and twentieth century price revolution, 205, 212, 216, 217, 219–20, 221, 222, 225, 234
and Victorian equilibrium, 162, 163, 164, 495. See also specific nation or geographical area
international compilations, 371, 398
international exchange: bibliography, 448, 450, 464
and late twentieth century crisis, 233
and medieval price revolution, 32–33
and sixteenth century price revolution, 91, 464
and twentieth century price revolution, 224–25, 233
International Monetary Fund, 210
International Scientific Committee on the History of Prices, 367–68
inventory cycles. See Kitchin cycles
Iran, 231
Ireland, 97, 100, 110, 141, 149, 203, 383
Isabella (queen of Spain), 56
Islam, 230–32, 263–64, 267, 439
Israel, 208, 210, 231–32
Italian Renaissance, 239
Italy: arms and armor prices in, 322n19
banking in, 33
climate in, 330n17
disease in, 49–50
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 144, 479–80
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 105, 112
famine in, 87
and fourteenth century crisis, 452
grain prices in, 6, 19, 120
hyperinflation in, 196
interest rates in, 29, 54, 55–56
medieval price revolution in, 19, 19, 25, 29, 33, 38, 320n8, 443, 444
money in, 25, 182, 283, 466
politics in, 57–58, 195, 203
population in, 13, 50–51, 72, 73, 96, 334n19
primary sources about, 383–85, 397, 402
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 49–51, 52, 54, 55–56, 57–58, 330n13, 330n17, 455–56
rents in, 52, 105, 330n13
returns to capital in, 54
returns to land in, 52
secondary sources about, 423, 443, 444, 452, 455–56, 461–62, 466, 473, 479–80, 492, 499
and seventeenth century crisis, 96, 96, 473
silver in, 324n28
and sixteenth century price revolution, 67, 70, 72, 73, 87, 96, 96, 461–62, 466
social unrest in, 40, 149, 473
and twentieth century price revolution, 182, 189, 195, 196, 198, 203, 217, 234, 499
and Victorianequilibrium, 171, 492
wages in, 29, 330n13
and wars, 38, 189, 198
wholesale prices in, 189. See also specific city
Ivan the Great (tsar of Russia), 256
Jacobs, Alfred, 364
Jacobson, Anna. See Schwartz, Anna
Japan: bibliography, 385, 402
consumer prices in, 204
deflation in, 232
energy prices in, 212
politics in, 195
producer prices in, 204
productivity in, 232
religion in, 232
returns to land in, 219
social unrest in, 232–33
stock markets in, 232
and trade, 212, 232, 233
and twentieth century price revolution, 195–96, 204, 212, 217, 219, 224, 232–33
and wars, 195–96
wholesale prices in, 233
“jawboning, ” 207–8
Jeanne d’Arc, 53
Jefferson, Thomas, 136
Jevons, Stanley, 276
Jews, 45, 101
John XXII (pope), 40
Johnson, Lyman L., 372, 412
Johnson (Lyndon B.) administration, 203, 204–5
Jones, A.H.M., 262
Jörberg, Lennart, 370
Journal of Economic History, 370
Juglar, Clément, 276, 418
Juglar trade cycles, 273, 276, 415, 418
Justice, Alexander, 282
Kauffman, Max, 200–201
Kaufman, Henry, 287
Kennedy, John, 203
Kerhuel, Marie, 409–10
Kett’s Rebellion, 77
Keynes, John Maynard, 206, 294, 367, 368–69, 428
Keynesian economics: bibliography, 428
Kitchin, Joseph, 276, 418–19
Kitchin business cycles, 273, 276, 415, 418–19
Kitwood, T., 274
Kleinknecht, Alfred, 275
Kondratieff, Nikolai D., 273, 368–69, 415–16. See also Kondratieff waves
Kondratieff waves, 5, 273–75, 360n7, 410, 415–18, 474
Koopmans, Tjalling, 313, 369
Korea, 402
Korean War, 198–200, 199, 256, 281
Kuznets, Simon, 276, 296, 298, 368–69, 418
Kuznets cycles, 273, 276, 296, 361n16, 415, 418, 426
Labini, Paolo S., 274
Labrousse, C. E., 146–47, 166, 244, 347n9, 363–64, 370, 407, 409, 410
Labrousse cycles, 241, 244, 273, 276, 415, 418
Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 73, 344n9, 433, 434
lag theory, 300
laisser faire economics, 116
Lamb, H. H., 169, 171
land. See Returns to land
Lane, Frederic, 58, 503–5
Languedoc, 73, 107, 146
Laslett, Peter, 301
Lassalle’s (Ferdinand) Conjecture, 293–94, 297, 298
Latin America: bibliography, 271, 372, 499
commodity prices in, 120
and eighteenth century price revolution, 121, 271, 272
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 347n7
European price movements compared with, 271, 272
hyperinflation in, 232
politics in, 241
revolution in, 232
and twentieth century price revolution, 204, 210, 232, 499
and wars, 232. See also specific nation
Lebergott, Stanley, 189, 289
Lee, Ronald Demos, 433
Lefebvre, Georges, 147, 350n4
Leghorn, 96
Lewis, Arthur, 185
life cycle theories, 296–97
Lille, France, 87, 88
Lindert, Peter, 297, 298
Lipsey, R. G., 414
Lisbon, Portugal, 134
literature, 62, 100, 113, 134, 154–55, 238, 469–70
Liu, P., 267–68
Lloyd George, David, 191
Locke, John, 113
London, England: banking in, 59
crime in, 172, 308
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 129, 135
energy prices in, 21, 334n22
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 102, 110
grain prices in, 102, 135
inequalities in, 94
interest rates in, 162
medieval price revolution in, 20, 35
money in, 48, 129
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48
and sixteenth century price revolution, 94, 334n22
social conflicts in, 49
and twentieth century price revolution, 179–81
and Victorian equilibrium, 162, 172, 176
“long swings”. See Kuznets cycles
long-term secular trends, 245, 252–54, 408–15
Lopez, Robert S., 324n28, 329-30n13
Lorenz curve, 291, 292
Louis IX (king of France), 24
Louis X (king of France), 40
Louis XI (king of France), 55, 56
Louis XIV (king of France), 112, 113, 116
Louis XV (king of France), 112, 119
Louis XVI (king of France), 143, 154
Low Countries: bibliography, 423
and eighteenth century price revolution, 129
famine in, 87
interest rates in, 55, 129
medieval price revolution in, 35
population in, 72
and Renaissance equilibrium, 55
returns to capital in, 129
and sixteenth century price revolution, 72, 88, 96, 97
Lu Tzu-ch’eng, 269
Lublinskaya, A. D., 341n1
Lucas, Hen
ry, 35
Luxembourg, 386
Lyons, France, 80, 336n29
McCloskey, Donald N., 426
McCusker, John J., 282, 284, 364
Macdonald, Ramsay, 195
Macedonia: mentioned, 40
McKinley, William, 181
macroeconomics, 426
Madagascar, 386
Main, Jackson Turner, 294–95
Maitland, F. W., 177
Malawi, 386
Mali, 265–66, 386
Malowist, M., 268
Malthus, Thomas, 73, 242, 243, 295, 298, 491
Malthusians: and causes of price revolutions, 8, 72, 241, 242–43
and fourteenth century crisis, 448, 449
inequality models of, 295
and seventeenth century crisis, 469
and sixteenth century price revolution, 460
and social theory, 432, 433–34
and twentieth century price revolution, 243. See also Population
Mandel, Ernest, 275
Mandingo Empire, 269
Manuel, Frank, 273
manufactured goods: and causes of price revolutions, 244, 247
and eighteenth century price revolution, 123, 123, 126, 139, 272
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103
and medieval price revolution, 22, 45
and seventeenth century crisis, 96
and similarities among price revolutions, 237
and sixteenth century price revolution, 73, 74–75, 74, 75
and twentieth century price revolution, 218, 218
and Victorian equilibrium, 157. See also specific type of goods
Marchetti, Cesare, 275
Marie Antoinette, 145–46
market revolutions, 295–96
“market-basket” index, 317–18n2
markets: and causes of price revolutions, 248
and differences among price revolutions, 239, 240
and eighteenth century price revolution, 249
global, 155, 168, 176, 188, 204
irrationality of, 249
and predictions about price revolutions, 252
stock, 184, 192, 193, 214–15, 232, 249
and twentieth century price revolution, 252. See also International exchange; Trade
Marseilles, France, 41, 96
Marshall, Alfred, 168, 368–69
Martin I (king of Aragon), 56
Marx, Karl, 73, 177, 295, 298
Marxism: and capitalism, 243
and causes of crime, 309–10
and causes of price revolutions, 8, 241, 243–44
and fourteenth century crisis, 328n13, 448, 449
and inequalities, 295, 361n16
and interest rates, 243
and Kondratieff waves, 273
and medieval price revolution, 243, 328n13
and “price scissors, ” 323n20, 328n13
and production, 243–44
and rents, 243
and secondary sources about price history, 408, 432, 434–35
and seventeenth century crisis, 341n1, 342n1, 468–69
and sixteenth century price revolution, 243, 460
and social theory, 432, 434–45
and social/cultural issues, 243
and twentieth century price revolution, 243
and Victorian equilibrium, 177
and wages, 243
Mass, Nathaniel J., 277
Massachusetts, 120, 135, 139, 144, 160, 163, 284
Mathias Corvinus (king of Hungary), 56
Maunder minimum, 245
Mayhew, N. M., 324n31
mean deviations, 292
mean/median ratios, 292
Medici family, 59, 62, 66, 67, 68, 3312
medieval price revolution: beginning of, 11–23
bibliography, 420, 441–48
causes of, 19–20, 24–25, 34, 242, 243, 245–46, 249
cultural responses to, 23–30
dates of, 3, 17, 319–20n8
and eighteenth century price revolution, 132, 152
lack of interest in, 6–7
and Marxism, 243
and Renaissance equilibrium, 45–63
and sequential differences among price revolutions, 239–46
sixteenth century price revolution compared with, 102
and structural similarities among revolutions, 236–39
in tenth century, 263
third stage of, 30–34. See also Fourteenth century: crisis of; specific topic, nation or geographical area
Mehmed I (sultan of Ottoman Empire), 57
Mehmed II (sultan of Ottoman Empire), 57
Mellon, Andrew, 193–94
Menard, Russell, 370
mercantilism, 116, 485
mercuriales, 365
Merton, Robert, 313
Mesopotamia, 259–60, 259, 436
metrology, 405–6
Metz, Rainer, 274
Mexico, 150, 152, 234, 266, 271, 386, 402
microeconomics, 426
Middle Ages, 305, 441. See also Medieval price revolution; specific century
Middle East: bibliography, 454, 464, 474, 480, 493
and eighteenth century price revolution, 121, 152, 480
and fourteenth century crisis, 454
and seventeenth century crisis, 269–70, 474
and sixteenth century price revolution, 464
and twentieth century price revolution, 204, 230–32
and Victorium equilibrium, 493. See also specific nation
Milan, 57, 82
Mill, John Stuart, 168
Ming dynasty, 269
Mironov, Boris, 479
Miskimin, H. A., 329–30n13
Mitchell, Wesley C., 276–77
mobilia, 16
Modena, 57, 70, 71
Mokyr, Joel, 433–34
monetarism: and causes of price revolutions, 8, 241–42, 244–45
and economic theory, 427–28, 432, 467–68
and fourteenth century crisis, 448, 449–50
and Gibson paradox, 242, 432
and hyperinflation, 430
and neoclassical economics, 244–45
and sixteenth century price revolution, 81, 241–42, 332n14, 337n38, 338n41, 459–60, 465
and twentieth century price revolution, 184–86, 224, 497
monetary inflation, 23, 278–80
monetary systems, 23, 32, 284, 316. See also Monetarism; Money
monetary theory. See Monetarism
money: of account, 282–84, 421
bibliography, 420–21, 441, 445–46, 453, 458, 465–66, 476, 484, 489, 494
and causes of price revolutions, 241–42, 247
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 127–29, 142–43, 149, 152, 282, 283, 284, 484
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 108–9, 476
of exchange, 16, 25, 282–84
and fourteenth century crisis, 453
and global markets, 176
and grain prices, 338–39n43
and late twentieth century crisis, 234
and medieval price revolution, 16, 19, 24, 32, 324n28, 324n31, 445–46
in Middle Ages, 441
mobilia as, 16
pseudo-, 176
quantity theory of, 84
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 421, 458
and revolutionary spirit, 489
and similarities among price revolutions, 238
and sixteenth century price revolution, 80–85, 83, 84, 89–91, 337n38, 338n41, 465–66
supply of, 19, 24, 32, 48, 242, 337n38
and twentieth century price revolution, 181, 184–86, 186, 191, 193, 194, 195, 205, 212, 224–25, 234, 355n6
and Victorian equilibrium, 157, 169, 170, 176, 494
and wars, 149, 158. See also Debasements; Recoinages
money wages, 77, 104, 189, 288
Mongols, 265
Monte Carlo model, 293–94
Moore, Geoffrey H., 277
Morineau, Michel, 108–9, 337n38, 406, 460
Munich, Germany, 70
Murad II (sultan of Ottoman Empire), 57
music, 103, 113
Namier, Lewis, 353n2
Naples, 33, 100, 133
Napoleonic Empire, 121, 153–54, 155, 169, 252, 490
Narbonne, 107
Nef, John U., 97, 367
neoclassical economics: and causes of price revolutions, 8, 241, 244–45
and economic theory, 428
and monetarism, 244–45
and price controls, 207, 208, 358n9
and twentieth century price revolution, 202–3, 207–8, 210, 358n9
Netherlands: bibliography, 386–87, 397, 402, 442, 463
and eighteenth century price revolution, 124, 129, 130, 130, 140, 141, 149
energy prices in, 208
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 104, 107, 109
grain prices in, 87
interest rates in, 54, 105, 107, 129, 130, 130, 140, 163, 221
and medieval price revolution, 442
money in, 82, 109, 283
population in, 124
religion in, 87
and Renaissance equilibrium, 54
returns to capital in, 54, 107, 129, 130, 162, 163, 221
and sixteenth century price revolution, 82, 87, 100, 463
social unrest in, 100, 141, 149
and twentieth century price revolution, 203, 208, 221
and Victorian equilibrium, 162, 163
and wars, 149. See also Low Countries; New Netherlands
Neuwirth, Erich, 274
New England: bibliography, 272, 395
climate in, 155
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 126, 153, 155, 272
family disintegration in, 302
gold in, 120
interest rates in, 163, 220
money in, 127, 283
population in, 155
returns to capital in, 162, 163
returns to land in, 126
in seventeenth century, 270
silver in, 120
and twentieth century price revolution, 220
and Victorian equilibrium, 162, 163
New France, 127, 270, 271–72, 283
“new inflation” models, 428–29, 500
New Netherlands, 270
New Spain, 270
New World, 120, 270. See also Americas; specific nation or geographical area
New York City, 223
New Zealand, 168, 187, 188, 387, 402–3, 493
Newton, Isaac, 113
Nicaragua, 231
Nigeria, 403
Nixon (Richard M.) administration, 206–8, 224, 236, 357–58n9
nominal prices, 285–86
Nordhaus, William D., 279, 426
Normandy, 32, 41, 52
North America: and causes of price revolutions, 244
and eighteenth century price revolution, 127, 150, 282
interest rates in, 234
money in, 127, 234, 282
population in, 186, 233
revolutionary crisis in, 150