Fabyan’s Chronicle, 120
Faleise, John, 165
Falkirk, Battle of, 57–58, 60, 64, 74, 176
famines, 34, 54, 129–34, 136–37, 158, 201, 225, 257–58, 259
cannibalism and, 135, 231
categories of, 131
crime and, 135
Great, see Great Famine
infectious disease and, 159–60
malnutrition and, 158–60
scenarios in, 133
fealty, 192–93
feudalism, 3–4, 5, 26–28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 46, 47, 50, 59, 60, 62–64, 93, 167, 215, 256
homage and, 192–93
land expansion and, 28
in Scotland, 35, 38–39
feudal manorialism, 31, 33–34, 54–55, 62, 257
crop rotation system in, 125
decline of, 58, 59–60
homage and fealty in, 192–93
Medieval Warm Period and, 58, 59–60
nationalism and, 58
papacy and, 63
short-term thinking in, 100
fish, 151–52, 154, 174, 221
Flanders, 198, 199
France and, 67–71, 114, 140, 161–62, 164, 181–82, 227, 233
Great Famine in, 161–63, 220
peasant revolt in, 236–37
Fleming, Nicholas, 190
floods, 124, 140–41, 150, 153, 208, 220, 257, 258
Flores Historianum (de Reading), 79
fluid dynamics, 9
Fochart, Battle of, 179–80
Fogel, Robert, 157
food, 153–58
cheese, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 174, 224
fish, 151–52, 154, 174, 221
grain, see grain
importing of, 203–4, 221
meat, 142, 143, 154, 155–56, 157–58, 174
milk, 152, 158, 181, 187
prices of, 138–39, 131, 153, 199, 201–2, 224, 259
salt, 151–52, 164, 226
Fordun, John, 85
forestalling, 201
France, 20, 35, 40, 60, 168, 218
deforestation in, 18
Edward II in, 166, 171
England and, 40, 44–45, 67, 71, 108, 238
Flanders and, 67–71, 114, 140, 161–62, 164, 181–82, 227, 233
Great Famine in, 163–64
in Hundred Years’ War, 256
Isabella in, 166, 168, 171, 238–41
in Medieval Warm Period (map), 41
population growth in, 17
Scotland and, 55, 71
Fraser, Simon, 84
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 218–19
freemen, 33, 82, 126, 127, 149
Frescobaldi family, 46, 95, 108
Friedrich IV, Duke, 220, 226–27, 229–30, 233
frontier expansion, 97–98
Galatians, 217
gang-days, 147–49
Gaveston, Arnaud de, 79
Gaveston, Piers, 79, 89, 91–92, 111, 154n, 177, 179, 182, 195, 235
Edward II and, 79, 80, 88–96, 104, 183, 189, 210
Margaret de Clare’s marriage to, 89
murder of, 96, 105, 107, 108, 165, 178, 195, 207
Genesis, 130, 187
Georgics (Virgil), 184
Germany, 164, 167, 218–19, 224, 225, 226
Gessler, Hermann, 228
Gibbon, Edward, 8, 27
Gilgamesh, 130
glaciers, 9, 11
glanders, 209
Gloucester, 177, 178
Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, earl of, 92, 115, 118, 177
Godefroy de Paris, 89
“Good King Robert’s Testament,” 86
Gotthard Pass, 227–28
grain, 30, 96–97, 129, 134, 138, 142–51, 153–55, 157, 164, 174, 175, 180, 201, 204, 208, 210, 220, 224, 258
barley, 144, 150, 154, 181, 196
beer and ale, 138–39, 144, 153, 154–55, 157, 224
bread, 142–43, 145, 149, 153, 155, 157, 204
frumenty, 143–44, 149, 153, 154
hoarding and profiteering and, 204–5
horsebread, 143, 154
millet, 144
prices for, 138
rice, 144, 145
rye, 144, 150, 159
wheat, 145–46, 150, 162, 181
Gray, Thomas, 172, 250
Great Famine, 2, 4, 5, 129, 133–41, 209, 220–26, 233, 252, 256–59
cannibalism during, 135–36
Edward II and, 128, 142, 173, 174, 176, 183, 187, 250–51
epidemic diseases and, 225
in Flanders, 161–63, 220
in France, 163–64
Grimms’ tales and, 231–32
monks in, 160
mortality from, 133, 161, 199, 202, 224–25
prayers and processions during, 203, 225
scenarios in, 133
starvation in, 158, 161, 174, 225–26
strange diets in, 159
Great Illusion, The (Angell), 100–101
Greenland, 16, 18, 19, 224
Gregory III, Pope, 187n
Gregory VII, Pope, 63
Grey, Thomas, 209
Grimm brothers, 231–32
Grosseteste, Robert, 146
Gulf Stream, 16
Guy, Count of Flanders, 161
Guy of Namur, 69
Habsburgs, 227–29, 230
Hadrian I, Pope, 215
Hanseatic League, 54, 222–24
Harald Hardrada, 23–24, 87
Harclay, Andrew, 206, 211–12
Harold II, King (Harold Godwinson), 23–25, 87
Haroun and the Sea of Stories (Rushdie), 5
Harthacnut, 21n, 23
Hastings, Battle of, 24–28, 29, 32, 46
heat energy, 10
Henry II, King, 35–36, 41, 44, 108, 182, 193, 217, 222
Henry III, Duke of Saxony, 222
Henry III, King, 45, 56n, 74
Henry IV, King, 63
Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, 111, 219
Henry VIII, King, 63n
Herbert the Dean, 149
Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun, 115–17
herring, 151–52
Higden, Ranulf, 249
Historia Anglicana (Walsingham), 179
hobelars, 122, 150, 188, 210
Holland, 68n
Holy Oil, 182
Holy Roman Empire, 213–20, 223, 226–27
map of, 216
homage, 192–93
homosexuality, 79–80
horses, 186–87, 209
House of Commons, 94
Hundred Years’ War, 256
hunger, 157
strange diets and, 159
hunter-gatherer societies, 30
hydraulic hypothesis, 30
ice ages, 9, 137
Iceland, 16, 19, 136, 224
ice sheets, 11–12
Île des Juifs, 170
Ingram de Umfraville, 118
insurance, 202–3
internal colonization, 97, 200
Ireland, 132, 133, 179–80, 184, 258
Irminger Current, 16
Isabel, countess of Buchan, 84
Isabella, Queen, 89–90, 92, 108, 119, 164, 165, 172, 182, 183, 192, 195–96, 210–12, 23, 235, 237–46, 248, 250, 255
Berwick campaign and, 188–89
Bruce and, 240, 241
coronation of, 91–92
Despensers and, 179, 189, 235–36, 240–42, 245–46
domestic staff of, 165–66
Edward II imprisoned by, 245
Edward II’s marriage to, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 17, 20, 71, 80, 89, 90–91
in France, 166, 168, 171, 238–41
Gaveston and, 90, 165, 179, 189, 235
Mortimer and, 240, 241, 243
at Saint Albans, 142, 150
Tour de Nesle Affair and, 170–72
Isabel of Fife, 78
Isobel of Huntington, 43n
Italy, 17, 167n, 218
James I of England (James VI of Scotland), 254
Jean de Saint-Victor, 204
Jeanne, Countess of Burgundy, 171, 172, 181
Jews, 46, 170n
Johannes of Winterthur, 229
John, King, 36, 56
John XXII, Pope, 170n, 176, 182, 191, 193–94, 230, 235, 240
John of Hainaut, 241
John of London, 87
John of Powderham, 182–83
John of Strathbogie, earl of Atholl, 85
John of Wallingford, 7
Keegan, John, 117
Keith, Robert, 111, 118, 181
King Lear (Shakespeare), 59, 60
Kirkpatrick, Roger, 77
knights, 112–13, 114
knights banneret, 47
knight’s fees, 207
Knights Templar, 168–70
Königsaller Geschichts-Quellen, 224
kwashiorkor, 158, 225
Lamb, Hubert, 12
Lamberton, William, 55, 61, 64, 65, 75–77, 101, 104
Lamentations, 130
Lancaster, Thomas, earl of, 91–93, 95, 96, 107, 108, 111, 128, 173, 177–78, 182, 183, 187, 188, 190, 194–95, 233
in rebellion of 1322, 205–7, 208
land, 29, 139
immortal ownership of (mortmain), 63
land tenure, 3, 28, 60, 127, 146
manorialism and, see manorialism
measures of, 147
pawning of, 221
Langton, Walter, 79
L’Anse aux Meadows, 6, 17
Leif Ericson, 17
Leo III, Pope, 215
Leopold of Habsburg, Duke, 227–29
L’Estrange, Eubulo, 177, 207
Lewis, Archibald, 97
Lex Salica, 255–56
Liberi homines, 33
lifespan, 160–61
li Muisis, Gilles, 162
Little Ice Age, 137
livestock, 128, 155–56, 157
see also cattle; sheep
Llull, Ramon, 113
Lombards, 214–15, 218
London, 91, 200, 201, 208
Louis VII, King, 193
Louis X, King, 129, 140, 152, 161–62, 164, 171, 172, 181, 255
Louis de Nevers, 236–37
Louis the Pious, 67, 215–17
Ludwig IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 220, 226–27, 229–30, 233
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 29, 60
Magna Carta, 56, 108, 191
Magnus VI, King, 223
Malcolm III, King, 38
malnutrition, 158–60, 258
manorialism, 3–4, 5, 31–34, 62, 99, 237
feudal, see feudal manorialism
three categories of, 31
marasmus, 158
Marcher Lords, 178–79, 194–95
“March to Bannockburn” (Burns), 120, 255
Margaret, Maid of Norway, 38–40, 42
Margaret de Clare, 89, 177–78
Margaret of Burgundy, 171–72
mark (currency), 36n
Marlowe, Christopher, 71, 120
Mary I, Queen, 176
Mary II of England, 255
Mathes, François, 137
meat, 142, 143, 154, 155–56, 157–58, 174
Medieval Warm Period (MWP), 10–18, 21, 32, 62, 87, 90, 113, 123, 137, 140–41, 150, 151, 167, 168, 197, 217, 231, 257, 258
Azores High and, 12–13, 67–68
decline of, 126–27
England, Scotland, and France during (map), 41
feudal manorialism and, 58, 59–60
frontier expansion and, 97–98
population growth and, 17–18, 68, 124
Melton, William, 189–90
Menteith, John, 74
milk, 152, 158, 181, 187
Model Parliament, 94
monks, 160
Moray, Andrew, earl of, 50–54, 84
Moray, Thomas Randolph, earl of, 110, 111, 118, 188, 190, 205, 210, 240–41, 248–49, 254
Morgarten, Battle of, 114n
mortality rates, 199–200
during Great Famine, 133, 161, 199, 202, 224–25
Mortimer, Roger, 128, 179, 233, 240, 241, 243, 247–49, 255
Mouse Tower of Bingen, 230–31
Mount Tambora, 10n
Mowbray, Philip, 110, 114, 115, 119
murrains (cattle plagues), 184–87, 190, 199, 209, 220
Myton Bridge, 189–90
nationalism, 3–4, 5, 217, 227, 256
in Flanders, 71
in Scotland, 50, 55, 58
nations, emergence of, 60, 168
Nicholas, Cardinal, 166
Niño, Pero, 113
nitrogen, 98–99, 145, 146
Norman Conquest, 21–28, 29, 31, 35, 38
Normandy, 20, 29, 32, 35
Norse, 6–8, 16, 19–21, 217, 222
North Atlantic, 16
ocean currents in (map), 15
North Atlantic Current, 16
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), 12–13, 68, 123, 164, 258
North Sea, 140
Northumberland, 139, 179, 249
nutrition, 160
malnutrition, 158–60, 258
oceans, 9–10
Odyssey, The (Homer), xi
Ordinances of 1311, 95, 105, 107–8, 111, 128, 138, 207
Oriental Despotism (Wittfogel), 30
Orleton, Adam, 233, 235, 246
Otto I, Duke, 221
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, 218
oxen, 186–87, 190, 209
Pacific Ocean, 132
Pals, Jan Peter, 156–57
papacy, 3–4, 50, 62–65, 167, 215, 217, 227, 230, 257
Avignon, 167–68
peasant land, 31
peasant revolts, 236–37
peasantry, 126–27, 202
Pembroke, Aymer de Valence, earl of, 81, 86, 92, 93, 95, 96, 102, 103, 107, 115, 119, 122, 128, 183, 187–88, 194, 195, 211
death of, 234
kidnapping of, 176
Pepin the Short, 215
Percy, Henry, 51, 52
Pessagno, Antonio, 108, 138, 187–88
Peter of Spalding, 181
Philip I, King, 193
Philip IV, King, 44–45, 55, 64–69, 71, 104, 107, 108–9, 129, 161, 166, 171–72, 175, 219, 256
death of, 170n
Knights Templar and, 168–70
Philip V, King, 171, 181, 255
death of, 233
Edward II and, 192–94
Philippa of Hainaut, 241, 246
pigs, 156, 157
piracy, 174–75
plows, 125–26, 186–87
Polychronicon (Higden), 249
population growth, 17–18, 28, 34, 68, 97–99, 124, 168, 197, 217, 237, 258
Postan, Michael Moissey, 97, 98, 200
potato famine, 132, 133
pound, 32n
inflation and, 173
prises, 138
protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM), 158
Psalm 65, 19
Queen Mary Psalter, 176, 184
Ragman Roll, 49, 50, 58
rainfall, 122
–23, 124, 127–29, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140, 145–46, 150–52, 164, 172, 173, 175, 177n, 180, 196, 220, 221, 257
Randolph, Thomas, see Moray, Thomas Randolph, earl of
Reconquista, 42, 97, 252
Rehoboam, 93
resonance, 5
Revelation, xi, 259
Reynolds, Walter, 95, 247
Richard I, Duke of Normandy, 20–21
Richard I, King (Richard Lionheart), 35–36, 172, 175n, 198
rinderpest, 185–86, 190, 199, 209
riverine societies, 30
Robert II, King, 254
Robert III, Count of Flanders, 161
Robert III, King, 68
Robert of Artois, 69–70
Roger I of Sicily, 21
Rollo, 20, 21
Rome, 30–31, 82, 213–14, 215
Rouche, Michel, 155, 156
Rushdie, Salman, 5
Rütlischwur, 227
Saint Albans, 142, 150
Salic Law, 255–56
salt, 151–52, 164, 226
Scalacronica (Grey), 209
Schiller, Friedrich, 227n
schiltroms, 57, 58, 114, 117, 118, 189, 206
Scotichronicon (Fordun), 85
Scotland, 19, 29, 50, 60
army of, 58
Declaration of Arbroath and, 191, 193
economy of, 42
England and, 4–5, 35–58, 60–62, 64–67, 71, 73–75, 78, 80–81, 85–87, 101–6, 107–21, 139–40, 188–91, 198–99, 208–9, 238, 241, 242, 248, 251, 254
feudalism in, 35, 38–39
France and, 55, 71
Guardians established in, 38
in Medieval Warm Period (map), 41
nationalism and, 50, 55, 58
Stone of Destiny in, 48, 78, 91
wool production in, 42n
Scottish Church, 50–51, 55, 78
Segrave, John, 105
Seton, Christopher, 84–85
serfs, 33, 82, 126, 127, 149
Shakespeare, William, 92n
King Lear, 59, 60
The Tragedy of Macbeth, 29, 60
sheep, 197, 198, 199, 202, 209, 210
wool from, 42n, 82, 181, 197–99, 221
Sicily, 21
Silva Carbonnaria, 19
Simonie, or the Evil Times of Edward II, The, 72, 96–97
slaves, 33
soil, 124–25, 127–28, 141, 146, 150
Song of Lewes, The, 40
Southern Oscillation, 132
specific heat, 10
Stapledon, Walter, 239, 240, 243
starvation, 83, 134, 139, 157
in Great Famine, 158, 161, 174, 225–26
Stauffacher, Werner, 228
Stephen, King, 35
Stephen II, Pope, 215
Stewart, James, 39, 51–53, 61, 66–67, 111
Stewart, Walter, 111, 188, 254
Stirling Bridge, Battle of, 52–58, 64, 69, 86, 109, 113, 206, 229
Stirling Castle, 73–74, 76, 109, 110, 128
Stone of Destiny, 48, 78, 91