Middle class
African American middle class, 203
conservative Congress failing to support, 245–246
decline under the Bush administration, 231–233
economic growth under Clinton, 231
Emerson on Lincoln, 64–65
extension of slavery inhibiting expansion of, 109
financial crisis aftermath, 239
Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon’s progressive policies, 216
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal policies supporting, 201–202
Gettysburg Address reinforcing Lincoln’s view of the importance of, 138–139
government policies continuing to threaten, 247–248
government role in supporting, 76–77
history of economic opportunity, 259
Lincoln’s commitment to the Union, 73
Lincoln’s optimism over the ending of the war, 155
Lincoln’s political, economic, and social view of, 80–81
Obama’s economic recovery policy, 249
political and economic importance of, 255–257
postwar industrialization in the North threatening, 170–171
postwar wealth gap in the North, 171
Southern states’ failure to embrace the Northern economy, 169–170
stock market crash of 1929, 195–196
Tocqueville’s observations of the American Dream, 11–13
Wilson’s progressive agenda, 190–192
Migration of African American labor, 169–170, 203
Military
Confederate setback in the Shenandoah Valley, 151
Emancipation Proclamation as military order, 125
Emancipation Proclamation hinging on Union victory, 120–121
Emancipation Proclamation objectives, 126–127
foreign immigrants expanding the Union army, 87–88
fugitive slaves moving to the North, 110–111
GI Bill, 206–208
Grant’s strategies and tactics, 151
increasing government funding since World War II, 235
involuntary draft, 149
Lincoln’s attempts at boosting morale, 136–137
Lincoln’s expansion of federal government and army, 84–87
Lincoln’s service in, 21
protecting former slaves during reconstruction, 165
Roosevelt’s expansion of, 203
troop sizes for North and South, 148–149
Truman’s initiatives for racial equality in, 215
Union armies’ lack of overall strategy and vision, 147–150
Union economic expansion funding, 86
See also Civil War
Mill, John Stuart, 72
Miller, G. William, 216
Minimum wage, 174, 205, 230–231, 249
Misery index, 216–217
Mississippi, mob violence in, 95–96
Missouri Compromise (1854), 29–30, 33, 57(fig.), 60
Mitgang, Herbert, 225
Monetary policy under Carter, 216–217
Montgomery, David, 174
Moral principles
belief in fairness in government, 257
cynicism following the Great Recession, 240
economic democracy, 41
Gettysburg Address, 138–139
God’s will as casus belli, 149, 151
Lincoln’s “new birth of freedom” idea, 83–84
Lincoln’s philosophical and pragmatic commitment to abolition, 72–73
Lincoln’s position on the morality of slavery, 37–38
Morgan, J.P., 183
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862), 78, 206, 249–250
Mortgage industry, 248
National Banking Acts (1863 and 1864), 77–78
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), 199
National Labor Relations Act (1935), 204–205
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 204–205
National park system, 80
New birth of freedom, 83–84
New Deal
balancing economic risk, 203–204
business community’s antipathy to, 199–201
conservatives undermining policies, 237–238
domestic stimulus, 201–203
economic policy and regulation of banking, 227–228
FDR’s legacy, 215–216
impact of the economic growth preceding, 259
inflation under Carter threatening, 217
labor rehabilitation, 204–205
legacy of, 214–215
FDR comparing New Deal to Lincoln’s policies, 198–199
New Mexico: popular sovereignty, 34
New Salem, Illinois, 20–21, 24
New York Evening Post, 49
New York Times, 49
News media. See Media
Nicolay, John G., 49
The Nigger in the Woodpile (cartoon), 105–106, 106(fig.)
Nixon, Richard M., 216
Norquist, Grover, 234
Northern Securities Company, 184
Northern states
anger over perpetuation of the war, 154–155
balancing Union defeats against emancipation initiative, 121
economic expansion before the war, 85–87
institutionalization of slavery, 36
laissez-faire economic doctrine and social Darwinism, 176
Lincoln’s assassination and funeral train, 156
Lincoln’s commitment to colonization of slaves, 125–126
material progress and social mobility, 29
postwar industrialization, 170–171
preserving white population and culture, 109–110
presidential election outcome, 55
promise of economic opportunity, 64–67
racial equality position, 121–124
union without emancipation, 145–146
voting rights and voter turnout, 169
westward extension of slavery, 40
See also Union
North-South divide
free labor and free-market doctrines, 30–31
popular sovereignty, 29–30
See also Economic opportunity; Slaves and slavery
Obama, Barack
conservative Congress struggling with, 247–250
economic recovery, 238
Emancipation Proclamation, 244(fig.)
job creation and economic recovery, 247–250
Lincolnian politics, 241–244
postpartisanship, 241–242
Ohio: Lincoln and Douglas campaigns in, 42–43
On War (Clausewitz), 135–136
Organized labor
coal miners’ strike, 183
decentralizing government regulation, 222
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal policies, 202
free-market economics threatening, 173–174
rehabilitation under Roosevelt, 204–205
Theodore Roosevelt’s support and protection for, 183–184
Osawatomie, Kansas, 184–185, 241–242
Panama, colonization of African Americans in, 122
Park systems, 80
Peace Convention, 63–64
Peonage, 168
Petersburg, Virginia, 151
Plessy v. Ferguson, 169
Political rights of postwar Southern states, 162–163
Political stability, importance of the middle class for, 256–257
Polk, James Knox, 98
Poll tax, 169
Pope, John, 118
Popular Sovereignty, 30, 34–36, 39, 42–43, 61–62
Populism, 27–28
Potomac, Army of the, 117, 151
Poverty
blaming the poor, 175
inspiring Lincoln’s views on slavery, 33–34
Lincoln’s ambition to overcome, 18–21
Lincoln’s background in, 12–15
Poverty wages in a free-market economy, 174–176
Preliminary Emancipati
on Proclamation, 127
Presidential nomination, 42–43, 51–52
Prison population, 168–169
Private interests, Clinton’s policies challenging, 229–230
Progressive Party, 241–242
Progressive policies
FDR’s legacy, 213–216
patriarchal nature of Teddy Roosevelt’s, 189–190
Theodore Roosevelt’s Lincolnian platform, 187
Theodore Roosevelt’s philosophic roots, 184–185
tenets of political progressives, 258–259
Wilson’s tariff reform, 192
Public Works Administration, 199
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 184
Racial equality
attack on Lincoln’s political stance, 101–102
Fourteenth Amendment rights, 164–165
Gettysburg Address, 138–139
increasing segregation under Wilson, 188–189, 191
Lincoln’s colonization and compensation proposal, 121–122
Lincoln’s commitment to the Union, 73
Lincoln’s interregnum policy, 60
Lincoln’s lack of support for, 36–37, 39–41, 40(fig.)
Lincoln’s position on free black labor, 91–93
Northerners’ resistance to, 105, 121–124
Southern resistance to, 168
under Franklin Roosevelt, 210
Wade-Davis Bill provisions, 163
Radical Republicans: reconstruction, 162–164
Railroads
Gilded Age policies enriching the rich, 177–178
Lincoln’s work on the Effie Afton case, 22–23
Northern expansion of, 87
postwar industrialization in the North, 170
transcontinental, 78
Union’s scorched-earth policy toward the South, 151–153
Rand, Ayn, 238
Raymond, Henry J., 49, 59–60, 62–63, 116
Reagan, Ronald, 224(fig.)
Clinton’s economic policies, 227–228
reversing Lincoln and Roosevelt’s economic policies, 233–234
stagflation and economic policies, 217–218
supply-side economics, 217–225
tax cuts for the wealthy, 230–231
Reconstruction
abolition and racial equality in reconstructed states, 163–164
factionalization, 162–166
Southern resistance to, 167–168
Reconstruction Acts (1867), 164–165
Regulatory policies
balancing economic risk under the New Deal, 203–204
conservatives undermining, 237–238
inflation under Carter threatening, 217
Reagan’s call for reduction in, 220–222
Theodore Roosevelt’s commitment to the resolution of social problems, 183–184
Wall Street and the banking industry, 227–228
Republican National Convention, 44, 51–52, 59, 223–224
Republican Party
backing Lincoln’s economic position on slavery, 49–50
congressional control blocking middle-class programs, 241–242, 245–246
conservative economic policy after 1981, 238
dismantling progressive economic policies, 231–238
founding of, 30
increasing wealth inequality, 238–239
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address and, 48–49
New Deal policies, 215
nonabolitionist position, 102–104
reconstruction debate and factionalization, 162–164
reversing economic gains for the middle class, 231–235
slavery threatening whites’ opportunities, 40–41
Restoration versus reconstruction, 162–166
Ricardo, David, 172–173
“Right makes might.” See Cooper Union address
Right-to-work laws, 222–223
Ritchie, A.H., 120(fig.)
Robber barons, 178
Rockefeller, John D., 171
Rockwell, Norman, 19(fig.)
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 197, 213–214
Roosevelt, Franklin, 209(fig.)
business community’s antipathy toward, 199–201
criticism of Hoover’s economic policy, 197
defining America’s social contract, 205–206
economic and social legacy, 208–211
GI Bill, 206–208
Harding’s election victory, 194
inheriting a disastrous economy, 197–198
innovative programs, 250
progressive policies, 213–216
public opinion of, 255
Reagan dismantling New Deal policies, 219
Roosevelt, Theodore
aristocratic perspective on policy, 189–190
attempted political comeback, 187–188
battle against corporate interests, 185–186
championing the working class, 181–183
estate tax, 192
FDR’s connection to, 197
Lincoln and, 185(fig.), 187(fig.)
park system, 80
progressive policies, 183–185
Root, Robert Marshall, 40(fig.)
Russell Sage Foundation, 239–240
Sack, Steve, 241(fig.)
Sanitory Fair, Lincoln’s Speech (Maryland, 1864), 145
Scandal, political. See Corruption and scandal
Scandinavian countries: economic and political systems, 250–251
Scorched-earth policy in the South, 149, 151–154
Scott, Winfield, 135
Secession
formation of the Confederacy, 65–66
fugitive slaves tipping border states, 111–112
impact on Southern states’ political rights, 162–163
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, 68–70
Lincoln’s insistence on federal control, 90
Lincoln’s Special Message to Congress following, 77
post-election secession crisis, 55–65
postwar return of Southern states to the Union, 166
reconstruction process, 166
slavery extension versus, 60–61
Southern reaction to the naval blockade, 70
Southern states’ conventions, 63
state supremacy over federal government, 134
Second Bank of the United States, 28
Second Inaugural Address, Lincoln’s, 142–145, 144(fig.), 155
African American veterans, 194(fig.)
Lincoln and the Black Laws, 36–37
reconstructionist South, 167–168
under Wilson, 188–189, 191
Seneca Falls Convention, 23
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944), 206–208
Seward, William H.
emancipation proposal, 117–118, 120
expansion of slavery compromise, 61
Lincoln’s cabinet, 84
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, 67–68
Lincoln’s inauguration, 69
Lincoln’s nomination, 51–52
presidential nomination challenge, 49
Sharecrop subsistence farmers, 168–170
Sheet music, 56(fig.)
Shenandoah, Army of the, 151–152
Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, 151
Sheridan, Philip H., 151, 153–154
Sherman, William T., 151–152
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), 178–179, 184
Sherwood, Robert E., 211
Shipping: Erie Canal construction, 25
Shultz, George P., 218
Sinclair, Upton, 184
Slaves and slavery
amnesty for seceded states, 163
extension as requirement for the survival of, 72–73
framer’s goals for abolition, 41
Gettysburg Address, 138–139
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 29–30, 33–36, 57(fig.), 60, 92
Lincoln’s background, 12–13
Linc
oln’s compensation and colonization plans, 109–110
Lincoln’s “enslavement” to his father, 17–18
Lincoln’s first legislative move against, 99
Lincoln’s “new birth of freedom” idea, 83–84
Lincoln’s opposition to, 91–93
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, 142–144
Missouri Compromise, 29–30, 33–34, 57(fig.), 60
peonage as latter-day slavery, 168
post-election secession crisis, 55–60
slave auction, 17–18
slave insurrection, 102–104
Thirteenth Amendment rights, 128–130
Thomas Lincoln’s ambivalence toward, 16–17
threatening whites’ economic opportunities, 40–41
See also Abolitionism; Extension of slavery
Smith, Adam, 172–173, 240
Smith, Al, 200
Social conditions and social welfare
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, 202
Theodore Roosevelt’s policies, 186
Social Darwinism, 175–177, 179–180
Social mobility
as purpose of liberty, 75
foreign immigrants expanding the Northern economies and army, 87–88
Lincoln’s ambition, 15–16
Lincoln’s ideology, 34
Lincoln’s law practice, 21–24
tariffs and infrastructure improvement, 29
Tocqueville’s observations on, 12
Social Security, 204, 232–233
South Carolina
Grant’s military target, 152–153
Lincoln’s position on racial equality, 101–102
secession of, 70, 75
Southern states
increased segregation under Wilson, 188–189
increasing policy divergence from the North, 29
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address as warning to, 47–48
Lincoln’s determination of federal control over, 90
Lincoln’s economic position on slavery, 37
Lincoln’s election triggering the secession crisis, 55–60
Lincoln’s presidential campaign, 52–53
Northern anger over perpetuation of the war, 154–155
postwar return of elite leaders, 166–167
postwar white supremacism, 167–169
presidential election outcome, 55
reinstating majority white rule, 167–168
resistance to reconstruction policies and goals, 167–168
rights under reconstruction, 163–165
state liberty outweighing slaves’ rights, 145–146
See also Confederate states
Special Message to Congress (1861), 77
Springfield, Illinois, 23, 27(fig.), 43, 50, 59, 63, 65–66, 156
Standard Oil Trust, 171, 184
Stanton, Edwin M., 84, 156
State government
economic regulation regimes, 222
postwar voter repression in the South, 167, 169