Bostock, H.P. (1982) The Great Ride, Artlook Books, Perth
Clunie, K. & Austin, R. (ed.) (2009) From Gallipoli to Palestine: The War Writings of Sergeant G.T. Clunie of the Wellington Mounted Rifles, 1914–1919, Slouch Hat Publications, McCrae, Australia
Conner, J. (2011) ANZAC and Empire: George Foster Pearce and the Foundations of Australian Defence, Cambridge University Press
Fowler, J.E. (1979) Looking Backward, Roebuck Society Publications, Canberra
Gardner, B. (1965) Allenby, Cassell & Company Ltd, London
Garfield, B. (2007) The Meinertzhagen Mystery: The Life and Legend of a Colossal Fraud, Potomac Books Inc., Washington D.C.
Godrich, V. (2011) Mountains of Moab: The Diary of a Cavalryman with the Queen’s Own Worcestershire Hussars, 1908–1919, The Genge Press, Minehead
Hamilton, P.M. OBE (1995) Riders of Destiny: The 4th Australian Light Horse Field Ambulance 1917–18, Mostly Unsung Military History, Gardenvale
Hatton, S.F. (1930) The Yarn of a Yeoman, Naval & Military Press Ltd, Uckfield
Hogue, O. (2008) The Cameliers, Leonaur Ltd
Hughes, M. (ed.) (2004) Allenby in Palestine: The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby, June 1917–October 1919, Army Records Society, Sutton Publishing Limited, Stroud
Hynes, J.P. (2010) Lawrence of Arabia’s Secret Air Force, Pen & Sword Aviation, Barnsley
Inchbald, G. (2005) With the Imperial Camel Corps in the Great War, Leonaur, Driffield
Livermore, B. (1974) Long ’Un: A Damn Bad Soldier, Harry Hayes, West Yorkshire
Mackie, J.H.F. (ed.) (2002) Answering the Call: Letters from the Somerset Light Infantry, 1914–1919, Raby Books, Eggleston
Meinertzhagen, Colonel R. CBE DSO (1960) Army Diary, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh
Moore, Lieutenant A.B. (1920) The Mounted Rifleman in Sinai and Palestine, Whitcombe & Tombs Ltd, Auckland
Robertson, J. (1938) With the Cameliers in Palestine, Reed Publishing, Dunedin
Rolls, S.C. (2005) Steel Chariots in the Desert, Leonaur Ltd, Driffield
Seward, D. (2009) Wings Over the Desert: In Action with an RFC pilot in Palestine, 1916–18, Haynes Publishing, Yeovil
Slater, G. (ed.) (1973) My Warrior Sons: The Borton Family Diary, 1914–1918, Peter Davies, London
Sutherland, L.W. (1936) Aces and Kings, John Hamilton, London
Teichman, Captain O. DSO MC (1921) The Diary of a Yeomanry M.O.T., Fisher Unwin Ltd, London
Wilson, R. (1987) Palestine 1917, D.J. Costello (Publishers) Ltd, Tunbridge Wells
Egypt
Ahmed, M. (ed.) (2003) Egypt in the 20th Century, MegaZette Press, Middlesex
Elgood, Lieutenant Colonel P.G. CMG (1924) Egypt and the Army, Oxford University Press, Oxford
McGuirk, R. (2007) The Sanusi’s Little War, Arabian Publishing, London
Richmond, J.C.B. (1977) Egypt 1798–1952, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London
Storrs, R. (1943) Orientations, Nicholson & Watson, London
Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991) The History of Modern Egypt, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London
Arab Revolt
Asher, M. (1999) Lawrence: The Uncrowned King of Arabia, Penguin Books Ltd, London
Barr, J. (2006) Setting the Desert on Fire: T.E. Lawrence and Britain’s Secret War in Arabia, 1916–1918, Bloomsbury, London
Barr, J. (2011) A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle that Shaped the Middle East, Simon & Schuster UK Ltd, London
Knightly, P. & Simpson, C. (1969) The Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd, London
Lawrence, T.E. (1979) Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Penguin Books Ltd, London
Ottoman memoirs
Aaronsohn, A. (1916) With the Turks in Palestine, Atlantic Monthly
Al-Askari, J. (2003) A Soldier’s Story: From Ottoman Rule to Independent Iraq, Arabian Publishing, London
Djemal Pasha (1922) Memories of a Turkish Statesman: 1913–1919, Hutchinson & Co., London
Nogales General R.D. (1926) Four Years Beneath the Crescent, Charles Schribner’s Sons, London
Nogales, General R.D. (1932) Memoirs of a Soldier of Fortune, Wright & Brown, London
Sanders, General L. von (1928) Five Years in Turkey, US Naval Institute, Annapolis
S. Tamari & I. Nassar (eds) (2014) The Storyteller of Jerusalem: The Life and Times of Wasif Jawhariyyeh, 1904–1948, Olive Branch Press, Massachusetts
Tamari, S. (2011) Year of the Locust: A Soldier’s Diary and the Erasure of Palestine’s Ottoman Past, University of California Press, Berkeley
Ottoman Army/Empire
Erickson, Lieutenant Colonel E.J. (Retired) (2001) Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, London
Erickson, Lieutenant Colonel E.J. (Retired) (2007) Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study, Routledge, Abingdon
Finkel, C. (2005) Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923, John Murray, London
McMeekin, S. (2011) The Berlin–Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany’s Bid for World Power, 1898–1918, Penguin Books, London
Palestine and Syria
Gilbert, M. (2008) Israel: A History, Black Swan, London
Kedar, B.Z. (1999) The Changing Land Between the Jordan and the Sea: Aerial Photographs from 1917 to the Present, Yad Izhak Ben-Zvo Press & Ministry of Defence, Israel
Montifiore, S.S. (2011) Jerusalem: The Biography, Phoenix, London
Rose, R. (2009) ‘A Senseless Squalid War’: Voices from Palestine 1890s–1948, Pimlico, London
General
Bowyer, C. (2002) For Valour: The Air VCs, The Caxton Publishing Group, London
Gliddon, G. (2005) VCs of the First World War: The Sideshows, Sutton Publishing, Stroud
Hooton, E.R. (2010) War Over the Trenches, Midland Publishing, Surrey
Horner, D.M. (ed.) (1984) The Commanders: Australian Military Leadership in the Twentieth Century, Allen & Unwin Pty. Ltd, Sydney
Mason, P. (1974) A matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men, Jonathon Cape Ltd, London
Articles & papers
Askakal, M. ‘“Holy War made in Germany”? Ottoman origins of the 1914 Jihad’ in War in History, No. 18 Vol. 2 2011
Fahmy, Z. ‘Media Capitalism: Colloquial Mass Culture and Nationalism in Egypt 1908–1918’ in International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 42 No. 1 2010
Flanagan, Dr B P. (ed.) ‘The History of the Ottoman Air Force in the Great War’ in Cross and Cockade Journal, Vol. 11 No. 2 Summer 1970, Vol. 11 No. 3 Autumn 1970, Vol. 11 No. 4 Winter 1970 & Vol. 13 No. 2 Summer 1972
Gröschel, D.H.M. & Ladek, J. ‘Wings over Sinai and Palestine: The adventures of Flieger Abteilung 300 “Pascha” in the fight against the Egyptian Expeditionary Corps, from April 1916 until the Third Battle of Gaza in November 1917’ in Over the Front, Vol. 13 No. 1 Spring 1998
Kitchen, J.E. ‘“Khaki Crusaders”: Crusading rhetoric and the British Imperial soldier during the Egypt and Palestine campaigns, 1916–1918’ in First World War Studies, Vol. 1 No. 2 2010
Kress von Kressenstein, Colonel Baron ‘The campaign in Palestine from the enemy’s side’ in Journal of the Royal United Services Institution, Vol. 62 1922
Sheffy, Y. ‘Origins of the British breakthrough into south Palestine: The ANZAC raid on the Ottoman railway 1917’ in Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 22 No. 1 2008
Sheffy, Y. ‘British intelligence and the Middle East, 1900–1918: How much do we know?’ in Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 17 No. 1 2002
Sheffy, Y. ‘The spy who never was: An intelligence myth in Palestine, 1914–1918’ in Intelligence and National Security, No. 14 Vol. 3 1999
Sheffy, Y. ‘Chemical Warfare and the Palestine Campaign, 1916–1918’ in The Journal of Military History, Vol. 73 No. 3 2009
Vol. 4 2013
Varnava, A. ‘British Military Intelligence in Cyprus during the Great War’ in War in History, No. 19 Vol. 3 2012
Websites
There are regrettably few websites dedicated to the campaigns in Egypt and Palestine during the First World War. However, I can recommend the excellent and comprehensive Australian Light Horse Studies Centre (alh-research.tripod.com), and the Australian War Memorial. The latter includes online PDF copies of the Australian Official Histories.
There are many general First World War forums that include areas on Egypt and Palestine, such as: Desert Column (desert-column.phpbb3now.com), for all Australian military 1899–1920; The Great War Forum (1914–1918.invasionzone.com); and New Zealand Mounted Rifles Forum (www.nzmr.org).
PLATES
1. Hussein Bey al-Husseini, Mayor of Jerusalem.
2. Sergeants Fred Hurcomb and James Sedgewick, 2/19th London Regiment, photographed overlooking Jerusalem shortly after the surrender.
3. British prisoners captured during the disastrous 1st Battle of Gaza.
4. British Yeomen posed with one of the ill-fated tanks used during the 2nd Battle of Gaza. (By kind permission Trustees of the QOWH)
5. The 3rd (OT) Cavalry Division ride out of Beersheba to attack the British flank during the 2nd Battle of Gaza. One Ottoman officer, Rafael de Nogales, called this ride ‘one of the most cherished memories of my four years beneath the Crescent’.
6. British trenches in the coastal zone opposite Gaza. Trenches were hard to dig in the sand and had to be strongly buttressed to stop them caving in. At least they avoided the mud of the Western Front.
7. A British sniper and his spotter watching the Ottoman lines opposite. Both sides kept up a brisk sniper duel throughout the summer of 1917.
8. British troops in a nullah (dried stream) off the Wadi Ghazze, converted into a trench for the dry summer months.
9. Members of the 5th Australian Light Horse Regiment lay in wait in one of the endless ambushes and skirmishes on the eastern flank of the army during the summer of 1917.
10. British Yeomen, probably from the Norfolk Yeomanry, rest under a temporary shelter during one of the constant patrols on the eastern end of the line.
11. A gun from the Hong Kong and Singapore Mountain Battery at practice. This unit were know as ‘Bing Boys’ after the noise made by their short-barrelled guns, which were designed to be dismantled and carried on mules.
12. Yeomen inspect a horse. The months in the desert had a serious effect on the health of the army’s animals, with overwork, poor fodder, lack of water and the ingestion of large quantities of sand all taking a toll.
13. A member of the Norfolk Yeomanry posing with men of the Camel Transport Corps. These Egyptian civilians were absolutely crucial to keeping the forward units of the army supplied.
14. Pupils at the School of Cookery at Ismailia, August 1917, showing the mix of nationalities in the EEF. Good food preparation skills in such an unhygienic environment and with fairly basic and repetitive ingredients were vital for maintaining morale and health among the troops.
15. Ottoman lancers patrolling south of Beersheba. Although equipped with lances they usually fought on foot with rifles, as the skirmish line out in front of them is here.
16. Field Marshal Erich von Falkenhayn and Djemal Pasha (either side of the little girl, centre) at Jerusalem railway station.
17. A column of troops from an Austrian mountain artillery unit, marching past the Citadel in Jerusalem, heading south on the road to Bethlehem.
18. Oberleutnant Gerhard Felmy, the star pilot of FA300, in the cockpit of his Rumpler C.1.
19. Albatros D.IIIs, new arrivals with the Yildirim force, at the aerodrome at Huj. Each of the German squadrons in Palestine was mainly equipped with reconnaissance aircraft, but also had two of these fighters.
20. Ottoman trenches in the Hureira Redoubt system, showing the wide open ground that gave the defenders an excellent field of fire. Even with the relative lack of barbed wire, such positions could be formidable.
21. An Ottoman machine-gun detachment in the improvised defences at Sharia. The closest group is using a range-finder to help the machine gunners aim correctly. Without these devices, judging distances in such a bland landscape could be difficult.
22. Men of the 5th Mounted Brigade resting during the pursuit north. The exhaustion of both man and horses is obvious. The standing horse has had most of the kit that would usually hang from the saddle removed. (By kind permission Trustees of the QOWH)
23. Sergeants Hurcomb and Sedgewick pose with Hussein Bey al-Husseini and his party, 9 December 1917.
24. No. 11 Platoon, C Company, 1/5th Welsh Regiment (Lieutenant W.A. Woods commanding) stand as the first British guards on the Jaffa Gate, 9 December 1917.
25. Australian Light Horsemen, presumably from the 10th ALH, waiting in the streets of Jerusalem to take part in the official entry to the city.
26. Thick cacti hedges were a considerable obstacle to the attacking British, Australian and New Zealand troops during all three battles outside Gaza. Similar, although by all accounts less dense, hedges are still used in the area today.
27. The view from the top of Tel El Jemmi looking towards Gaza. This hill dominates the area, making it an obvious place to set up an headquarters, as well as a good landmark for troops to navigate by.
28. The Wadi Ghazze today, near Tel el Fara.
29. The memorial and grave marker for the men of the Egyptian Labour Corps who died during the campaign, just outside the walls of the Old City, Jerusalem. Shockingly, the names of these invaluable men were not recorded.
30. The springs and pools at Bir Asluj, the jump-off point for the Australian & New Zealand Mounted Division for their part in the attack on Beersheba, 38km (24 miles) to the north.
32. The view from the top of Tel Saba, looking south. It is clear how the tel dominates these approaches to Beersheba.
33. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery at Beersheba, on the edge of the ‘old town’ and near the old railway station.
34. The graves of some of the Lighthorsemen killed in the charge at Beersheba.
35. The striking memorial to the charge of the Australian Light Horse, in the Park of the Australian Soldier in Beersheba.
36. The memorial to the Ottoman soldiers who died at Beersheba, next to the restored railway station (the train behind dates from the 1940s). The bust to the right is of Mustapha Kemal, ‘Atatürk’, who briefly commanded the 7th (OT) Army before the 3rd Battle of Gaza, and would assume command again in 1918.
37. The ANZAC Memorial on Sheikh Abbas, overlooking Gaza. The design is intended to be reminiscent of the letter ‘A’, and of a charging horse.
38. The Augusta Victoria Hospital on the Mount of Olives. This was the local German headquarters and hospital, and it was later occupied by the British for the same uses. It later became the headquarters of the British Mandate in Palestine.
39. The view south from Bethlehem. What was a small village in 1917 is now a sprawling town. Few of the buildings shown would have existed when the British advanced on it from the south, and instead the Ottoman defenders had broad, open fields of fire.
40. The mosque at Nabi Samwil, rebuilt in the 1920s after being destroyed by Ottoman artillery. The rest of the village was destroyed in the late 1960s and the ruins of the Crusader castle and Hellenic-period village underneath exposed.
41. The 60th Division Memorial in Jerusalem (also known as the ‘Allenby Memorial’), on the site where Mayor Husseini finally surrendered the city.
42. The Jaffa Gate, through which Allenby entered Jerusalem. The large gap to the left had been knocked through the walls to allow Kaiser Wilhelm II to enter in 1898.
43. The steps of the Citadel, Jerusalem, from which Allenby read his declaration of Martial Law, 11 December 1917.
44. The memorial in Jerusalem to the Hindu and Sikh soldiers killed in the campaign, and whose ashes are scattered on the site. A similar memorial wall to the Muslim soldiers who were killed stands directly opposite.
45. The memorial opposite Jerusalem War Cemetery commemorating the Australian Imperial Force’s part in the Egypt, Palestine and Syrian campaigns, 1915–18.
46. The Jerusalem War Cemetery and Memorial to the Missing, on Mount Scopus, Jerusalem. The wall at the back records the names of all those killed in the Sinai and Palestine who have no known graves.
47. A company signalling section with the tools of their trade – flags and mirrors. These were still the most reliable methods for long-range communication available, and obviously set definite limits on what messages could be sent, how far, and when.
48. A camouflaged artillery position south of Gaza, May 1917.
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