DeGroot, Gerard, 204
Denver Savings Bank, 76
Detroit Observatory, 63
Dick, Steven J., 49
Dick, Thomas, 34, 36, 37
Dollond equatorial refractor, 40
Dollond telescope, 39
Doolittle, James “Jimmy,” 150
Dorpat Observatory, 55
Douglas Aircraft Company, 174
Draper, Henry, 78
Draper Observatory, 14
Dryden, Hugh, 192
DuBridge, Lee A., 167
Dudley, Blandina, 60, 61
Dudley, Charles, 60, 69
Dudley Observatory, 59–62, 65
Dulles, John Foster, 186
Dunwoody, Halsey, 116–17, 118
du Pont, Henry, 142
DuPont Company, 141–42, 158
Edison, Thomas, 107
Edison’s Conquest of Mars (Serviss), 105, 107–8
Egypt, 186
Ehrlichman, John, 195
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 162, 166, 167, 168, 169, 176, 179–84
Enlightenment, 28, 32
Erie Canal, 26, 59–60
Explorer 1 satellite, 168, 180, 183
Ferguson, James, 52
First Gulf War, 165
First National Bank of Los Angeles, 98, 99
First World War, 106, 114–15, 117–23, 132, 150, 157, 209
Fisk, Willbur, 40–41
Fithian, Philip Vickers, 21
Fitz, Henry, 49, 65, 78, 79
Fitz refractor, 67
Flamsteed, John, 21
Fleming, John, 142–43
Fletcher, James, 195
Ford, Edsel, 138
Foreign Affairs, 186
Forey, Martin Rudolph, 66–67
founder observatories, 53, 74–76, 81–82
433 Eros (asteroid), 20
France, 193
Franklin, Benjamin, 23, 45
Friends’ Central School, 48–49
Friendship 7 spacecraft, 170
Fries, Amos, 121
From the Earth to the Moon (Verne), 83, 107–8, 130, 132
Frost, Edwin B., 101
funding. See military funding; private funding; public funding; public-private partnerships; subscription financing
Gagarin, Yuri, 170–71, 187
Galilei, Galileo, 21
gas warfare, 5, 121–23, 158
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 61
Gemini Observatories, 14
Gemini Program, 166
General Education Board, 88, 94–95
General Electric, 154, 158
Geneva Protocol, 122
George III, king of Great Britain, 24
Georgetown Observatory, 45, 47, 48–49, 70
Ghana, 186
Giáp, Võ Nguyên, 200
Gibson, Adelno, 122
Gilliss, James Melville, 50–51
Glenn, John, 100, 167–68, 171, 190
Glennan, T. Keith, 182, 183, 184
Global Positioning System (GPS), 164, 165
Goddard, Robert, 6, 31, 79, 83, 155–56, 163, 207
in Annapolis, 152–53
early inspirations for, 106–8
entrepreneurial streak of, 108–9, 125
Guggenheims’
support for, 141–44, 212
liquid-fuel research by, 5, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 122, 124, 129, 133, 134–37, 140–41, 144, 148, 150, 151, 153–54, 159
military funding for, 5, 106, 111–12, 115–24, 138, 144–52, 154, 157–58, 211
moon-going rocket project of, 125–35, 139–43, 157
philosophical motivations of, 109–10
as professor, 111–12, 123
Smithsonian support for, 112–13, 114–15, 121, 133–38, 140, 157, 210
as visionary, 105
Goldborough, Louis M., 50
Gold Rush, 73, 76
Goodsell Observatory, 77
Gould, Benjamin, 61–62
GRAB satellite, 165
“Grand Amateurs,” 78–79
Grand Canary Telescope, 14
Great Comet (1843), 57
Great Comet (1874), 72
Great Moon Hoax, 34–36, 38, 53
Griffith, Griffith J., 77
Griggs, David, 174
Griggs, William, 37
gross domestic product (GDP), 13, 14
Grosse, Aristid, 175
Guatemala, 185
Guggenheim, Caroline, 141
Guggenheim, Daniel, 5, 141, 143, 144, 156, 209
Guggenheim, Daniel, Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics, 143
Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence, Foundation, 141, 146, 149
Guggenheim, Florence, 144
Guggenheim, Harry, 5, 106, 141, 145–46, 148–51, 156, 157, 208, 212
Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT), 148, 152–53
guided missiles, 1, 147–48, 164, 165, 176
Hale, George Ellery, 5, 12, 74, 100, 103, 114, 123, 163
Carnegie cultivated by, 90–92, 212
as entrepreneur, 82, 92, 94, 102, 120, 140, 208
Mount Wilson Observatory and, 84, 88–90
Palomar Observatory and, 93–99, 139
Yerkes Observatory and, 85–87
youth of, 83–84
Hale, William, 84, 88
Hall, Asa, 52
Halley, Edmond, 21
Halley’s Comet, 40, 42
Halsted, Nathaniel, 72
Halsted Observatory, 72
Hamilton College, 63
Hammerschlag, A. A., 136
Harper, William Rainey, 85, 86
Harvard College, 24–25, 33
Observatory of, 43, 44, 54, 58–59, 70, 101, 210
Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph, 24
Heavens and the Earth, The (McDougall), 161
heliometer, 61
Henry, Joseph, 61
Herschel, John, 34–36, 37
Herschel, William, 24, 38
Hevelius, Johannes, 21
Hickman, Clarence, 119, 150
Hodgkins, Thomas, 5, 114, 156
Hodgkins Fund, 114, 124, 145
Holcomb, Amasa, 79
Hooker, John D., 90–91, 96
Hopkins, Albert, 41
Hopkins Observatory, 41
Hoyne, Thomas, 67
Hudson Observatory, 41
Humbugs of the World (Barnum), 35
Hungarian Revolution (1956), 185
Hutchinson, Charles, 86
Huygens, Christiaan, 21
India, 186
Indonesia, 186
Industrial Research Laboratories of Worcester, 125
inflation, 13
information asymmetries, 7, 8, 172–73, 177, 179, 212
Interallied Aviation Commission, 116
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 1, 165
Interkosmos program, 193
International Education Board, 94, 97
International Geophysical Year, 168
International Space Station, 6, 162, 174, 195–96, 199
intrinsic motivation, 4, 73, 93, 108, 114, 120, 128, 144, 159, 201, 204, 206, 216
defined, 9
economic supply likened to, 7, 203
for exploration, 9, 10, 163, 189, 214
Goddard’s, 156, 157, 158
for Observatory Movement, 41, 44, 74, 101, 102
persistence of, 208, 209–10, 214
of religious belief, 45
in scientific research, 77
signaling intertwined with, 9–11
types of, 10
“Introduction to Outer Space” (report), 162–63, 168
Jackson, John, 77–78
Japan, 197
Jefferson, Thomas, 23–24
Jenkins, Thomas, 47, 70
Jesuits, 46–48, 53
jet-assisted takeoff (JATO), 149, 151–52, 153–54
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 99, 103, 168
John F.
Kennedy and the Race to the Moon (Logsdon), 161
Johnson, Lyndon B., 160, 181, 182, 187–88, 192
Journey in Other Worlds, A (Astor), 129
Jupiter C rocket, 176
Justice, George M., 42, 43
Kármán, Theodore von, 148, 152, 153
Kealey, Terence, 20
Keck, W. M., Observatory, 100
Keck, William Myron, 100
Keck Foundation, 100
Keck Telescopes, 14
Kelvin, William Thomson, 1st Baron, 107
Kendall, Ezra Otis, 43
Kennedy, John F., 162, 166, 169, 184–92, 194, 199
Kenwood Physical Observatory, 84–85
Kepler, Johannes, 21
Khrushchev, Nikita, 138, 183–84, 190, 192, 199, 200, 203
Killian, James, 162
King, Admiral, 145
Kissinger, Henry, 186
Knorr, Klaus, 168
Korolev, Sergei, 5, 106, 138, 153, 203
labor costs, 6, 13, 154
Ladd, Herbert W., 76
Ladd Observatory, 75
Lambert, William, 24
Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 31, 66, 103
Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 151
Langley Research Center, 103
Langmuir, Irving, 154
Lankford, John, 101
Lawrence, Abbott, 58
Lawrence, Lovell, 154
Lee, Robert E., 71
Lehman, Milton, 106, 116, 119, 147
Leiden University, 25
Lerebours telescope, 40
Lewis, George, 145, 150, 151, 156
Ley, Willy, 3
L5 Society, 201
Lick, James, 19, 43, 73–74, 76, 90, 96, 208
Lick Observatory, 4, 16, 19, 38, 44, 70, 73–74, 102, 209, 210, 211
Lindbergh, Charles, 106, 141–46, 148, 150–51, 156, 157, 212
Lipp, James, 174
liquid-fuel rocketry: GALCIT’s work on, 152–53
German work on, 106, 117, 123, 134–35, 153
Goddard’s work on, 5, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 122, 124, 129, 133, 134–37, 140–41, 144, 148, 150, 151, 153–54, 159
military interest in, 165–66, 202
in private launches, 156
Soviet work on, 106, 117, 153
Litchfield, Edwin, 63
Litchfield Observatory, 63
Locke, Richard Adams, 34, 37, 38
Logan, James, 21
Logsdon, John, 161
Long Space Age, 3, 4, 6, 103, 207–10, 216–17
Longstreth, Miers Fisher, 48
Loomis, Elias, 27, 41–42, 52, 54
Lowe, Thaddeus, 75
Lowell, Percival, 79–80
Lowell Observatory, 14, 70, 79–80
Lubell, Samuel, 181
Lunik program, 183, 184
Madeira, George, 73
Malby & Sons, 64
Malina, Frank, 153
Manhattan Project, 136
Manila Observatory, 47
Marcy, Charles, 60
Mars, 212, 214
“canals” of, 79, 107
moons of, 52
Mars Exploration Rovers, 19, 212
Martin, Benjamin, 23
Martin, Charles, 151
Martin, Glenn L., 150, 158
Marvin, Charles, 142, 143
Maskelyne, Nevil, 21
Maslow, Abraham, 9
Massachusetts Bay, 23
Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 51, 52
McCarthyism, 182
McCormick, Cyrus, 70–71
McCormick, Leander, 70–71
McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, 70
McCormick Observatory, 70–71
McDonald, William Johnson, 81–82
McDonald Observatory, 81–82
McDougall, Walter, 161
McNamara, Robert, 166, 169, 188–90
Medaris, John B., 165
Mercury, 19
Mercury Program, 167, 168
Merriam, John Campbell, 98, 142, 143
Merz and Mahler, 43, 59, 63
MESSENGER probe, 19
Mexico, 193
military funding: during Cold War, 161
Goddard’s pursuit of, 5, 106, 111–12, 113, 115–24, 138, 144–52, 154, 157–58
personal objectives furthered by, 49
Miller, George, 167–68
Miller, Howard, 20, 54
Millikan, Clark, 148
Millikan, Robert, 98
Missile Defense Agency, 164
Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight, 5, 55–57, 58, 60, 64, 65, 102, 215
Mitchell, Maria, 70
Molyneux clock, 40
Monroe, James, 24
Monroe Doctrine, 25
moon, 28, 110, 126
early interest in, 59, 65, 73
in fiction, 83, 107–8, 130, 132
Goddard’s plans to reach, 125–35, 139–43, 157
landing on, 1, 6, 10, 160, 171, 189, 200, 202, 204, 214
Soviet exploration of, 183–84. See also Apollo program; Great Moon Hoax
Morgenthau, Hans, 169
Morrison, Berenice, 72–73
Morrison Observatory, 72
Motivation and Personality (Maslow), 9
Mount Lowe Observatory, 14, 75
Mount Lowe Railway, 75
Mount Wilson Observatory, 70, 210, 211
Carnegie’s support for, 90–93, 98, 142
Goddard at, 119, 120, 139, 157
Hale’s support for, 84, 88–90
magnitude of, 4, 19
Musk, Elon, 2, 104, 208
Napoleon I, emperor of the French, 169
NASA and the Space Industry (Bromberg), 211
National Academy of Sciences, 92
National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), 145, 148–49, 150–51, 158
National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958), 191
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 1, 100, 188–89, 194–95, 215, 216
budget of, 164, 168, 198–99, 209
failures of, 2
Jet Propulsion Lab of, 99, 103, 168
managerial autonomy at, 94
Mars Exploration Rovers of, 19, 212
MESSENGER probe of, 19
misunderstandings of, 162
NEAR Shoemaker mission of, 19
New Horizons mission of, 16
outlook for, 210
as public-private network, 211
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 164
National Institute for the Promotion of Science, 51
National Reconnaissance Office, 164
National Research Council, 115, 117
National Road, 26
National Science Foundation, 100
Naval Consulting Board, 112, 113, 114
navigation, 29, 32, 38, 49, 58
NEAR Shoemaker mission, 19
nebulae, 89, 90
New Allegheny Observatory, 66
“new astronomy,” 68
Newcomb, Simon, 103
New Horizons mission, 16
New Jersey, 23
Newton, Isaac, 21, 45–46
New York City, 34
New York University, 42
Nicholas I, emperor of Russia, 29
Nixon, Richard, 170, 186, 187, 192, 194, 195
Non-Aligned Movement, 186
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 165, 185
Noyes, Arthur, 139
nuclear weapons, 158, 175
Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (Kissinger), 186
Oberth, Hermann, 1, 83, 105, 107, 123, 134–35
observatories, 5, 8, 12–53
private funding of, 4, 6, 20, 26, 40, 41, 51, 58–61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 76–80, 82, 85, 87, 90–91, 98, 100
public funding of, 42–43, 53, 56, 63, 64, 100. See also American Observatory Movement
O’Donovan, L. O., 47
Offer, Avner, 8
Olcott, Thomas Worth, 60, 61, 62
Oliver, F. S.,
169
Pakistan, 193
Palomar Observatory, 82, 93, 96, 139, 209, 210
magnitude of, 4, 16, 19, 103
signaling value of, 97–98
telescope of, 99–100
Panama Canal, 108
Pasadena Music and Art Association, 98–99
Peabody Institute, 88
Pease, Francis, 94
Pendray, George, 132, 141
Perkins, Hiram, 80–81
Perkins Observatory, 80–81
Philadelphia High School Observatory, 42–44, 58
Pickering, Edward, 101
Pierce, Benjamin, 58, 61
Pluto, 16, 79
Poe, Edgar Allan, 37
polar expeditions, 138
positional astronomy, 68–69
Pownall, Commander, 145
Presidential Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), 162–63, 167, 188
prestige, 22, 58, 60, 65
Adams’s focus on, 26, 32, 49
during Cold War, 161–63, 166–72, 175–76, 179, 180, 182–83, 186–88, 190, 191, 193, 201, 204
difficulty of quantifying, 169
naval, 51, 52
philanthropic, 91, 93
political appeals grounded in, 7, 26, 31
pure science vs., 102
religious appeals grounded in, 47, 48
of scientific discovery, 68
urban, 54, 56, 57, 75
Preston, W. C., 51, 52
Pride and Power (Van Dyke), 161
Princeton University, 72, 168
Principia (Newton), 21
Pritchett, Carr, 72
Pritchett School Institute, 72
private funding, 2
by elected officials, 25, 75–76
by foundations, 88, 89, 92–95, 98, 100
historical dominance of, 3, 6, 11, 44, 69, 102
of infrastructure, 77, 101, 102
measuring, 14, 19
of observatories, 4, 6, 20, 26, 40, 41, 51, 58–61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 76–80, 82, 85, 87, 90–91, 98, 100
public funding intertwined with, 5
reemergence of, 104
religious motivations for, 45, 47
of research, 73, 101
from Smithson’s bequest, 27, 30, 51–52
production worker compensation (PWC), 13, 154
Project RAND, 174, 178
Ptolemy, 21
public funding: growth of, 100
measuring, 14, 19
of observatories, 42–43, 53, 56, 63, 64, 100
private funding intertwined with, 5
as recent development, 3
public goods, 11
public-private partnerships, 129, 211, 214
Pulkovo Observatory, 29–30, 64
Purinton, Captain, 120
Puritans, 21, 32, 46
Rakete zu den Planetenräumen, Die (Oberth), 134–35
Ramo, Simon, 100
Ramo-Woolridge Corporation, 100
Reaction Motors, 154
Reagan, Ronald, 195–98, 200
Ream, Norman, 88
Rechtin, Eberhardt, 168
religion, 21, 28, 34, 41, 44–49, 53, 81
Research Corporation, 136, 140
Rhode Island, 23
Rhodes, Richard, 152
Riffolt, Nils, 125, 150, 232 n. 17