Hitzig, Edmund, 77, 179, 202
electrical stimulation and, 78, 109–110
Ferrier and, 102, 105–111
Jackson and, 97
motor cortex and, 78–80, 97–98
Panizza and, 201
as Privatdozent, 78
as psychiatrist, 78
Hockney, David, 70, 72, 75n43
Holland
anatomy lessons and, 161, 163, 166–174
Dutch East India Company and, 172
Surgeons Guild and, 163, 166
Homeostasis, 196
Homing, 253–254, 256
Hormones, 195
Horsley, Victor, 110
Hospitals, 90
American University, 62
Kings College, 102
Konorski and, 268
mortality rates and, 13
trepanation and, 5, 13, 19, 126
wartime, 268
West Riding Lunatic Asylum, 98, 102, 107
Hua Tua, 12
Hua Xin, 12
Hubel, D. H., 270, 273
Humor
epilepsy and, 16
eye and, 57, 215
internal environment and, 193
trepanation and, 12, 16
Huxley, T. H., 107
Huys, Pieter, 17, 122
HVC neurons, 279
Icones Anatomicae (von Haller), 89
Ideologues, 185
Imagination, 18, 84, 191, 258
Inca skull, 3–5
Incubation, 33
India, 25, 34
Indians (American), 3–6
Infection, 5, 13, 20, 126, 219
Inferior temporal (IT) cortex, 272–274, 277–278
Infundibulum, 205, 214, 220, 225
Institute for Research in Animal Behavior, 257
Integrative Activity of the Brain (Konorski), 266, 268
Intellect, 25
cardiocentric view and, 27–29
clinical approach and, 27–28
cognitive ethology and, 257–260
cognitive function and, 84–87
cultural bias and, 147, 149, 151
dyslexia and, 141–143, 155–156, 157nn17,18
Galen and, 29–47
grandmother cells and, 263–281
hierarchical processing and, 270
imagination and, 18, 84, 191, 258
inferior temporal (IT) cortex and, 272–274
letter reversal and, 142
memory and, 84 (see also Memory)
mirror images and, 131–156
phrenology and, 89–96, 202
profile orientation and, 147, 149
reading and, 136, 141–143
Stoics and, 28–29
Intentionality, 257, 260
Internal environment
behaviorists and, 196–197
Bernard and, 179, 183, 193–198
cybernetics and, 197
evolution and, 194–195
Fredericq and, 194–195
homeostasis and, 196
living scale and, 195
seawater and, 194–195
self-regulation and, 197
sexual motivation and, 197
International Colloquium on Cranial Trepanation in Human History, 19–20
International Trepanation Advocacy Group, 18
Internet, 18–20
Intracerebral pressure, 11, 13, 18–19
Introduction to the Experimental Study of Medicine, An (Bernard), 188, 190, 196
Intromission theories, 54–56
Ionian Sea, 30
Ishaq, Hunain ibn, 32
Isomorphic images (eidola), 55
Jackson, John Hughlings, 96–98, 102, 107–108
James, William, 156n3, 275
Janssen, Pieter, 144
Japan, 147, 255
Jews, 62, 78, 190–191
Journal of Comparative Neurology, 78, 230, 232
Journal of Mammalogy, 248, 251
Journal of Neuroscience, 232
Judaism, 42, 62
Julia, Empress of Rome, 33
Kant, Immanuel, 134
Kaplan, Michael, 232–233, 237
Katz, Leandro, 176
Kennedy, Donald, 258
Kenya, 8, 17, 19–20, 122
Kepler, Johannes, 56–57
Al-Kindi, 56
Kings College, 102
Kinsbourne, M., 147
Kint, Aris, 166, 174
Kisii, 17–18, 20
Koelliker, A., 229
Konorski, Jerzy, 276
background of, 268
gnostic neurons and, 266–273
grandmother cells and, 180, 266–273
Koran, 62
Krauthammer, G., 109
Kuhn, K. G., 32
Labeled line coding, 274–276
Langguth, Georg, 59
Laryngeals
da Vinci and, 45
Galen and, 30, 34, 38–41, 45
Lashley, Karl, 252
Law of Spinal Roots, 36, 186
Laws and Customs of Scotland (Mackenzie), 62
Left-handedness, 147, 149, 156, 158n20
Left-right images. See Mirror images Leibnitz, Willhelm Gottfried, 134–135, 156n1
Lettvin, Jerry, 180, 264–266, 276
Lewes, George Henry, 194
Leydon jar, 82
Leyton, A. S. F., 111
L’hermitte, L. A., 188
Lightning, 82
Liver, 25, 28, 166, 186
Lloyd Morgan, C., 258–260
Localization, 158n20
electrical stimulation and, 77–80 (see also Electrical stimulation) memory and, 26, 46, 84
motor cortex and, 89–90, 93–95, 99–103, 105, 107, 110
Panizza and, 201–225
phrenology and, 89–96, 202, 204
speech and, 202
trepanation and, 5–6
visual cortex and, 201–225
Localization of Cerebral Disease, The (Ferrier), 100
Loeb, Jacques, 259
Longet, Francois-Achille, 213
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 47
Lubinska, Liliana, 268
Luciani, L., 204
Lucius Verus, 34
Lucretius, 55
Luo Guanzhong, 12
Luria, A., 272
Macallum, Archibald, 195–196
Mach, Ernst, 135–137, 139
Mackenzie, G., 62
Madness, 26
Burton and, 16
stone operations and, 17, 119–122, 126, 129
Willis and, 16
Magendie, François, 37, 97, 99, 185–186
Magnetism, 135, 256
Malpighi, Marcello, 83–84, 88
Mammals of North America (National Geographic), 248
Man on his Nature (Sherrington), 275–276
Marat, Jean-Paul, 83
Marching seizures, 102
Marcus Aurelius, 29, 33–34
Margetts, E. L., 17, 20
Marler, Peter, 257
Maronites, 62
Martin, Fanny, 190
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 237, 242, 264–266
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (film), 20
Materialism, 185
Mathematics, 33, 54, 56
Mattecci, Carlo, 97
Matthews, B., 275
Medial temporal lobe, 279, 281
Medical Congress, 99
Medulla, 88
Medusa, 60
Memory, 258
Alcmaeon and, 26
avian, 256
cerebral cortex and, 84
Galen and, 46
grandmother cells and, 281
Konorski and, 268
mirror images and, 136–139, 142
neurogenesis and, 230, 236, 240
phrenology and, 90
Willis on, 84
Mendel, Gregor, 198, 238
Mental diseases
dyslexia, 141–143, 155–156, 157nn17,18
epilepsy, 13, 16–17, 98, 122
mirror images and, 141–143
trepanation and, 13, 16–17, 119–122, 126, 129
Mesopotamia, 25
Metopes, 151
Microscopic anatomy, 83
Middle Ages, 8
Miller, Henry, 120
Miller, Stefan, 268
Ming dynasty, 12
Mirror images, 117
aesthetics and, 144
art and, 144–156
bilateral symmetry and, 135–136
cerebral hemispheres and, 136–139, 142–143, 147, 149, 158n20
children and, 131, 135, 137, 141–147, 151, 155, 157n18
confusion of, 131, 135–139, 141, 143, 155
Corballis-Beale studies and, 136–137, 139, 141
cosmologists and, 131, 134–135
cultural bias and, 147, 149, 151
dyslexia and, 141–143, 155–156, 157nn17,18
evolution and, 139, 141
facial recognition and, 149
glance curve and, 149, 151
letter reversal and, 142
Mach-Orton model and, 135–137
memory and, 136–139, 142
physics and, 135
pictorial anistropies and, 131, 134
portrait orientation and, 147–149
profile orientation and, 147–149
psychologists and, 131
radioactive cobalt and, 135, 144
reading and, 136, 141–143
spatial asymmetries and, 144–156
Mirror-writing, 158n35
Mishkin, Mort, 268, 272
Mohres, F. P., 255–256
Mondrian, P., 144
Monroe, Alexander, 82
Montegna, A., 171
Morgagni, Giovanni, 59
Morphine, 78
Mortality rates, 5, 12–13, 18, 126
Mother cells, 264–266
Motion, 67–70
Motor cortex
action potential and, 83
antivivisectionists and, 99
controlateral movements and, 80, 106, 108–109
electrical stimulation and, 77–83, 89, 96–98, 102, 106, 108–112
Ferrier and, 98–111
Fritsch-Hitzig experiments and, 78–80, 97–98
localization and, 89–90, 93–95, 99–103, 105, 107, 110
marching seizures and, 102
muscle spasms and, 80, 106, 109
phrenology and, 89–96
pre-eighteenth century studies on, 80–82
Swedenborg and, 88–89
Motor function, 46
cerebellum and, 86
Galen and, 36–44, 82
head injuries and, 80
Hippocratic school and, 80
Law of Spinal Roots and, 36, 186
pineal body and, 82
punctate localization and, 93–95, 110–111, 202
sensory nerves and, 82
spinal cord and, 36
vagus nerve and, 38, 44
Western medicine and, 80
Müller, Johannes, 275
Munch, E., 144
Munk, H., 179, 204
Museum of Alexandria, 27
Museum of Comparative Zoology, 249
Muslims, 62
Nagasaki, 255
Napalm, 254–255
Napoleon III, 192
National Geographic Society, 248
National Institutes of Health, 268
Natural philosophy. See Science Natural spirits, 35
Nature journal, 230
Nemius of Emesa, 46
Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 268
Neolithic period, 5–6
Neurogenesis, 257
Altman and, 229–242
autoradiography and, 230, 233
avian, 234–235
BrdU and, 235
cerebral cortex and, 236–240
dentate gyrus and, 230, 232, 235–236, 239–240
dismissal of, 229–234, 237–238
glia and, 235
hippocampus and, 230, 233–240
Ki–67 and, 235
markers and, 235
new techniques for detecting, 235
olfactory bulb and, 236–237
primate, 232–234
regulation of, 236
Neurons
convergence and, 275–276
face/hand selective, 266, 268, 273–281
gnostic, 266–277
grandmother cells, 263–281
HVC, 279
labeled line coding and, 274–276
Neuroscience, vii
art and, 117–118 (see also Art)
autoradiography and, 230
cybernetics and, 197
founding of modern, 1
Galen and, 30, 35–37
grandmother cells and, 263–281
internal environment and, 179, 183, 193–198
intracerebral pressure and, 11, 13
mirror images and, 131–156
neurogenesis and, 229–242
trepanation and, 3–23
Newton, Isaac, 57, 59, 70, 134
New York Academy of Medicine, 3
New Yorker magazine, 70, 194
New York Zoological Society, 257
Night vision, 254
Night Watch, The (Rembrandt), 161
Norway, 147
Nottebohm, Fernando, 234, 257
Novick, Alvin, 256
Nutton, V., 46
Nyanza, 17
Objectivism, 259
O’Brian, Patrick, 20
“Observations on the Optic Nerve” (Panizza), 201
atrophic degeneration method and, 203–204
delivery of, 204–205
ignoring of, 203–204
Lombardy Institute of Science and, 204
translation of, 204–225
Observationum Medicarum (Tulp), 171–172
Occipital face area (OFA), 278
Olfactory bulb, 236–237
Oligodendrocytes, 235
On Anatomical Procedures (Galen), 32
On Diseases (Hippocrates), 11
On Prognosis (Galen), 32
On the Examinations by which the Best Physicians Are Recognized (Galen), 48n16
On the Fabric of the Human Body (Vesalius), 45, 169
On the Nature of Things (Lucretius), 55
On the Opinions of Hippocrates and Plato (Galen), 38
On the Sacred Disease (Hippocrates), 26, 37, 45, 48n3
On the Usefulness of Parts of the Body (Galen), 32, 41
On the Voice (Galen), 41
On Wounds in the Head (Hippocrates), 11, 122
action potentials and, 275
Alcmaeon and, 26
Newton and, 57
Panizza and, 201–225
Optics (Kitab al-Manazir) (Alhazen), 70
Optic thalamus
as corpus striatum, 84, 208–210
Panizza experiments and, 202–223, 226n20
visual cortex and, 202–223, 226n20
Optika (Euclid), 54
Orton, Samuel T., 136–139
Ox brain, 35–36, 46
Oxford University, 84
Ozma problem, 156nn4,5
Paleolithic period, 3, 122
Panizza, Bartolomeo, 179, 238–239
aja and, 213, 215, 218–219, 221, 224– 225, 227n22
animal experiments of, 203–225
atrophic degeneration method and, 203– 204
background of, 203
cerebral cortex and, 201–225
cerebral peduncles and, 205, 209–210, 214–215, 218, 220–221
eminence references of, 205, 208–210, 214–221, 226n17
Fritsch and, 202
Hitzig and, 202
human studies of, 218–219
infundibulum and, 205, 214, 220, 225
optic thalamus and, 202–223, 226n20
Royal Society and, 204
Parable of the Blind (
Brueghel), 144
Parchment, 30
Parietal lobe, 100
Parthenon, 151
Pavlov, I. P., 268
Payne, Roger, 257, 260
Pepperberg, Irene, 260
Pergamon, 30, 33–34
Perspectivism, 72
Peru, 3–6
Phillips Andover Academy, 248
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 106–108
Philosophy
cognitive ethology and, 257–260
dualism and, 185
extramission theories and, 53–73
Ideologues and, 185
materialism and, 185
mirror images and, 131–156
Perspectivism and, 72
Sophists and, 33
Stoics and, 28–29, 37–38, 45
Swedenborg and, 88–89
Phlegm, 84
Phosphenes, 53, 57, 59–60
Photorealism, 70, 72
Phrenology
Broca and, 95–96
cerebral cortex and, 89–90, 93
Flourens and, 94–95, 202, 204
Gall and, 89–90, 93–96, 202, 204
head injuries and, 93
lesion studies and, 95–96
memory and, 90
opposition to, 94–95
predicting future behavior and, 93
punctate localization and, 93–95, 202
Spurzheim and, 89–90, 93, 202
supporting evidence for, 90
Physical Basis of Mind, The (Lewes), 194
Physics, 66, 70, 135, 190
Physiological Institute, Berlin, 78
Physiology, 1
autoradiography and, 230
Bernard and, 183–198
cerebral cortex and, 89 (see also Cerebral cortex)
chemistry and, 186
clinical medicine and, 186
determinism and, 186
echolocation and, 247, 253, 255–256, 261
as experimental medicine, 186
Galen and, 34–35
grandmother cells and, 263–281
Griffin and, 252
homeostasis and, 196
internal environment and, 179, 183, 193–198
Konorski and, 266–273
Law of Spinal Roots and, 36, 186
Lettvin and, 264–266
Magendie and, 185–186
motor cortex and, 89 (see also Motor cortex) neurogenesis and, 229–242
Panizza and, 201–225
phrenology and, 93–95, 202
punctate localization and, 93–95, 110– 111, 202
seawater and, 194–196
vitalism and, 190
Piaget, Jean, 66
Picasso, P., 144
Pierce, G. W., 251, 253
Pineal body, 82
Pinhole cameras, 72
Piterszoon, Claes. See Tulp, Nicolaes
Pituitary gland, 209
Plank, Max, 181
Plato, 28–29, 45
extramission theories and, 55, 65
‘‘fire in the eye’’ and, 53–54
influence of, 53
sensation of brain and, 37
Pneuma principle, 34–35, 82
Poetry, 65–67
Pontifical cells, 275–276
Population coding, 263
Portnoy’s Complaint (Roth), 264–266
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans, 96, 278
Posterior visual area, 179, 204