 36–38, 60
Lincoln’s socioeconomic background, 13–15, 19
Missouri Compromise, 33–34
Obama’s campaign theme, 242–245
racial equality and, 77
state liberty outweighing slaves’ rights, 145–146
Tocqueville’s observations of the American Dream, 11–13
Wilson’s commitment to government for the people, 191–192
Economic policy
Carter’s monetary expansion, 216–217
Clinton administration, 227–229
compensated emancipation, 116–117
conservative policy after 1981, 238
Franklin Roosevelt codifying America’s social contract, 205–206
Franklin Roosevelt’s criticism of Hoover, 197
Franklin Roosevelt’s inherited economic disaster, 197–198
Franklin Roosevelt’s progressive policies, 213–214
free-market systems, 30–31, 172–175, 220–221, 237–238
Henry Clay’s American System, 24–25, 28, 30
Henry Clay’s protective tariff, 28–29
increasing the North-South divide, 29
Jackson’s populism, 27–28
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 33–37
Lincoln’s commitment to the Union, 72–73
Lincoln’s presidential campaign and the Southern economy, 52–53
Reagan’s economic policy dominating American politics, 240–241
Reagan’s supply-side rhetoric, 217–225
strong governmental control over, 77–78
Wilson’s commitment to government for the people, 191–192
Economic realism, 72
Economic stability, middle class providing, 12
Economic systems
free-market economics, 172–175
free-market systems, 30–31, 172–175, 220–221, 237–238
funding the expanded national government, 84–85
government expenditures of 1862 and 1865, 86(table)
importance of capital versus labor, 81–84, 185–186, 200–201
legitimate object of government, 75–76
political economy, 172–173
postwar industrialization in the North, 170–171
postwar persistence of the antebellum Southern economy, 168–170
Scandinavian welfare systems, 250–251
slavery threatening whites’ opportunities, 40–41
Southern resistance to reconstruction policies, 165
spurring agricultural growth, 88–89
Union’s scorched-earth policy toward the South, 149, 151–154