Kling, Jeffrey R., 290n4
Knowledge problem, 133, 148, 151, 155
Kuran, Timur, 34–35
Legal issues
consequentialists and, 243
constitutional law and, 20, 37, 40–41, 43, 196, 238, 243
deontologists and, 243
discrimination and, 170–171 (see also Discrimination)
expressive function of law and, 41 (see also Expressive function of law)
footbridge problem and, 174–175, 245–248, 250, 254
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and, 186–187, 190, 197–198
group polarization and, 19, 24
manipulation and, 172–173
moral heuristics and, 215–219, 222, 230, 235–237, 240
normalization and, 171–175
nudges and, 99, 163, 170–171, 173
policy and, 169–175
precautions and, 204
preferences and, 99, 163, 169–175
punishment and, 232–235 (see also Punishment)
punitive damages and, 171–175
reforms and, 4, 7, 9–10
rights and, 243, 250–251, 254
social norms and, 4–5, 7, 9–10, 18–19, 24, 41–46, 50
transparency and, 194
trolley problem and, 174–175, 245–246, 250, 254
unleashing and, 4–5, 7, 9–10, 18
Lessig, Lawrence, 14
Lockean Exclamation, 137–145
Loss aversion
coercion and, 154
default rules and, 98, 100, 103, 109–110, 130
ethics and, 130, 135
moral heuristics and, 225, 298n27
nudges and, 98, 100, 103, 109–110, 130, 135, 154
precautions and, 208–209
Madison, James, 36, 139–141, 144–145, 196, 268
Mandates
expressive function of law and, 42, 45
five objections to, 148–155
nudges and, 59–60, 96–97, 102, 104–105, 110–113, 116, 133, 138, 147–155
precautions and, 201
rights and, 253
Manipulation
context and, 134–135
deception and, 109, 128, 132
ethics and, 117, 119–120, 125–135
group polarization and, 28
legal issues and, 172–173
lying and, 128–129
moral heuristics and, 226
nudges and, 60, 108–110, 117, 119–120, 125–135, 162–164, 167, 172, 176–179, 286n9
precautions and, 296n24
preferences and, 162–164, 167, 172, 176–179
reflective choice and, 128
subversion and, 129–132
transparency and, 129
Marriage, 11, 79, 98–100, 138, 259, 273
Marshall, Thurgood, 191
#MeToo movement, 11, 21, 273
Milano, Alyssa, 11
Military, 46, 205, 249, 269
Mill, John Stuart, 78–79, 123, 143, 220, 222
Ministerial Declaration of the Second International Conference on the Protection of the North Sea, 203
Moral dumbfounding, 219, 238
Morals
act-omission distinction and, 238–239
agency and, 227–228
Asian disease problem and, 224–226
attribute substitution and, 218–219
availability heuristic and, 217–218, 221, 224, 236
beliefs and, 215–216, 223, 241 (see also Beliefs)
betrayals and, 230–232
bias and, 216, 218, 232, 239
cascades and, 223
coercion and, 238
consequentialists and, 222–223, 233–235, 243–244
consumers and, 237
cost-benefit analysis and, 226–229
criminal behavior and, 194, 197
deontologists and, 216, 220–223, 243–244, 253–255
emissions trading and, 229–230
environmental issues and, 229
evolution and, 223–226
exotic cases and, 239–242
feminism and, 217, 221
food and, 237
footbridge problem and, 174–175, 245–248, 250, 254
forcing choices and, 69
framing and, 224–226, 228, 298n27
heuristics and, 215–242
human cloning and, 235–237
insistent homunculus and, 216–219, 227, 229, 234, 239
judgment and, 178, 217–221, 225–227, 232, 237–242, 246, 249, 253, 255
legal issues and, 215–219, 222, 230, 235–237, 240
loss aversion and, 225, 298n27
manipulation and, 226
neutral benchmarks and, 222–223
omissions and, 238–239
outrage heuristic and, 24–25, 34, 172, 174, 223, 228, 230–235
playing God and, 226, 235–238
politics and, 215–219, 225–226, 229–230, 239, 242
preferences and, 174–175, 178, 225, 231, 233
prototypical cases and, 218–219
psychology and, 220–221, 231, 236, 238
punishment and, 220, 223, 226–235
reasoning/rationalization and, 253–255
reflective equilibrium and, 239–242
religion and, 170
representativeness and, 217, 221, 232, 236
rights and, 243–255, 302n22
risk and, 217–219, 226–232, 237–238
rule utilitarianism and, 223–226
sex and, 226, 235–238
social norms and, 11, 43, 45 (see also Social norms)
statistics and, 217–218, 224, 227–228, 239
System 1 and, 218–220, 227–229, 235–236
System 2 and, 219, 237
trolley problem and, 174–175, 245–246, 250, 254
uncertainty and, 222, 225
utilitarianism and, 216, 218, 220–226, 235–236, 238
values and, 215, 218 (see also Values)
Mortgages, 59, 125, 141, 148, 151
MSNBC, 264
National Environmental Policy Act, 184
Negative option marketing, 120
Neuroscience
cognitive reflection test (CRT) and, 249–250
deontologists and, 244–253
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC) and, 247–248, 302n18
visual/verbal cognitive styles and, 248–249
New York Times, 266
Norm entrepreneurs, 7–9, 13–15, 18, 45, 47, 51, 273, 279nn25,28
North Sea, 203
Nuclear power, 205, 294n5
Nudges
active choosing and, 62, 68–82, 85, 88, 118–120, 124–125, 132–134
AJBT (“as judged by themselves”) criterion and, 87–94
altering rules and, 109
automatic enrollment and, 59–62, 87, 89, 91–92, 98, 102–103, 106, 124, 127–128, 138, 176
autonomy and, 68, 76–81, 84–85, 113, 115, 117, 119–125, 129, 131–134, 149, 152
availability heuristic and, 83, 101, 122, 144
bans and, 59–60, 97, 104–105, 111, 113, 116, 133, 138, 147, 154
better, 107–108
bias and, 69, 82–83, 87, 93, 97, 101, 108–111, 116–118, 122–124, 133, 139–140, 144, 151, 154, 159, 170–171, 178, 286n14
choice architecture and, 60, 68, 71–72, 87, 89, 93, 101, 104, 114–125, 130, 133–134
coercion and, 60, 68, 70, 72, 77, 97, 116, 121, 124–126, 147–155
collective action and, 72, 78, 81, 83, 111
compensating behavior and, 113
confusing information and, 112–113
consequences of past choices and, 65
consumers and, 61, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 76, 102, 104, 106, 108–111, 120, 122, 138, 152–155, 158, 160, 164–165, 168–169, 177, 287n14
control and, 138
cost-benefit analysis and, 83, 101, 111, 140, 144, 148, 154, 159, 161, 175
counternudges and, 96, 102–111
counterproductive, 95, 285n2
&
nbsp; criminal behavior and, 59, 63, 72–73, 161
default rules and, 59–62, 68, 70–72, 75–77, 79–82, 87, 92, 95–134, 138, 147–150, 155, 176
delegation and, 69, 79–84, 139–144
diagnostic ineffectiveness and, 97
disclosure and, 60–63, 65, 76, 95, 107–108, 111–113, 117, 126, 130, 134, 152, 176
discrimination and, 63, 115
drugs and, 107, 139, 162
economic incentives and, 59, 61, 97, 103, 111
effectiveness and, 60–61
effort tax and, 97–99
eliciting implementation intentions and, 64
entitlements and, 78, 87, 106–107, 153, 177, 284n4
environmental issues and, 62–63, 65, 68, 87, 97, 111, 114, 140, 150–153
ethics and, 116, 133
evaluation of, 176–177
externalities and, 87, 111, 153, 177
failure of, 95–114
food and, 59–60, 63, 89, 100–101, 110, 112–113, 120, 122, 129, 138–140, 148
forcing choices and, 67–85
framing rules and, 109–110
freedom of choice and, xi, 60, 68, 78, 80–81, 84, 108–110, 114, 116, 120–122, 125–126, 135, 138, 147–152, 155, 289n2
futility and, 95
healthy food and, 59–60, 63, 112–113, 129, 139
Hirschman and, 95, 114, 285n2
inaccurate understanding of behavior and, 112
increases in ease/convenience and, 63
institutionalizing, 65–66
jeopardy and, 95, 114, 285n2
legal issues and, 99, 163, 170–171, 173
as liberty-preserving approaches, 59
Lockean Exclamation and, 137–145
loss aversion and, 98, 100, 103, 109–110, 130, 135, 154
mandates and, 59–60, 96–97, 102, 104–105, 110–113, 116, 133, 138, 147–155
manipulation and, 60, 108–110, 117, 119–120, 125–135, 162–164, 167, 172, 176–179, 286n9
means-oriented, 121–123
paternalism and, 60, 68–72, 77–85, 93, 111, 120–124, 138, 154
perversity and, 95, 285n2
precommitment strategies and, 15, 64, 117, 269, 272
privacy and, 65, 67, 70, 73, 80, 104, 106, 144
reactance and, 113, 137
reminders and, 65, 71, 82, 95, 105, 107–108, 112–113, 121, 127, 130, 132, 134
retirement and, 61–62, 73, 75, 80, 85, 89, 102–103, 120, 127–128, 133, 150, 152
risk and, 64, 66, 82, 92, 98, 107–110, 113–114, 121–127, 138, 147–148, 152–153, 155, 161, 176, 179, 285n2
savings and, 61–62, 98, 100, 102–103, 110, 140, 145, 149–154, 176, 286n9
self-control and, 87–91, 94, 108, 144, 147
short guide to, 59–66
short-term effects and, 113
simplification and, 61–63, 96, 101, 112, 130, 167
social norms and, 61, 63, 90, 99–100, 107–108, 110, 112–113, 118, 121, 127, 130–131
students and, 61, 90, 113, 150, 173
testing, 61–62
transparency and, 60–61, 183, 188–189
warnings and, 59–60, 64, 81, 89, 95, 97, 105–113, 117–118, 121, 127, 130–135
Nudge Unit, 60
Obama, Barack, x, 186, 257, 269
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 189, 270
Office of Evaluation, 61
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, 193
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 187–190, 197
Omission bias, 232, 239
Open Government Partnership, 189
Opportunity costs, 159, 209
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 100
Orwell, George, 18, 93
Out-groups, 33–34
Outrage heuristic, 24–25, 34, 172, 174, 223, 228, 230–235
Overdraft fees, 102–104
Paine, Thomas, 12–13
Palin, Sarah, 266
Pandora, 76
Partially adaptive preferences, 13
Partyism, xii
agency and, 268
beliefs and, 261, 266, 305n34
bias and, 259
campaigns and, 263–264, 305n28
causes of, 263–264
change and, 269–270
Congress and, 261–262, 267, 269
conservatives and, 263–266
cost-benefit analysis and, 270
delegation and, 269–270
Democrats and, 197, 258–260, 262–263, 266, 270–271
Federalist No. 10 and, 268
fragility of institutional judgments and, 271–272
gridlock and, 267
hiring and, 259–260
identity and, 263–266
ideologies and, 263–266, 270
implicit association test and, 258–259, 303n4
liberals and, 263–266
marriage and, 259
media market and, 263–264
polarization and, 263–266, 305n34
precommitment and, 269
preferences and, 260, 263
prejudice and, 257–259, 262–263
racism and, 257, 260–262
Republicans and, 30, 197, 258–260, 262–263, 266, 270–271
rise of, 257–258, 261
risk and, 265, 268
sex and, 257, 262
social norms and, 259
solutions for, 267–270
statistics and, 265
students and, 260–261
technocracy and, 269–270
timing and, 268
Trump and, 138
trust and, 260–261
values and, 270
welfare and, 258, 267
Paternalism
AJBT (“as judged by themselves”) criterion and, 93
asymmetries and, 81–82
automatic enrollment and, 59–62, 87, 89, 91–92, 98, 102–103, 106, 124, 127–128, 138, 149–152, 176
autonomy and, 84–85
coercion and, 68, 70, 72, 120–121, 123, 154
control and, 138
ethics and, 120–124
expressive function of law and, 41, 47–48
forcing choices and, 68–72, 77–85
justification of, 82–85
libertarianism and, 68, 70–71, 77, 83–84, 121, 123
means-oriented, 121–123
mistaken facts and, 122
nanny state and, 70, 120
nudges and, 60, 68–72, 77–85, 93, 111, 120–124, 138, 154
objections to, 121–124
transparency and, 197
welfare and, 82–84, 93
Plessy v. Ferguson, 40
Polarization entrepreneurs, 32
Political correctness, ix, 4–6, 15, 278n7
cascades and, 273
control and, 137–139, 145
ethics and, 118, 127
forcing choices and, 76
group polarization and, 20, 22, 24, 28–33, 35
moral heuristics and, 215–219, 225–226, 229–230, 239, 242
partyism and, 257 (see also Partyism)
precautions and, 202, 212
preferences and, 157–164, 168–169, 177, 179, 290n4
rights and, 243, 250–251
social norms and, 4–5, 11–12, 15–16, 20, 22, 24, 28–33, 35
tipping points and, 273
transparency and, 183, 185, 193, 197, 199
unleashing and, 4–5, 11–12, 15–16
Poverty, 63, 65
Precautions
availability heuristic and, 209–211
bans and, 201, 204, 206
beliefs and, 202, 207–210
benevolence of nature and, 207–208
bias and, 209
cascades and, 201
cost-benefit analysis and, 203
definitions for, 202–204
drug lag and, 206, 209
environmental issues and, 203
food and, 205–209, 212, 296n24
incoherence and, 201–202
irreversibility and, 211–212
legal issues and, 204
loss aversion and, 208–209
mandates and, 201
manipulation and, 296n24
nuclear power and, 205, 294n5
paralysis and, 204–207
politics and, 202, 212
Precautionary Principle and, xii, 201–213, 294n1, 295n22, 296n24
resilience and, 212
risk and, 296n23
self-contradiction and, 204–207
sex and, 210
statistics and, 209
uncertainty and, 209, 211–212, 222, 225
values and, 202, 208
wider view of, 212–213
Precommitment strategies, 15, 64, 117, 269, 272
PredictWise, 16
Preferences
agency and, 171
AJBT (“as judged by themselves”) criterion and, 87–94
anonymity and, 278n10
antecedent, 7–8, 14, 17, 87–94, 98–101, 109, 111–112, 114
automatic enrollment and, 176
bias and, 159, 170–171, 178
choice architecture and, 87, 157
coercion and, 155
comparison friction and, 162–163, 167, 290n4
consumers and, 158–161, 164–165, 168–169, 177, 290n4
contingent valuation and, 175–176, 179
control and, 138–139, 142–144
cost-benefit analysis and, 159, 161, 175
criminal behavior and, 161
default rules and, 98–101, 176
disclosure and, 176
discrimination and, 12–13, 170–172, 178–179
entitlements and, 177
evaluation and, 157–179
experience and, 177–179
externalities and, 153
falsification of, x, 4, 6–8, 13–14, 18
forcing choices and, 69–73, 76
global evaluation and, 158, 162–163, 169, 173–174, 176–179
isolated options and, 157–158, 172–173, 175
joint evaluation and, 157–179
lack of information and, 157, 159, 178
legal issues and, 99, 163, 169–175
less-is-more approach and, 163–164
manipulation and, 162–164, 167, 172, 176–179
moral heuristics and, 174–175, 178, 225, 231, 233
normalization and, 171–175
nudge failures and, 96–101, 105, 109, 111, 114
opportunity cost neglect and, 159
partially adaptive, 13
partyism and, 260, 263
policy and, 169–175
politics and, 157–164, 168–169, 177, 179, 290n4
prejudice and, 169
psychology and, 159, 169
punishment and, 171–175
real life and, 162–163
religion and, 170
resisting temptation and, 164–168
reversals and, 157–163, 169–177
risk and, 161, 176, 179, 201–213