savings and, 176
scale compatability and, 290n1
separate evaluations and, 157–179
sex and, 171–173
social norms and, 3–8, 12–14, 17–18, 29, 42, 47, 99–100, 274, 278nn9,10
statistics and, 160
students and, 173
System 1 and, 177
System 2 and, 177
temptation and, 164–167
unleashing and, 3–8, 12–14, 17–18
utilitarianism and, 165, 174–175
values and, 3–8, 12–14, 17–18, 29, 42, 47, 161, 170, 175, 178
welfare and, 87–94, 157–158, 164–165, 168–169, 177–179
Prejudice
ethics and, 115
group polarization and, 21, 36
partyism and, 257–259, 262–263
preferences and, 169
Presidential Records Act, 198
Privacy
control and, 144
forcing choices and, 65, 67, 70, 73, 80
nudges and, 65, 67, 70, 73, 80, 104, 106, 144
transparency and, 190, 198
Professional polarizers, 32
Pro-life movement, 3
Prompted choice, 65, 132
Psychology
control and, 137, 140
deontologists and, 220–221, 245, 250–251, 255
group polarization and, 21
moral heuristics and, 220–221, 231, 236, 238
persistence pathways and, 287n28
preferences and, 159, 169
rights and, 245, 250–251, 255
welfare and, 93
Public policy, xii, 255
Punishment
capital, 11, 29, 43–44, 243
deontologists and, 243
expressive function of law and, 40, 43–44, 48
forcing choices and, 72
group polarization and, 24–25, 29, 31
monetary, 24
moral heuristics and, 220, 223, 226–235
outrage heuristic and, 230–235
pointless, 232–234
preferences and, 171–174
probability of detection and, 234–235
rights and, 243–244, 250, 254
Punitive damages, 171–175
Racism, 15, 21, 257, 260–262
Ramsay, David, 12–13
Rational choice, 139–141, 157
Reactance, 113, 137
Religion, x
discrimination and, 6–7, 115, 170
ethics and, 115
forcing choices and, 81
group polarization and, 20, 31
moral heuristics and, 170
preferences and, 170
rights and, 244, 250
social norms and, 4, 6–7, 17, 20, 31, 47, 55
Reminders
delegation and, 82
ethics and, 121, 127, 130, 132, 134
forcing choices and, 82
justification of, 71
nudges and, 65, 71, 82, 95, 105, 107–108, 112–113, 121, 127, 130, 132, 134
prompted choice and, 65
timing and, 65
Representativeness heuristic, 161, 217, 221, 232, 236
Republicanism, 12
Republicans, 30, 197, 258–260, 262–263, 266, 270–271
Retirement
coercion and, 150, 152
ethics and, 120, 127–128, 133
forcing choices and, 73, 75, 80, 85
nudges and, 61–62, 73, 75, 80, 85, 89, 102–103, 120, 127–128, 133, 150, 152
welfare and, 89
Rights
act-omission distinction and, 247
autonomy and, 250
availability heuristic and, 251
bans and, 250
civil, 14 (see also Civil rights)
cognitive load and, 249
cognitive reflection test (CRT) and, 249–250
cost-benefit analysis and, 243, 248
criminal behavior and, 243
deontologists and, 243–255, 301nn2,4, 302nn18,22
footbridge problem and, 174–175, 245–248, 250, 254
gun, 11, 19, 27
homunculus and, 255
Kantians vs. Benthamites and, 252
legal issues and, 243, 250–251, 254
mandates and, 253
morals and, 243–255, 302n22
neuroscience and, 244–253, 302n18
politics and, 243, 250–251
psychology and, 245, 250–251, 255
punishment and, 243–244, 250, 254
religion and, 244, 250
social emotions and, 247–248
System 1 and, 248, 250, 252, 254–255
System 2 and, 249–250, 252
trolley problem and, 174–175, 245–246, 250, 254
utilitarianism and, 243–249
values and, 253
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC) and, 247–248, 302n18
weak consequentialism and, 222–223, 233–235, 244
Rio Declaration, 203
Risk
availability heuristic and, 210–211
betrayals and, 230–232
coercion and, 147–148, 152–153, 155
control and, 138
cost-benefit analysis and, 226–232
drivers and, 15
ethics and, 121–127
expressive function of law and, 41–42, 46–48, 55
forcing choices and, 82
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and, 10, 30, 202, 205–207, 209, 239
group polarization and, 20, 22–26, 29, 36
moral heuristics and, 217–219, 226–232, 237–238
nuclear power and, 205
nudges and, 64, 66, 82, 92, 98, 107–110, 113–114, 121–127, 138, 147–148, 152–153, 155, 161, 176, 179, 285n2
partyism and, 265, 268
precautions and, 201–213, 296n23
preferences and, 161, 176, 179
safety and, 45, 65, 110–111, 140–141, 153–154, 171–172, 176, 183, 186, 189, 201–208, 226–227, 231–232, 237
statistics and, 209, 217–218, 227–228
substitution of, 206
transparency and, 183, 186, 188, 192–198
uncertainty and, 209, 211–212, 296n23
unleashing and, 15
welfare and, 92
Rodriquez, Sixto, 274
Sanctions, 34, 41, 44, 47–48, 50–51, 72–73
Sandel, Michael, 229–230
Saudi Arabia, 5–6, 8, 13–14
Savings
coercion and, 149–154
control and, 140, 145
nudges and, 61–62, 98, 100, 102–103, 110, 140, 145, 149–154, 176, 286n9
preferences and, 176
Searching for Sugar Man (documentary), 274
Seas at Risk conference, 203–204
Segregation, 7, 34, 40, 43, 264, 283n1
Self-control
coercion and, 147
nudges and, 87–91, 94, 108, 144, 147
welfare and, 87–91, 94
Self-government, 115, 117, 119, 197
Sen, Amartya, 185–186, 222
Serendipity, x, 274
Sex
control and, 138
discrimination and, 6, 8–15, 115, 170
equality and, 51–52
ethics and, 115
harrassment and, 3–7, 10–12, 18, 21, 39, 173, 273, 277n2, 279n25
human cloning and, 235–237
LGBT issues and, ix, 3, 35
moral heuristics and, 226, 235–238
partyism and, 257, 262
precautions and, 210
preferences and, 171–173
pregnancy and, 47
same-sex marriage and, 11, 138, 273
Sharot, Tali, 142
Sidgwick, Henry, 220, 222, 244–245
Simon, Herbert, 43–44
Simplification, 61–63, 96, 101, 112, 130, 167
Slavery, x, 243, 250
Social comparison, 26–27, 281n16
&
nbsp; Social emotions, 247–248, 302n18
Social norms
abhorrence of, ix, 9, 15, 274
availability heuristic and, 10–12
beliefs and, 3–7, 10, 13, 17, 22, 27, 42
cascades and, 9–12, 21, 31–32, 34, 46, 48, 279n28
civil rights and, 3, 11, 14–15, 32, 35, 37, 43–44, 51
collective action and, 44–46, 51–52, 279n23
constraints and, 3, 110, 274
cost-benefit analysis and, 8, 18, 48–49
discrimination and, 6–15, 43, 51–52, 63, 278n10, 279n25
drugs and, 7, 15, 46–47
entrepreneurs and, 7–9, 15, 18, 45, 47, 51
ethics and, 118, 121, 127, 130–131
expressive function of law and, 39–55
feminism and, 21, 24, 26, 35, 51
group polarization and, 19–37
injustice and, 13, 20, 36–37, 40, 44
internalized, 17–18
legal issues and, 4–5, 7, 9–10, 18–19, 24, 41–46, 50
liberating isms and, 15–17
morals and, 11, 43, 45, 238
norm entrepreneurs and, 7–9, 13–15, 18, 45, 47, 51, 273, 279nn25,28
nudges and, 61, 63, 90, 99–100, 107–108, 110, 112–113, 118, 121, 127, 130–131
partyism and, 138, 259
political correctness and, ix, 4–6, 15
politics and, 4–5, 11–12, 15–16, 20, 22, 24, 28–33, 35
power and, ix, 5, 46–47, 52, 63
preferences and, 3–8, 12–14, 17–18, 29, 42, 47, 99–100, 274, 278nn9,10
religion and, 4, 6–7, 17, 20, 31, 47, 55
republicanism and, 12
revision of, 4, 6–7, 9, 15, 17
sanctions and, 34, 41, 44, 47–48, 50–51
sex and, ix-x, 4–20, 29, 39, 42, 46–52
students and, 3, 5, 7–8, 13, 17, 20
Trump and, 6, 15–17, 40
unleashing and, 3–18
values and, 1–6, 10–13, 17–18, 31, 41, 43, 49–53
welfare and, 90
Social Security, 269
South Africa, 274
Soviet Union, x
Statistics
ethics and, 119
forcing choices and, 68, 84
group polarization and, 19, 22, 27–28
moral heuristics and, 217–218, 224, 227–228, 239
partyism and, 265
precautions and, 209
preferences and, 160
risk and, 209, 217–218, 227–228
Students
alcohol and, 90
coercion and, 150
expressive function of law and, 39, 43
Federalist Society and, 5
group polarization and, 20
healthy foods and, 113
moral heuristics and, 217
nudges and, 61, 90, 113, 150, 173
partyism and, 260–261
preferences and, 173
sexual harassment and, 3
social norms and, 3, 5, 7–8, 13, 17, 20
transparency and, 188
Sugden, Robert, 88
System 1
control and, 140
ethics and, 117, 126, 131, 135
forcing choices and, 68
moral heuristics and, 218–220, 227–229, 235–236
preferences and, 177
rights and, 248, 250, 252, 254–255
System 2
control and, 140
ethics and, 117
forcing choices and, 68
moral heuristics and, 219, 237
preferences and, 177
priming, 249–250
rights and, 249–250, 252
Thaler, Richard, 91
Thomas, Clarence, 11
Thurman, Uma, 11
Tipping points, 7, 273
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 137
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), 188–189
Transparency
abstraction and, 185, 188
accountability and, xii, 184–191, 194
accounting for, 197–199
agency and, 183, 187–189, 192, 195
availability heuristic and, 186, 188–189
beliefs and, 192
choice architecture and, 118–119
civil rights and, 195
consumers and, 183, 190
cost-benefit analysis and, 184–185, 189–190, 192, 196–199
criminal behavior and, 194, 197
disclosure and, 184–199
effectiveness and, 60–61
entitlements and, 186, 194
environmental issues and, 183–184, 188, 192
food and, 60, 186, 189, 192
illegitimate arguments and, 193–195
input, 183–199
journalists and, 191–192, 195–196
learning from mistakes and, 195–196
legal issues and, 194
manipulation and, 129
missions and, 188–191
nudges and, 60–61, 183, 188–189
output, 183–190, 193–194, 197–199
paternalism and, 197
politics and, 183, 185, 193, 197, 199
privacy and, 190, 198
risk and, 183, 186, 188, 192–198
self-government and, 197
students and, 188
two principal qualifications and, 193–196
values and, 186–187, 190–191, 197–198
warnings and, 195
welfare and, 189
Trolley problem, 174–175, 245–246, 250, 254
Trump, Donald, x, 6, 15–17, 40, 138
Tversky, Amos, 91, 215–216, 224, 240
Uncertainty, 209, 211–212, 222, 225, 296n23
Unemployment, 54, 74
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 203
Unleashing
availability heuristic and, 10–12
cascades and, 9–10
discrimination and, 6–15
environmental issues and, 11
injustice and, 13
legal issues and, 4–5, 7, 9–10, 18
liberating isms and, 15–17
political correctness and, 4–6
politics and, 4–5, 11–12, 15–16
preferences and, 3–8, 12–14, 17–18
risk and, 15
social norms and, 3–18
U.S. Supreme Court, 43, 63, 171, 191
Utilitarianism
moral heuristics and, 216, 218, 220–223, 233, 235–236, 238
preferences and, 174–175
rights and, 243–249
social emotions and, 247–248, 302n18
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC) and, 247–248, 302n18
Utility
control and, 142–143
experience and, 165
expressive function of law and, 46–47
loss aversion and, 142
moral heuristics and, 220–226
preferences and, 165
weak consequentialism and, 222–223, 233–235, 244
Values
anonymity and, 278n10
beliefs and, 3–7, 10, 13, 17, 22, 27, 42, 274, 278n10
coercion and, 149, 152–154
control and, 137–145
ethics and, 121–122
forcing choices and, 78, 84–85
moral heuristics and, 215, 218
partyism and, 270
precautions and, 202, 208
preferences and, 3–8, 12–14, 17–18, 29, 42, 47, 161, 170, 175, 178
rights and, 253
social norms and, 1–6, 10–13, 17–18, 31, 41, 43, 49–53
transparency and, 186–187, 190–191, 197–198
welfare and, 91
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC), 247–248, 302n18
Waldfogel, Joel, 48–49
Wallace, David Foster, 115
Warnings
ethics and, 117–118, 121, 127, 130–135
forcing choices and, 81
nudges and, 59–60, 64, 81, 89, 95, 97, 105–113, 117–118, 121, 127, 130–135
transparency and, 195
welfare and, 89
Washington Post, 191
Weak consequentialism, 222–223, 233–235, 244
Weapons of mass destruction, 265
Welfare
active choosing and, 88
AJBT (“as judged by themselves”) criterion and, 87–94
automatic enrollment and, 87, 89, 91–92
bias and, 87, 93
choice architecture and, 87, 89, 93
coercion and, 147–155, 289n2
control and, 143
default rules and, 87, 92
entitlements and, 87
environmental issues and, 87
ethics and, 115–117, 119, 121–126, 131–132, 134
experience and, 177–179
expressive function of law and, 43–44, 46, 52
externalities and, 87
food and, 101
forcing choices and, 68, 70, 77–84
freedom of choice and, 68, 78, 84, 108, 110, 114, 150, 152, 289n2
nudge failures and, 96–97, 105, 108, 110, 114
partyism and, 258, 267
paternalism and, 82–84, 93
preferences and, 87–94, 157–158, 164–165, 168–169, 177–179
psychology and, 93
retirement and, 89
risk and, 92
self-control and, 87–91, 94
self-government and, 115, 117, 119
social norms and, 90
transparency and, 189
values and, 91
warnings and, 89
Westwood, Sean, 258–261, 264
White House Social and Behavioral Sciences Team, 61
White supremacy, x, 17
Wildavsky, Aaron, 212
Wilkinson, T. M., 131
Williams, Bernard, 42–43
Willis, Lauren, 102–104
Wingspread Declaration, 203
Wood, Gordon, 12
Woodward, Bob, 191
Xenophobia, 16