Bruegel, Peter, 17, 117, 122, 129, 144
‘‘Building of the Ship, The’’ (Longfellow), 47
Burton, Richard, 51n52
Burton, Robert, 16, 126
Cabanis, Pierre, 185
Cal Tech, 279
Calvinism, 161
Cambridge University, 268
Camera obscura, 72
Cameron, H. A., 237
Cannon, Walter B., 196–197
Cao Cao, 12
Capillaries, 83
Cardinal Albergati (Van Eyck), 72
Cardiocentric view, 27–29
Celsus, 8
Central nervous system (CNS)
convergence and, 275–276
electrical stimulation and, 82–83 (see also Electrical stimulation)
internal environment and, 193–198
neurogenesis and, 229–242
pontifical cells and, 275–276
Cerebellum, 86, 88, 95, 100, 202, 208
Cerebral cortex, vii, 2
autoradiography and, 230, 233
Broca and, 95–96
chemical stimulation and, 89
cognitive function and, 84–87, 94–95, 179
as composed of blood vessels, 84
conflicting views on, 201–203
denigrating role of, 37
electrical stimulation and, 77–80, 82–83, 89, 96–98, 102, 106, 108–112
Ferrier and, 98–111
Flourens and, 94–95, 202, 204
Fritsch-Hitzig experiments and, 78–80, 97–98, 202
Gall and, 89–90, 93–96
gnostic fields and, 270, 273
grandmother cells and, 263–281
Jackson and, 96–97
memory and, 84, 86
motor skills and, 77, 80–82 (see also Motor skills)
neurogenesis and, 230–240
Panizza and, 201–225
phrenology and, 89–96, 202
punctate localization and, 93–95, 110–111, 202 (see also Localization)
as rind, 83–84, 86, 180
spread of convulsions and, 97
Spurzheim and, 89–90, 93
Swedenborg and, 88–89
von Haller and, 89, 201–202
Willis and, 84–87
Cerebral peduncles, 205, 209–210, 214–215, 218, 220–221
Cerebri Anatome (Willis), 126
Cerebrum, 84, 94, 96–97, 169, 235
Charcot, J.-M., 99
Chemistry, 89, 186, 190, 254
Cheney, Dorothy, 260
Children
dyslexia and, 141–143, 155–156, 157nn17,18
left-handed, 147
letter reversal and, 142
mirror images and, 131, 135, 137, 141–147, 151, 155, 157n18
right-handed, 147
trepanation and, 17
Chinese medicine
chi principle and, 34
psychological functions and, 25
trepanation and, 10, 12, 19
Yellow Emperor’s Classic and, 25
Chi principle, 34
Christ, 168–169, 171, 174
Christians, 42, 45–46, 62
Chrysippus, 37–38, 45
Chyle, 35
Cobbe, Frances Power, 99
Coding
grandmother cells and, 263–281
hierarchies and, 274–275
labeled line, 274–276
medial temporal lobe and, 279, 281
sparse, 279
Cognitive ethology, 257–260
Cognitive function, 84–87, 94–95, 179
College de France, 188, 191–192
Colombo, Arnaldo, 201–227
Colombo, Michael, 201–227
Color, 55–57, 275
Columbia University, 134–135
Commodus, 34
Common sense, 84
Conant, James B., 252
Conditioned reflex, 268
Conditioned Reflexes and Neuron Organization (Konorski), 268
Convergence, 275–276
Cooper, Astley, 13
Corballis, M. C., 136–137, 139, 141
Cornell University, 255, 257
Cornish miners, 13
Corpus callosum, 84
Corpus striatum. See Optic thalamus
Cortical glandules, 88
Cosmology
extraterrestrial communication and, 134, 156n4, 156n5
mirror images and, 131, 134–135
Cottrell, J. E., 66, 69, 72
Creator, 41–42, 44, 134
Crichton-Browne, James, 98
Crown saw, 8
Cruelty to Animals Act, 99–100
Cure for Madness (or Folly) (Bosch), 17, 120, 129
Cybernetics, 197
Cytoarchitectonic maps, 96
Dali, Salvador, 120
Damascenus, Alexander, 38, 41
Dante Alighieri, 65
Darwin, Charles, 99, 194, 258
da Vinci, Leonardo, 45
left-handedness of, 147, 149
mirror-writing by, 158n35
portrait orientation and, 147, 149
recurrent laryngeal nerves drawing of, 45
Davis, Hallowell, 252
Dayer, A. G., 237
Dead Christ (Montegna), 171
Dean, A., 151
Degas, E., 144
Deijman, Johannes, 168–172, 174
Democritus, 28, 55
Dentate gyrus, 230, 232, 235–236, 239– 240
Descartes, René, 57, 82, 185
Destutt de Tracy, A. L. C., 185
Dethier, Vince, 251
Dia Que Me Quieras, El (film), 176
Disraeli, Benjamin, 99
Dissections, 118
accuracy in Rembrandt, 172, 174
anatomy lessons and, 161, 163, 166–174
antivivisectionists and, 99–100, 185–186, 190, 192
Aristotle and, 27–28
art and, 161, 163, 166–174
Galen and, 36–44, 46
Panizza experiments and, 203–225
public, 161, 163, 166, 168–174, 176
Rembrandt and, 168–169, 174, 176
subjects of, 174
as theater, 163, 166
vivisection and, 36, 82, 99–100, 185– 186, 190, 192
Willis and, 86
Docteur Pascal, Le (Zola), 192
Donne, John, 65–66
Dorsal cortex, 88
Drugs, 33, 119
Dualism, 185
Duckworth, W. L. H., 32
Du Bois-Reymond, Emil, 83
Du Petit, François Pourfour, 86, 89
Dural membrane
falx and, 174
Rembrandt and, 169
trepanation and, 11–13, 18–19
Dürer, Albrecht, 144
Dutch East India Company, 172
Dyslexia, 141–143, 155–156, 157nn17,18
Echolocation, 261
bats and, 247, 249, 251–257
duration and, 255–256
frequency-modulated (FM) signals and, 255–256
Eckenhoff, M. F., 233
Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, 1, 80
Egypt, 25, 30, 147
Einstein, Albert, 192
Electrical stimulation
action potential and, 83
controlateral movements and, 80, 106, 108–109
duration of, 109–110
face-selective neurons and, 279
faradic vs. galvanic, 109
Ferrier and, 98, 102, 106, 108–111
Fritsch-Hitzig experiments and, 78, 80, 97–98, 106, 108–111
frontal cortex and, 106
Galvani and, 83
grandmother cells and, 279
Leydon jar and, 82
long-duration AC, 110
monopolar DC, 110
motor cortex and, 77–83, 89, 96–98, 102, 106, 108–112
muscle spasms and, 80, 106, 109
nervous system and, 82–83
punctate l
ocalization and, 110–111
reanimation and, 83
Volta and, 83
Electric battery, 83
Electric fish, 78, 82, 256, 275
Electromyographic (EMG) activity, 111
Elementa Physiologiae Corporis Humani (von Haller), 89
Eliot, George, 194
Emotion
animals and, 93, 258
art and, 151
brain and, 1, 27, 90
dyslexia and, 141, 143
face and, 266, 270, 277
heart and, 1, 25, 28
liver and, 25
Plato and, 29
Enantiomorphs, 134
Encephalocentric view, 26–27
Encyclopedia Britannica, 194
Epicurus, 55
Epilepsy, 13, 16–17, 98, 122
Erasistratus of Alexandria, 27–28, 37, 86
ER (TV show), 18
Euclid, 54, 56–57
Evil eye, 2, 53, 60, 62, 65
Evolution, 139, 141, 194–195
Exorcism, 19
“Experimental Novel, The” (Zola), 192
Extasie, The (Donne), 65–66
Extramission theories
Alcmaeon and, 55, 63
Alhazen’s synthesis and, 56–57
Arabs and, 56–57
college students and, 66, 68
disproving of, 57–60
Euclid and, 54
evil eye and, 53, 60, 62, 65
“fire in the eye” and, 53–54, 57, 59–60
history of science and, 69–70
intromission theories and, 54–56
love poetry and, 65–67
naiveté and, 66–70
persistence of, 60–66
Plato and, 53–55, 65
Ptolemy and, 54, 56–57
undergraduates and, 72–73
Eyes. See Vision
Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Hieronymus, 8, 10
Face-selective cells, 266, 268, 273–281
Falco, Charles, 72, 75n43
Falx, 174
Faraday, Michael, 180
Ferrier, David, 77
arrest of, 99–100
duration of electrical stimulation and, 109–110
Fritsch-Hitzig studies and, 102, 105–111
Jackson and, 98, 102, 107–108
localized centers and, 102, 105
motor skills and, 98–111
priority quarrels and, 107–108
Fieser, Louis, 254–255
Fisk, James, 251
Fitness of the Environment, The (Henderson), 196
Flaubert, G., 192
Flavius Boethus, 34, 38, 41
Florida State University, 232
Flourens, Pierre, 94–95, 202, 204, 213
Fonteijn, Joris, 169, 174
Forbes, Alexander, 253
Foster, Michael, 107, 194
Fovea, 78
France, 6, 8, 13
Franco-Prussian War, 78
Franklin, Benjamin, 83
Fredericq, Leon, 194–195
French Academy, 185, 191
French Revolution, 185
Fritsch, Gustav, 77, 179, 202
anthropology and, 78
duration of electrical stimulation and, 109–110
Ferrier and, 102, 105–111
Jackson and, 97
motor cortex and, 78–80, 97–98
Panizza and, 201
as Privatdozent, 78
racism and, 78
Frontal cortex, 47, 106
Frontal lobe, 90, 95, 202
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 96, 278–279
Functions of the Brain, The (Ferrier), 100
Fusiform face area (FFA), 278
Gaffron, M., 151
Galambos, Robert, 180, 247, 252–253, 255
Galen of Pergamon, vii, 11, 28
Alexander Damascenus and, 38, 41
background of, 30, 33–34
cardiocentric view and, 29
cranial nerves and, 35–36
Creator and, 41–42, 44
dissections and, 36–44, 46
eyes and, 54, 56–57
glossocomion and, 42–44
Galen of Pergamon (cont.) heart and, 28, 37–38, 42, 44
influence of, 30, 34, 37, 45, 82, 172
labeled line coding and, 275
laryngeals and, 30, 34, 38–41, 45
location of soul and, 37
motor skills and, 36–44, 82
muscular action and, 41–44
neuroscience achievements of, 35–37
ox brain and, 35–36, 46
physiological system of, 34–35
pneuma principle and, 34–35
as Prince of Physicians, 25
pulley mechanisms and, 42–44
religion and, 42
rete mirabile and, 35
self-promotion of, 48n16
spinal cord and, 36
squealing pig demonstration of, 38–41, 45
Stoics and, 29
teleology of, 41–42, 45–46
vagus nerve and, 38, 44
writings of, 30, 32
Galen on the Brain (Rocca), 46
Gall, Franz Joseph
hemispheric function and, 37
phrenology and, 89–90, 93–96, 202, 204
Galvani, Luigi, 83
Galvanic stimulation. See Electrical stimulation
Gardner, Martin, 156n4
Garey, Laurence, 174
Gender, 6, 166
Geometry, 54, 56–57
Germany, 78, 97–98, 192–193, 268
Gigli saw, 8
Gladiators, 33
Glance curve, 149, 151
Glisson, Francis, 82
Glossocomion, 42–44
Gnostic fields, 270, 273
Gnostic neurons
face-selective, 266, 268, 273–281
hierarchies and, 274–276
inferior temporal cortex and, 273–274
Konorski and, 266–273
God, 41–42, 44, 134, 166
Gold leaf electroscope, 82
Goldman, Patricia, 268
Goltz, Friedrich, 99
Gould, Elizabeth, 237, 245nn44,46
Gould, Jim, 257, 260–261
Grandmother cells, 180
association cortex and, 272
candidate for true, 279–281
coding and, 263, 274–276
conditioned reflex and, 268
convergence and, 275–276
definition of, 263
electrical stimulation and, 279
face/hand selective cells and, 266, 268, 273–281
frogs and, 266, 273
gnostic neurons and, 266–277
hierarchical processing and, 270, 274–276
hippocampus and, 279
inferior temporal (IT) cortex and, 272–274, 277–278
Konorski and, 266–273, 276
labeled lines and, 274–276
Lettvin and, 264–266, 276
medial temporal lobe and, 279, 281
modality of, 263
monkeys and, 273–274, 278–279
mother cells and, 264–266
pontifical cells and, 275–276
Great Depression, 196
Greek medicine, 2. See also specific physician
cardiocentric view and, 27–29
Creator and, 41–42, 44
dissections and, 36–44, 46
encephalocentric view and, 26–27
extramission theories and, 53–73
glossocomion and, 42–44
head injuries and, 10–11
incubation and, 33
location of soul and, 37
Pergamon and, 30, 33
pneuma principle and, 34–35, 82
stagnant blood and, 11
translation of, 32, 46, 48n16
trepanation and, 8, 10–12, 16, 19
vivisection and, 82
Griffin, Dona
ld, 180
background of, 247–249
beaver communication and, 257
bee dancing and, 256–257
bird navigation and, 253, 256
cochlear microphonics and, 252–254
cognitive ethology and, 257–260
echolocation studies of, 247, 253, 255–256, 261
empiricism of, 258
flying lessons of, 253–254
graduate school and, 252–254
Institute for Research in Animal Behavior and, 257
Junior Fellowship of, 254
papers of, 248–249
Rockefeller Institute and, 257
undergraduate years and, 249, 251–252
wartime and, 254–255
Griffin, Henry Farrand, 247
Grinnell, Alan, 255
Grusser, Otto, 60
Guevera, Ernesto “Che,” 168, 174–176
Guild of Surgeons, 163, 166
Gur, R. E., 147
Haldane, J. B. S., 195
Haldane, J. S., 195, 198
Hand-selective cells, 273–274
Han dynasty, 12
Hartridge, H., 251
Harvard Society of Fellows, 254
arvard University, 196, 248–253, 257
Harvey, William, 10, 34
Headaches
cluster, 172
strokes and, 219
trepanation and, 12, 17–19
Head injuries, 1, 10
Chinese medicine and, 12
contracoup, 80
depressed fractures and, 5, 11–13, 19, 122
Hippocratic school and, 80
Konorski and, 268
motor skills and, 80
phrenology and, 93
types of, 11
wartime, 268
Western medicine and, 12–13
Heart
anatomical connections of, 27
cardiocentric view and, 27–29
as center of emotion, 1, 25, 28
embryological development of, 27
Galen and, 28, 37–38, 42, 44
intellect and, 25
motor skills and, 25
pneuma principle and, 34–35
sensation and, 28, 37–38, 46–47
touch sensitivity of, 27
tripartite soul and, 28
vagus nerve and, 38, 44
Helmholtz, Herman von, 180–181
Hemispheric function, 37
facial recognition and, 149
language and, 142–143, 158n20
lateral bias in, 149, 157n11, 158n20
mirror images and, 136–139, 142–143, 147, 149, 158n20
visual cortex and, 203–225
Henderson, L. J., 196–198
Henry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, 257
Herophilus, 27–28
Herrick, C. L., 78
Hippocampus
grandmother cells and, 274, 276, 279
neurogenesis and, 230, 233–240
Hippocrates, 8
cardiocentric view and, 27–29
head injuries and, 80
importance of brain and, 26
influence of, 172
intellect and, 28
motor skills and, 80
phlegm and, 84
sensation of brain and, 37
trepanation and, 10–11, 22
writings of, 48n3
Hippocratic Oath, 19
Hiroshima, 255