Ritchey, George, 84, 87–88, 89, 90
Rittenhouse, David, 21, 23–24, 46
Robeson, Paul, 170–71
Robinson, Henry M., 98–99
Rockefeller, John D., 88, 94, 97, 98, 138
Rockefeller Foundation, 94–98, 178
Rockwood, George I., 118
Rockwood Sprinkler, 118, 158
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 107
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 111–12, 174
Roosevelt, Henry L., 145, 147
Root, Elihu, 98
Roothaan, Jan, 47–48
Rose, Wickliffe, 94, 95, 96–97, 98
Rothenberg, Marc, 58
Royal Society, 21
Russia, 30–31, 56, 165, 198–99
Rutherford, Lewis Morris, 78
Rutherford Observatory, 14, 70
Sands, Benjamin F., 52
satellites, 3, 165, 168, 180, 175, 176, 183, 184, 190, 212. See also Sputnik
Saturn V booster, 166
Saturn program, 165–66
Saudi Arabia, 193
Scammon, J. Young, 67, 68, 69
Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 79
Schriever, Bernard, 164
Sears, David, 58, 69, 70
Secchi, Angelo, 48
Second World War: Goddard’s work during, 5, 106, 117, 122, 146, 149, 158, 209
rocketry research during, 123, 152–53, 165
Serbia, 165
Serviss, Garrett P., 105, 107–8
Sessums, John W., Jr., 147
Shattuck, George, 70
Shelby College, 62–63
Shell Oil Company, 150
Shimbori, M., 169–70
Shinkle, E. M., 118
Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment (SCORE) satellite, 183, 184
signaling, signals, 86, 128, 144
asymmetric information overcome by, 7, 8
by cities, 54, 57, 65, 67
during Cold War, 6, 7, 8, 103, 161–84, 186–209, 212–13
economic demand likened to, 7
exploration as, 7, 8
of federal power, 51
funding decisions driven by, 8, 59, 64, 101, 102, 157
intrinsic motivation intertwined with, 9–11
by military branches, 50
by new nation, 23–24
by religious groups, 47, 48–49
reputational, 53
rocketry as, 138
during Space Age, 160–62, 166–67, 171
of technological and economic leadership, 172
by universities, 133
of wealth, 44, 53, 69
Sims, William S., 126
Smithson, James, 5, 27, 30, 31, 33, 51–52, 113, 114, 156
Smithsonian Institution, 31–32, 103, 106, 211
Goddard funded by, 112–13, 114–15, 121, 133–38, 140, 157, 210
Soviet Union, 1, 160, 162, 166, 171, 175–91, 193, 198–201, 203
Soyuz vehicle, 213
Spaceflight Revolution, The (Bainbridge), 204
Space Race, 160–206
Space Shuttle, 2, 6, 193–94, 199
Space Station Freedom, 6, 162, 198–99
spectroscopy, 48, 87
Spence, Edward F., 85
Spence, Michael, 173
Sputnik, 102, 138, 203
international response to, 161, 162, 167, 177–82, 199, 205
Soviet braggadocio over, 183–84
Squier, George, 116–17, 118, 119, 120, 123
Standley, W. H., 145
Stennis, John, 164
Stiles, Ezra, 21
Stonestreet, Charles, 47
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 200–201
Stratton, Samuel, 117, 123
Strauss, David, 79
Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm, 29
subscription financing, 20, 37–38
of Allegheny Observatory, 64–65
in Chicago, 67
of Cincinnati Observatory, 55, 56–58
by Goddard, 127–28, 30
Harvard’s failed attempts at, 24–25
by universities, 62–63, 72
Suez Crisis (1956), 185
Sun, 142
Sun (newspaper), 34–35, 37
Sunderland, A. H., 147, 150
Superior Oil Company, 100
surveying, 24, 49, 69
Swift, Lewis, 74, 75
Syria, 193
Tappan, Henry, 63
taxation, 11
Teague, Olin, 193
Thaw, William, 66, 69, 70, 90
Thaw, William, Jr., 66
31 Euphrosyne (asteroid), 52
Thompson, Louis, 125
Thorkelson, H. J., 94
Throop Polytechnic Institute, 98, 103
Tikhonravov, Mikhail, 153
timekeeping, 29, 50, 69
Titanic, 129
Towers, J. H., 151
Treatise on Astronomy (Herschel), 34
Troughton and Simms meridian circle, 40
Truax, Robert, 151
Truman, Harry, 175
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 83, 105, 107, 207
Udias, Agustin, 47
U.S. Military Academy, 20, 116
U.S. Naval Observatory, 20, 33, 43, 49, 50, 52, 53
United States Information Agency (USIA), 170, 179–80, 186, 199
Universal Aviation Corporation, 116
University of Alabama, 14, 63
University of California, 44
University of Chicago, 67, 70, 85
University of Denver, 77
University of Michigan, 63
University of Mississippi, 14, 63–64, 67, 71
University of North Carolina, 40
University of Pittsburgh, 65
University of Texas, 81–82
University of Virginia, 24, 70, 71
“Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfall, The” (Poe), 37
Uranus, 24
Urey, Harold, 9–10
U-2 plane, 179
Van Arsdale, Robert, 78
Van Buren, Martin, 60
Vanderbilt, William H., 71
Van Duzee, William, 78
Van Dyke, Vernon, 161, 167
Vanguard project, 176–77, 181
Van Rensselaer, Henry, 60
Vassar, Matthew, 70
Vassar College, 70
Vatican Observatory, 48
Veblen, Thorstein, 7, 193, 194
Vega, 78
Venus, 22, 23, 32, 44, 48, 52, 103, 214
Verne, Jules, 83, 103, 107–8, 130, 132
Vico, Francesco, 48
Victory, John F., 151
von Braun, Wernher, 123, 146, 153, 165
Goddard viewed by, 105
military funding stressed by, 5, 106, 158
Soviet competition with, 175, 176
Vostok 1, 170–71
V-2 rocket, 165, 176
Walcott, Charles, 89, 114, 115, 116–19, 121, 123, 133, 156
Walker, William J., 226 n. 29
Wanamaker, Rodman, 138
Warner, Hubert, 74–75
Warner & Swasey Company, 82, 228 n. 79
War of the Worlds, The (Wells), 106
Washburn, Cadwallader, 76
Washburn Observatory, 75–76
Washington, George, 23
Watt, James, 91
Webb, James, 166, 187, 188–89
Webster, Arthur, 112–13
Weinberger, Caspar, 195
Wells, H. G., 106
Wesleyan University, 40
Western Reserve College, 41
Western University of Pennsylvania, 65–66, 70
West Germany, 193
West Point Academy, 49
Whipple, John Adams, 59
Wilkes, Charles, 50
Willard, Joseph, 21
Williams, Thomas R.
, 71
Williams College, 41
Wilson, Erwin, 175
Wilson, Woodrow, 117
Winchester, Oliver, 72
Winchester Observatory, 72
Winchester Repeating Arms Company, 118, 119, 125, 158
Winthrop, John (Harvard professor), 22
Winthrop, John, Jr. (governor), 21, 77
Woodward, Robert, 119
Wright brothers, 153
Yale College, 33, 39, 42, 44, 58, 70, 72
Yerkes, Charles Tyson, 43, 84–85, 86–87, 96, 101
Yerkes Observatory, 82, 84–86, 88, 101
Young, Charles Augustus, 84
Young Men’s Christian Association, 76
Yugoslavia, 186