and twentieth century price revolution, 186, 188, 204, 233, 234, 244
North, Douglas, 435
Norway, 13, 182, 203, 403. See also Scandinavia
Oceania, 188, 245, 454, 493, 500
oil, 208–9, 209; 210, 212, 213, 215, 216, 256, 280
Old World. See Europe
oligopoly theory, 428
Oman, Charles, 285
Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries (OPEC), 208–9, 208–9, 213
Osier, William, 229
Ottawa Agreements (1932), 194
Ottoman Empire: bibliography, 387–88, 457
disintegration of, 269
and eighteenth century price revolution, 121, 152
emergence of, 40
and medieval price revolution, 40, 57
and Renaissance equilibrium, 57, 457
in seventeenth century, 269
and Venetian empire, 58
Ouellet, F., 271–72
Oxford, England, 306
Oxford University, 13
Padua, 57, 58, 330n19
Pakistan, 388
Palestine/Palestinians, 231, 438
Pareto, Vilfredo, 293, 298
Pareto’s Law, 291, 293, 297, 361n16
Paris, France: crime in, 35–36
cultural issues in, 118
and eighteenth century price revolution, 117–20, 135, 146–47, 148
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 102, 110
food prices in, 146–47, 148
and fourteenth century crisis, 35–36
grain prices in, 83, 102, 120, 135, 146–47
inequalities in, 117–18, 146–47
Juglar cycles in, 276
medieval price revolution in, 16, 35–36
and sixteenth century price revolution, 83
social unrest in, 146–47
Parker, R.A.C., 195
Parsons, Talcott, 313
Pastoureaux movement, 37–38
Paulus Macedonicus, Lucius, 66
Pavia, 456
Pearlberg, Don, 415
Pearson, Frank A., 272, 414
Peasant Rebellion (England), 49
peasants: and eighteenth century price revolution, 140, 144–46, 154
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 104, 113
and fourteenth century crisis, 35, 37, 41, 327n9
and medieval price revolution, 28–29, 31, 34, 35, 37, 41, 144, 327n9
and Renaissance equilibrium, 47, 49
and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 100
and sixteenth century price revolution, 68, 79, 85, 87, 93, 100
and taxes, 85
and wars, 47
Peasants’ Revolt (Switzerland), 100
Peasants’ War (Germany), 87
Peninsular War, 154
Persian Empire, 269
personal violence. See Crime
Peru, 388
Peter the Great (tsar of Russia), 112
Phelps-Brown, E. Henry, 3, 5, 107, 108, 159, 312–13, 367, 369, 433, 474. See also Phelps-Brown-Hopkins price index
Phelps-Brown-Hopkins indices, 3, 4, 72, 90, 125, 159, 369, 433
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 110, 120, 272
Philip Augustus (king of France), 13
Philip the Fair (king of France), 32
Philip II (king of Spain), 91
Philippines, 388
Phillips (A. W.) curve, 359n22, 359n30, 501
philosophy, 100–101, 112–13
Picardy, 19–20, 28, 47, 320n12
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 62
Ping-ti Ho, 267
Pistoia, Tuscany, 16, 45–46, 46, 48, 49, 52, 456
plague, 41, 48, 68, 89, 94–95. See also Black Death
Plumb, J. H., 111, 345n19
Poland: bibliography, 388–89, 403
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 132, 149
energy prices in, 74
food prices in, 79, 335n24
grain prices in, 75, 79, 120
hyperinflation in, 193
manufactured goods in, 75
money in, 193
peasants in, 79
politics in, 56, 230
religion in, 101
and Renaissance equilibrium, 56
rents in, 79
returns to land in, 79
and sixteenth century price revolution, 74, 75, 79, 101, 334–35n24, 335n28
social unrest in, 101, 149
wages in, 132, 335n28
and wars, 195
Polanyi, Karl, 132
politics: bibliography, 425, 452–53, 459, 471, 477, 489
and causes of price revolutions, 248, 249
and differences among price revolutions, 240
and eighteenth century price revolution, 141, 148, 155
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 110–12, 477
and fourteenth century crisis, 452–53
and Renaissance equilibrium, 56, 459
and seventeenth century crisis, 240, 341n1, 471
and similarities among price revolutions, 237, 238
and twentieth century price revolution, 195, 203–4, 208, 229–30, 231–32
and twentieth century price revolutionm, 240–41
and Victorian equilibrium, 162, 171, 176, 177. See also Revolutionary crisis
Polynesia, 266–67, 440
Poos, L. R., 44
Pope, Alexander, 113
population: bibliography, 421–22, 443, 455, 465, 474, 481, 484
and causes of price revolutions, 247, 249
and commodity prices, 132
and differences among price revolutions, 240, 241
and disease, 41, 44–45
and eighteenth century price revolution, 123–26, 125, 132, 155, 240, 249, 481, 484
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 107, 110, 166, 348n13, 474
and equilibrium, 239, 249
and family disintegration, 304
and fourteenth century crisis, 35, 37, 41, 44–45, 240
and inequalities, 295, 296, 298
and medieval price revolution, 13, 16, 19–20, 23, 31, 35, 37, 41, 44–45, 240, 249, 320–21n12, 443
and Renaissance equilibrium, 47, 48, 49, 166, 328n4, 455
and seventeenth century crisis, 95, 96–97, 96, 101, 240, 341n1, 342n1
and similarities among price revolutions, 237, 238, 239
and sixteenth century price revolution, 72–73, 72, 75, 85, 87, 95, 96–97, 96, 101, 249, 333n17, 333–34n18, 334n19, 465
and twentieth century price revolution, 186, 187, 188, 204, 209, 229, 231, 233, 355–56n7
and Victorian equilibrium, 166, 167, 168, 356n7
and war, 96–97
world, 355–56n7. See also Malthusians
Portugal: bibliography, 389, 403, 461
colonies of, 121, 271
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 109
money in, 109, 283
price revolutions in, 70, 97, 121, 263, 263, 271, 461
social unrest in, 97. See also Iberia
Postan, Michael M., 17, 22–23, 48, 72–73, 295, 326n46, 333n17, 433, 504
Posthumus, Nicolaas, 367, 370
Potosí, 81–82, 121, 271, 337n39
predictions, 235–36, 251–53, 501
Pribram, A. F., 367
price controls/rationing: bibliography, 430–31
and eighteenth century price revolution, 148
and medieval price revolution, 34, 35
and neoclassical economics, 358n9
and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 256
and twentieth century price revolution, 191, 196, 197, 197, 199–200, 199, 206–8, 212, 230, 357–58n9
and wars, 256
price currents, 365–66
price floors, 201–2
price history (discipline), 7
price revolutions: in ancient world, 259–64
beginning of, 237, 241, 247
causes
of, 7–8, 241–51
climax of, 238, 240, 241, 248–49
consequences of, 8–9, 250–51, 253
and equilibrium, 246–47
fourth stage of, 238, 241, 248–49
in the future, 251–58
human intervention in, 250, 252–53
overview of, 3–10
prescriptions for thinking about, 253–58
and range of annual fluctuations, 240
rates of change among, 239–40
second stage of, 237, 241, 247–48
sequential differences among, 9, 239–46
structural similarities among, 9, 236–39
third stage of, 237–38, 241, 248
and wave patterns versus cycles, 9, 273–77, 318n7. See also Equilibrium; specific revolution
“price scissors, ” 45, 243, 323n20, 328n13, 431
price theory, 281
primary sources: and historical compilations, 366–97
and materials on analysis of primary sources, 405–6
mercuriales as, 365
and price currents, 365–66
and serial publications, 397–405
problematiques, 315–16, 369–70, 434
producer prices, 182, 204, 209, 215, 216
production/productivity, 187, 194–95, 216, 218, 232, 240, 243–44, 248
Protestantism, 77, 86–87, 101
Prussia: bibliography, 478
and eighteenth century price revolution, 124, 149
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 112, 478
interest rates in, 163
politics in, 112
population in, 124
returns to capital in, 162, 163
returns to land in, 164
and Victorian equilibrium, 156–57, 162, 163, 164, 171
and wars, 149, 171
Pugachev, Emilian, 141
Puritans, 101
Quesnay, François, 113, 116
Rabb, T. K., 341n1, 342n1
Ragusa, 96
Ramsay, Peter, 77
Rappaport, Steve, 334n22
rational expectations theory, 429
Reagan (Ronald) administration, 214–15, 223–25, 236, 359n28
real estate values: bibliography, 467, 483, 495
and eighteenth century price revolution, 130, 131, 483
and medieval price revolution, 28
and sixteenth century price revolution, 467
and twentieth century price revolution, 219, 234
and Victorian equilibrium, 161, 164, 495
real output, 166, 168
recoinages, 26, 32, 90, 109, 285–86, 326n46, 337n38
Reformation, 86–87
regulation, 255–56. See also Price controls/rationing
religion, 86–87, 101, 112, 134, 231–33
Renaissance: bibliography, 421, 448
“geometrical spirit” of, 331n24
Italian, 239
prosperity in, 329–30n13
of twelfth century, 12–13, 14–15, 239, 251, 448. See also Renaissance equilibrium
Renaissance equilibrium, 30, 45–63, 60–61, 103, 160, 166, 239, 251, 252, 454–59. See also specific nation or topic
rents: bibliography, 419–20, 445, 458, 467, 476, 495
and causes of price revolutions, 243, 244, 247, 249
and eighteenth century price revolution, 130, 131, 148
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 104–5, 104, 105, 108, 476
and equilibrium, 239, 249
and Marxism, 243
and medieval price revolution, 26, 28, 28, 34, 41, 327n9, 445
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 52, 56, 330n13, 458
and seventeenth century crisis, 341n1
and similarities among price revolutions, 238, 239
and sixteenth century price revolution, 77, 79, 79, 467
and twentieth century price revolution, 219
and Victorian equilibrium, 161, 164, 495
returns to capital: bibliography, 476, 483, 495
and causes of price revolutions, 247
and eighteenth century price revolution, 129–30, 130, 483
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 107, 108, 110, 345n18, 476
and inequalities, 300
and medieval price revolution, 29, 30
and Renaissance equilibrium, 54, 55–56
and similarities among price revolutions, 238
and sixteenth century price revolution, 77, 79, 80, 86, 92
and twentieth century price revolution, 180, 219, 219, 221, 222
and Victorian equilibrium, 162, 163, 164, 168, 495
and wars, 130, 162. See also Interest rates
returns to labor: and causes of price revolutions, 247
and eighteenth century price revolution, 133
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 104, 104, 110, 345n18
and inequalities, 300
and medieval price revolution, 27, 29, 30
and Renaissance equilibrium, 53
and similarities among price revolutions, 238
and sixteenth century price revolution, 73, 78, 79
and twentieth century price revolution, 188, 189, 219, 358–59n22
and Victorian equilibrium, 160, 161, 168. See also Standards of living; wages
returns to land: bibliography, 467
and eighteenth century price revolution, 126, 131
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 105
and medieval price revolution, 28
and Renaissance equilibrium, 52
and similarities among price revolutions, 238
and sixteenth century price revolution, 77, 79, 79, 86, 92, 467
and twentieth century price revolution, 219, 220
and Victorian equilibrium, 161, 164. See also Real estate values; Rents
revolutionary crisis: bibliography, 485–91
causes of, 245
and differences among price revolutions, 240
and eighteenth century price revolution, 142–56
and seventeenth century crisis, 341n1
and twentieth century price revolution, 232
and Victorian equilibrium, 157. See also American Revolution; French Revolution; Russian Revolution; Social unrest
Ricardo, David, 126, 130, 298, 431, 491
Richardson, R. C., 364
Rienzi, Cola di, 40
Robin Hood Paradox, 297, 298
Rodger, Richard, 364
Rogers, James E. Thorold, 45
Romania, 403
Romano, Ruggiero, 95, 271, 272, 347n7, 363–64, 372, 408, 412
Romanticism, 154–55
Rome, 39, 40, 68, 261, 261, 262, 437–38
Roosevelt (Franklin D.) administration, 194–95, 196
Roskilde, Bishop of, 47
Rothenberg, Winifred, 120, 272, 284, 370
Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 96
Rouen, France, 104, 330n16
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 141
Rowntree, B. S., 296
Rudé, George E., 289
Russia: bibliography, 389–90, 403–4, 473
disease in, 191
and eighteenth century price revolution, 141, 149, 153–54, 155
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 111, 112
food prices in, 191
gold/silver in, 84
grain prices in, 159
hyperinflation in, 193
inequalities in, 89
and medieval price revolution, 13, 40
money in, 193
politics in, 56, 111, 112, 141, 149, 191
price controls/rationing in, 212
and Renaissance equilibrium, 56
and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 101, 473
and sixteenth century price revolution, 84, 89, 93, 101
social unrest in, 101, 141, 149, 191, 473
and twentieth century price revolution, 188, 191, 193, 231, 234
and wars, 153–54, 155, 191. See also Soviet Union
Russian Revolution, 191
Rwanda, 229
St. Albans, England, 29, 36–37
Saloniki, 58
Salvador, 121, 271
Samuelson, Paul, 205, 279, 426
Sanchez-Albornez, Claudio, 263, 264, 317n3
Santa Maria Impruneta, Tuscany, 29, 30
Sardinia, 41
Saul, S. B., 275
savings and loan associations, 223–24
Savonarola, Girolamo, 67–68
Scandinavia: bibliography, 457, 464, 473
disease in, 41
and eighteenth century price revolution, 127, 134, 135
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103
and fourteenth century crisis, 38, 41
inequalities in, 135
medieval price revolution in, 13, 41
money in, 127, 283
population in, 72, 348n13
religion in, 87, 134
and Renaissance equilibrium, 457
and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 473
and sixteenth century price revolution, 72, 87, 93, 464
social unrest in, 473. See also Denmark; Norway; Sweden
Schofield, Roger, 123–24, 166, 167
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 274, 277
Schwartz, Anna, 184–85, 276, 337n38, 414, 496–97
science, 113, 177
Scotland: banking in, 110
bibliography, 394, 463
disease in, 41
and eighteenth century price revolution, 128–29, 141
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 107, 110
famine in, 107
medieval price revolution in, 38, 41
money in, 128–29
population in, 107
and sixteenth century price revolution, 93, 97, 100, 463
social unrest in, 100
and twentieth century price revolution, 193
and wars, 38, 97. See also Britain
second wave. See Sixteenth century price revolution
secondary sources: and economic theory, 426–32
general works, 406–26
and historical models, 435–501
and social theory, 432–35
seeing and knowing epistemology, 314–15
Segre, Angelo, 259
Serbia, 404
serial publications, 397–405
Seven Years War, 121, 129, 130, 135, 140
seventeenth century: crisis of, 91–102, 98–99, 240, 243, 245, 252, 269–70, 341–42n1, 468–74. See also specific nation or topic
Seville, Spain, 95–96, 276
Shakespeare, William, 100
Shinrikyo, Aum, 232–33
Sicily, 41, 100
Siena, 33, 50–51, 57
silver: bibliography, 420
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 127, 129
and fourteenth century crisis, 48
and medieval price revolution, 24, 25, 29, 32, 34, 324n28
and nominal prices, 285–86
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48
and sixteenth century price revolution, 80–83, 129, 332n14, 333n15, 336n35, 337n39, 338n41