speculation about, 214
supply of, 24, 48, 80–81, 127, 184, 336n35, 338n41
and twentieth century price revolution, 181, 184, 209, 214, 215
and Victorian equilibrium, 171. See also American treasure; Debasements; Recoinages; specific nation
Simiand, François, 5, 334n21, 368–69, 407, 408–9, 410
sixteenth century price revolution: beginning of, 70–75
bibliography, 459–68
causes of, 241–42, 243, 245, 249
climax of, 342n2
cultural responses to, 75–76
dates of, 3–4, 68, 70, 336n36
eighteenth century price revolution compared with, 152, 352n16
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 102–16
and imbalances, 76–87
and instability, 87–91
and Marxism, 243
medieval price revolution compared with, 102
and monetarism, 241–42
second stage of, 75–80
and sequential differences among price revolutions, 239–46
and structural similarities among revolutions, 236–39
and wave patterns, 6, 7. See also Seventeenth century: crisis of; specific topic, nation, or geographical area
Skipp, Victor, 341n1, 342n1
slave economy, 161–62, 496
Slawson, David, 202–3
Slovenia, 231
Smith, Adam, 117, 432
Smout, T. C., 289
social issues: bibliography, 447–48, 459, 468, 471, 473, 477, 487–89, 497, 501
and causes of price revolutions, 243, 247, 249, 250
and differences among price revolutions, 240, 241
and eighteenth century price revolution, 136
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 477
and fourteenth century crisis, 240
and Marxism, 243
and medieval price revolution, 447–48
and Renaissance equilibrium, 49, 459
and revolutionary crisis, 488–89
and seventeenth century crisis, 471
and sixteenth century price revolution, 76–80, 468
and twentieth century price revolution, 497, 501. See also Inequalities; Social unrest
social sciences, 312–14
social theory, 432–35
social unrest: bibliography, 453, 467, 472–73, 490–91
and causes of price revolutions, 248
control of, 155–56
and differences among price revolutions, 240
and eighteenth century price revolution, 149, 155–56
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 110–11
and equilibrium, 239
and fourteenth century crisis, 39, 453
and late twentieth century crisis, 232–33
and medieval price revolution, 39
and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 257
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48
and revolutionary crisis, 490–91
and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 94, 97, 98–99, 100, 341n1, 472–73
and similarities among price revolutions, 238, 239
and sixteenth century price revolution, 87, 93, 94, 97, 100, 467
and twentieth century price revolution, 232–33. See also American Revolution; French Revolution; specific nation
sociology, 312, 313
Solomou, Solomos, 275
Somalia, 229
Soper, John C., 274, 276
South Africa, 202, 217, 229
South America, 82, 150, 244, 266. See also Latin America; specific nation
Soviet Union, 198, 229–30. See also Russia
Spain: and American treasure, 81, 82, 83, 336–37n37
bibliography, 390–91, 404
climate in, 330n17
colonies of, 121, 149, 271
commodity prices in, 82
and eighteenth century price revolution, 121, 135, 149, 153, 271, 480
energy prices in, 76
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103
fiscal imbalances in, 85–86
food prices in, 73–74
and fourteenth century crisis, 452
inequalities in, 85
and medieval price revolution, 443
money in, 81, 82, 83, 84, 91, 182, 238, 283, 337n38
politics in, 56, 57, 91
population in, 13, 72, 95, 96
primary sources about, 390–91, 404
and Renaissance equilibrium, 56–57, 330n17, 458
secondary sources about, 443, 452, 458, 461, 473, 480, 492–93
and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 95, 96, 96, 473
silver in, 81
and sixteenth century price revolution, 69, 70, 72, 73–74, 76, 81, 82, 82, 83, 84, 85–86, 91, 93, 95–96, 96, 238, 336–37n37, 337n38, 461
social unrest in, 149, 473
taxes in, 85
and twentieth century price revolution, 182, 203, 217
Victorium equilibrium in, 492–93
and wars, 135, 149, 153. See also New Spain
speculation, 213–15, 484, 500–501
“Speenhamland system,” 132, 249
Spiethoff, A., 273
Spooner, Frank C., 276, 284, 286, 336n35, 338n41, 338–39n43, 342n2, 372, 418, 474
Spufford, Peter, 284
Sri Lanka, 391
stagflation, 145, 205–6, 248, 429, 500
standard deviation, 292
standards of living, 187, 237, 239, 288–90
statistical yearbooks, 397. See also Serial publications
Stein, Herbert, 10, 208
stock markets, 184, 192, 193, 214–15, 232, 249
Stockholm, Sweden, 172, 308
Stratton, William, 184
subsistence. See Inequalities; Peasants; Social issues; Social unrest
Supple, Barry, 92
Sweden: bibliography, 391, 404, 423
crime in, 172, 308
and eighteenth century price revolution, 127, 149
famine in, 93
medieval price revolution in, 13, 40
money in, 127, 182
politics in, 149
and sixteenth century price revolution, 93, 100
social unrest in, 40, 100, 149
and twentieth century price revolution, 182, 199, 203, 204, 234
and Victorian equilibrium, 159, 172
wages in, 159
wholesale prices in, 199. See also Scandinavia
Sweezy, Paul, 434
Switzerland: bibliography, 391–92, 404, 423
and eighteenth century price revolution, 141, 149
fiscal imbalances in, 100
medieval price revolution in, 38
peasants in, 100
politics in, 141
population in, 72
religion in, 87
and seventeenth century crisis, 97, 100
and sixteenth century price revolution, 72, 87, 97, 100
social unrest in, 100, 141, 149
and twentieth century price revolution, 203, 204, 210, 217
and wars, 38, 97
Sydney, Australia, 308
Synod of Dort, 101
Tandeter, Enrique, 372, 412
Tartars, 40
Taureg people, 266
taxes: and causes of price revolutions, 248
and eighteenth century price revolution, 139, 147
and inequalities, 85
and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 257
and sixteenth century price revolution, 85, 86, 97
and twentieth century price revolution, 191, 193, 194, 204, 205, 212, 223, 224, 359n28
Taylor, George Rogers, 272
technology: bibliography, 424–25
Temin, Peter, 169
tenth century, 263, 263, 267
Teutonic Knights, 13, 24, 37
Thailand, 392
Thatcher, Margaret, 225
theology, 100, 101, 113
theory, 312–16. See also Problematiques
; Thernstrom, Stephan, 160–61
third century, 261, 262
third wave. See Eighteenth century price revolution
Thirty Years’ War, 96–97, 472
Thomas, Brinley, 276
Thomas, Robert, 435
Thorold Rogers, James E., 45, 285, 286, 324n31, 366
Thurow, Lester, 7, 314, 357n6
Tiepolo’s Rebellion (1310), 39
Tigris and Euphrates Valleys, 259–60
Timasheff, Serge, 313
Tokyo, Japan, 219
Toledo, Spain, 95
Toltec culture, 266
total household economy, 289–90
trade: bibliography, 446, 475, 476–77, 481–82, 483–84, 485
and eighteenth century price revolution, 481–82, 483–84, 485
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 476–77
and medieval price revolution, 23, 24–25, 32–33, 446
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 58
and twentieth century price revolution, 212, 224, 232, 233. See also Juglar trade cycles
transportation, 31–32, 168, 425
Trescott, Paul B., 414
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 341n1, 342n1
Truman (Harry S.) administration, 199
Tughlug, Muhammad bin, 266
Turkey: bibliography, 387–88, 392
climate in, 330n17
and eighteenth century price revolution, 152, 155
and late twentieth century crisis, 231, 234
and Renaissance equilibrium, 330n17
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 188
Tuscany, 30, 34, 40, 45–46, 66, 67, 68, 276, 326n1. See also Pistoia, Tuscany
Twain, Mark, 3
twelfth century: bibliography, 448
climate in, 267
and medieval price revolution, 16, 17
Renaissance of, 12–13, 14–15, 239, 251, 448. See also Medieval price revolution
twentieth century price revolution: and anti-inflation, 215–17
beginning of, 179–89, 185, 496
causes of, 243, 244, 245, 246, 249–50
climax of, 240–41
consequences of, 250
and current problems, 203–8
dates of, 4–5
and differences from other price revolutions, 188–89, 203
and discovery of inflation, 200–203
and floors, 201–2, 210
and imbalances, 217–28
and late twentieth century crisis, 229–34
and Malthusians, 243
and Marxism, 243
predictions about, 251–53
and price surges and declines, 189–200
and price volatility, 208–15
and sequential differences among price revolutions, 239–46
and structural similarities among revolutions, 236–39
and wave patterns, 7. See also specific nation or topic
Tyler, Wat, 49
Udine, 276
Uganda, 229
Ukraine, 100, 101, 155
underemployment, 289
unemployment, 289
unemployment. See also Wages
United Kingdom. See Britain; England
United States: agriculture in, 424
alcohol consumption in, 173, 225, 227, 228
capacity utilization in, 193, 204–5, 206, 213, 233
and causes of price revolutions, 245
climate in, 142, 155
commodity prices in, 121, 181, 193, 198
consumer prices in, 170, 182, 183, 187, 198, 199, 200, 205, 209, 210, 216, 220, 226, 228, 228
crime in, 172, 225, 226, 308, 310
data for, 255, 361n19
debt of, 223
deflation in, 192
deregulation in, 210, 224
disease in, 191
and eighteenth century price revolution, 121, 124, 136, 138, 142, 149, 152, 153, 155, 156, 227, 272
and elections of 1896, 181
energy prices in, 124, 153, 208–9, 209, 210, 213, 218, 352n18
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 110
family disintegration in, 136, 228, 228, 301, 302
food prices in, 153, 204, 213, 218
frontier in, 188
gold in, 186, 194
grain prices in, 152, 158–59, 182
Great Depression in, 193–95
inequalities in, 138, 165, 190, 194, 210, 219, 222–23, 257, 294–96, 298, 299, 300, 420
inflation in, 182, 198–99, 200–201, 204, 206, 207, 209–10, 226, 280, 281
interest rates in, 163, 205, 212, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222
manufactured goods in, 157, 218
money in, 152, 157, 169, 170, 181, 182, 184–85, 186, 194, 205, 212, 224–25, 238, 282
politics in, 149, 162, 240
population in, 166
and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 257
price controls/rationing in, 196, 197, 197, 198, 199, 199, 206–8, 357–58n9
price floors in, 201–2
primary sources about, 394–96, 397, 405
producer prices in, 182, 209
productivity in, 194–95, 196, 218
real estate values in, 219
real output in, 166, 168
returns to capital in, 163, 219, 221
returns to labor in, 189, 219
returns to land in, 164, 219, 220
revolutionary crisis in, 240, 486
romanticism in, 155
savings and loan associations in, 223–24
secondary sources about, 272, 420, 423, 424, 486, 492, 496, 498–99
silver in, 181, 214
and sixteenth century price revolution, 6, 81
slave economy in, 161–62, 496
stock markets in, 184, 214–15
taxes in, 194, 204, 205, 212, 223, 224, 359n28
and trade, 212, 224
and twentieth century price revolution, 181, 182, 182, 183, 184–85, 186, 188, 189, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193–97, 196, 197, 198–210, 206, 207, 209, 212–19, 218, 219, 220, 220, 221, 222–25, 222, 226, 227, 228, 228, 233, 238, 357–58n9, 359n22, 359n23, 359n28, 498–99
and Victorian equilibrium, 157–58, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 492
wages in, 160, 181, 189, 192, 194–95, 199, 201, 206–8, 218–19, 218, 219, 357–58n9, 359n22, 359n23
and wars, 121, 153, 155, 157, 171, 189, 196–97, 198–200, 199, 204
and wave patterns, 6
welfare in, 156, 204, 218
wholesale prices in, 158, 159, 170, 181, 182, 189, 197, 199, 199, 218. See also New England; specific city or state
University of Paris, 13
University of Salerno, 13
unwed mothers, 136, 137, 173, 176, 228, 248, 250, 301–4, 303
Utrecht, The Netherlands, 35
Van Dale, Pauwels, 88
Van Dr Wee, Herman, 408
Van Duijn, J. J., 274
Van Ewijk, Casper, 274
Vanities, burning of, 68
Venezuela, 397
Venice: bibliography, 456
disease in, 41
and eighteenth century price revolution, 149
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 109
and fall of Venetian republic, 25
interest rates in, 80
and medieval price revolution, 24
money in, 25, 48, 82, 109
politics in, 58
population in, 50–51
and Renaissance equilibrium, 58–59, 62, 330n19, 456
and sixteenth century price revolution, 68, 80, 82, 88, 96
social unrest in, 39, 149
wealth in, 59
Verona, 58, 330n19
Vicenza, 58, 330n19
Victoria (queen of England), 179–81
Victorian equilibrium, 5, 156–77, 174–75, 180–81, 188, 239, 251, 252, 303, 491–96
Vien
na, Austria, 110
Vietnam War, 204, 256, 281, 357n6
Vikings, 11
Vilar, Pierre, 171, 407
Virginia, 135, 270
Vives, Vicens, 91
Volcker, Paul, 212
Voltaire (François Marie Arouet), 109, 112–13, 134
von Ranke, Leopold, 177
wage series data: biases of, 288–89
wages: in ancient world, 259
bibliography, 419–20, 430–31, 445, 458, 464–65, 476, 482–83, 487, 489, 495–96, 501
and causes of price revolutions, 243, 244, 247, 249
and crime, 309
definition of, 288, 290
and eighteenth century price revolution, 123, 132, 133, 142, 144, 148, 153, 482–83
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 104, 104, 108, 108, 160, 476
and equilibrium, 249
of housewives, 289
and income in kind, 289–90
and Marxism, 243
and medieval price revolution, 26, 27, 29, 34, 45, 288, 445
minimum, 201
money as, 288
and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 255
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 51, 53, 55, 56, 59, 160, 330n13, 458
as returns to labor, 288–90
and revolutionary crisis, 489
and seventeenth century crisis, 92, 341n1
and similarities among price revolutions, 238
and sixteenth century price revolution, 73, 74, 77, 78, 86, 92, 335n27, 464–65
in twelfth century, 160
and twentieth century price revolution, 180, 181, 184, 188, 189, 192, 194–95, 199, 201, 206–8, 217, 218–19, 218, 219, 222, 231, 234, 250, 357–58n9, 358–59n22, 359n23, 501
and Victorian equilibrium, 159–61, 160, 162, 164, 495–96. See also specific nation
Wales, 31, 120, 161, 173, 303
Walesa, Lech, 230
Wallachia, 57
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 434–35
Wang, Yeh-chien, 268
War of 1812, 121, 153, 154
War of the Austrian Succession, 135
war inflation, 280–81
War of Jenkins’ Ear, 135, 349n24
War of the Roses, 55
Warner, Lloyd, 313
Warren, George F., 272, 414
Warren, W. L., 324–25n31
wars: bibliography, 425, 452–53, 471–72, 484
and causes of price revolutions, 248
and crime, 145
and cultural issues, 153
and disease, 41
economic, 153
and eighteenth century price revolution, 128, 129, 130, 135, 145, 149, 152, 152, 153–54, 155, 484
and equilibrium, 239
financing of, 128, 158
and fourteenth century crisis, 38–39, 41, 452–53
and money, 149, 158
and population, 96–97
and price controls/rationing, 256
and Renaissance equilibrium, 46–47, 52–53
and returns to capital, 130, 162