in communication, 151–52, 195–96
as concept, 22, 162
control and, 139, 141–42, 221
emergence and, 120–21, 132, 137, 166–68
in evolution, 62
in homeostatic systems, 138, 140–41, 143
information, 201–2, 231
in learning, 52, 57
loops of, 120, 121, 130–36, 141–42, 145–46, 258n
management, 223–24
in mass media, 130–36, 137, 143–46, 152
meta-, 155–56
mutual, 166–68
negative, 137, 138–40, 220, 257n
neuro-, 142–43
pattern, 40–41
positive, 16, 112, 137–38, 143, 152, 203, 247n–48n, 257n, 258n
pricing and, 155–56, 260n
urban, 91–97, 146–47, 230–31, 257n–58n
user, 121–26, 129, 156–62, 214–15, 221–22
fertilizers, 112
feudalism, 34–35
Fibonacci sequence, 236n
field rotation, triennial, 112
filters, quality, 161–62, 207, 214, 223
Florence, Italy, 21, 101–2, 104–7, 109, 115, 116, 123, 124, 125, 148, 230
florin, 101–2
Flowers, Gennifer, 130–36, 137, 143, 144–45, 152, 159, 162
Frampton, Peter, 44
Frankfurt School, 39
Freenet, 205
freeways, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97
free will, 97–98, 99, 187–89
Frith, Uta, 196
Froebel, Friedrich, 165–66
Froebel’s gifts, 165–66
frog embryos, 85
Galapagos Islands, 12
games, computer:
algorithms in, 17, 88, 89, 175
artificial intelligence in, 182–89, 208–10
emergence in, 17, 21, 66, 87–89, 174–89, 208–9
“god,” 87–89, 186–89, 209–10
indirect control in, 174–89
puzzle-based, 183–84
representational, 158–59
role-playing, 155, 157
rules for, 180–81
software for, 163–89
see also specific games
game theory, 89, 246n
Gay Village, 41
Gearheads, 178–80
“gene expression,” 86
gene pool, 46, 169, 170, 171, 172
genetics:
algorithms in, 57–59, 209
in cell functions, 83–86, 88
computer simulations of, 57–59, 182–86
environment vs., 31, 56, 83–84, 172–73, 202
mutations in, 58, 182–83
traits determined by, 46, 48, 86, 169, 170, 171, 172, 196, 236n
genome, 23, 84, 86
genotypes, 58, 59
“geohunters,” 182–86
geometric progression, 85, 218, 245n
geometry, Euclidean, 166
gibbons, 202
Gigantiops destructor, 75
Gilliat, Bruce, 122
Gleick, James, 65
God and Golem, Inc. (Wiener), 125–26
Gödel, Kurt, 42
Gödel, Escher, Bach (Hofstadter), 45, 65
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 125
“Goldberg Variations, The” (Bach), 65, 128
goldsmiths, 101, 102, 104
Google, 117
Gordon, Deborah, 29–33, 40, 74, 76–82, 86, 91, 97–98, 99, 103–4, 120, 123, 164, 179, 245n, 261n
Gore, Al, 67
gorillas, 202
gradient detection, 76, 98
Grateful Dead, 148
“great man” theory, 64
Greece, ancient, 111, 147
Growth and Form (Thompson), 236n
Guernica (Picasso), 23
guild system, 21, 101–2, 104–7, 124, 125, 148
Gutenberg Galaxy, The (McLuhan), 158
Hamilton, W. D., 238n
Hardball, 135
Harmonic Convergence, 113–14
Harvard University, 53
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 41, 240n
Hayek, Friedrich von, 260n
HBO, 219
Hess, Moses, 36
heterarchies, 98
Heywood, Rik, 183, 184, 185
hierarchies, 14–15, 18, 30–31, 33, 98, 132, 136, 145, 148–49, 153, 208, 223, 225, 263n–64n
Hillis, Danny, 59, 170–74, 180, 209, 223, 231
Hofstadter, Douglas, 45, 65
Holland, John, 27, 57–59, 64–65
Holldobler, Bert, 60, 75
homeostasis, 138, 140–41, 143, 146–47, 148, 149, 151, 154, 159
Homo habilis, 202
Homo sapiens, 202, 204
homosexuality, 41, 43–44
housing projects, 49–50
Howard, Ebenezer, 146, 147, 259n
Hudson Street (New York City), 50, 93
hunter-gatherers, 252n–53n
hypertext, 124, 152, 157, 210
Iberall, Arthur, 110–11, 252n–53n
IBM, 57
IBM 701 calculator, 57
Image, The (Boorstin), 134–35
immune system, 65, 103, 128, 249n–50n, 261n
Impressionism, 39
inertia laws of, 106
information:
feedback on, 201–2, 231
flow of, 9, 44–45, 46, 75–76, 94, 96, 108–9, 116–26, 129, 132, 151, 152, 232–33
incomplete, 188, 200–201
from mental states, 196–97
meta-, 79
networks of, 96–97, 116–26, 134–35, 204–5, 217–18
processing of, 44–45, 53, 108, 116, 117, 118, 126–27, 233, 254n–55n
retrieval of, 100, 103
sharing of, 40–41, 107–8, 158, 229–34, 251n–52n
storage of, 100, 103, 107, 108, 115, 251n
tracking of, 121–26, 181, 205
information theory, 44–45, 46
insects, social, 22, 73, 74, 82–83, 121
intelligence:
artificial, see artificial intelligence
collective, 9, 29, 33, 62–63, 73–82, 85, 97, 103–4, 108, 115, 120–21, 123, 224, 226, 237n–39n, 255n
developmental levels of, 11–12, 18
distributed, 220–24, 232–33
emergent, 99–100, 113–14, 127–29
evolution of, 73, 115–17
global, 114–21, 181
human, 45, 124, 127–29, 208
macro-, 116–17
social, 197–98, 202–3
Interactive Telecommunications Program, 178
Interface Culture (Johnson), 113–14
interfaces, user, 108–9, 206, 211, 251n
Internet:
chaos vs. order on, 117–23
convergence and, 216–19
cultural impact of, 125–26
databases for, 121–26
decentralization of, 66, 118–21, 204–5, 217–18, 263n–64n
emergent intelligence of, 113–14, 127–29
as “global brain,” 114–21, 181
as information network, 96–97, 116–26, 134–35, 204–5, 217–18
online communities on, 17, 148–62, 204–5
self-awareness of, 127–29
as web, 17, 66, 226, 229
inventions, 108–9
Jacobs, Jane, 18, 38, 50–52, 64–65, 89, 91–97, 146–48, 156, 229, 230, 236n–37n, 242n, 247n–48n, 256n–58n
Jefferson, David, 59–63, 65, 263n
Jennings, Peter, 131
Jodi.org, 175, 178
John Muir Trail, 61–63
Joy, Bill, 114
Joyce, James, 39
Kahle, Brewster, 121–23
karma points, 155–56, 160
Keller, Evelyn Fox, 12–17, 18, 42, 43
Kelly, Kevin, 168–69
kindergarten, 165–66
Klein, Naomi, 225, 226
Krugman, Paul, 89–91, 120, 159
“Krush Kringle” toy, 179–80, 182
Kuhn, Thomas, 48
Kurzweil, Ray, 114, 127, 262n
language:
body, 195
common, 104
development of, 104
digital, 115
encrypted, 44–45, 240n–41n, 255n–56n
syntactical structure of, 44–45, 75–76
see also communication
Larry King, 135
Latin language, 104
learning:
in artificial intelligence, 52–63, 123–24, 127–29, 173
brain activity and, 133–34
by cities, 101–13, 116, 128, 232–33
by computers, 52–63, 170–74
consciousness and, 102–4
feedback in, 52, 57
open-ended, 57–58, 208
software for, 53–63, 65
Lehrer, Jim, 136
Leiser, David, 243n
Leonardo da Vinci, 101
Leslie, Alan, 196
Lewinsky, Monica, 144
libraries, 109, 122, 251n
Library of Congress, 122
life insurance, 46–47
life span, 99
Linux, 121, 153
logic:
dialectical, 66
of emergence, 66–67
as process, 126–27, 255n
swarm, 74, 75, 78, 79, 87, 181, 225–26, 232–33
Logic of Computers Group, 57
Logo, 164, 260n
Los Angeles, Calif., 91, 95, 97
Luit (chimpanzee), 197
lurkers, 150–51, 152
McLuhan, Marshall, 158, 161
MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, 131, 136
Maeda, John, 174, 178
Maes, Patti, 207
magnetic fields, 140
Malda, Rob, 152–62
Mamucium settlement, 34
management, corporate, 67, 223–24
Manchester, England, 22, 33–43, 52, 67, 113
“manor,” 34–35
Marcus, Steven, 38
Marx, Karl, 36
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 52, 53, 207
“master planners,” 82
Mathematical Theory of Communication, The (Shannon), 45–47
mathematics:
applied, 16
bio-, 12, 13–14, 15, 42, 43
Matrix, The, 114
mazes, 11
media, mass, 130–36, 137, 143–46, 152, 208–21
meditation, 142–43
medium, message vs., 161–62
memory:
cellular, 249n–50n
collective, 250n
institutional, 64
molecular, 65
spatial, 206–7
textual, 206
middens, ant, 32–33, 97
Middle Ages, 101, 111–12, 113, 116, 249n
middle class, 37, 41, 240n
Milton, John, 53–54
mind, human:
decentralized, 22
interconnectedness of, 9
“reading” of, 195–226
“society” of, 65
see also consciousness
Minsky, Marvin, 18, 53, 65, 167–68, 237n
“mirror neurons,” 198–99
Miyamoto, Shigeru, 176, 178
moderators, online, 154–57, 160, 260n
modular theory, 198–99, 202–3
molecules, 46, 65, 85, 86, 236n
Molyneux, Peter, 178
monkeys, 197–99, 202, 262n
Monopoly, 158–59, 181
“more is different” principle, 78, 165
Morgan, Lloyd, 242n
morphogenesis, 14, 15, 42, 43, 49
Moses, Robert, 38, 50
Ms. Pac-Man, 177
MTV, 176, 214
Mumford, Lewis, 38, 107, 112, 146–47, 154, 242n
Murray, Arnold, 43
Museum of the Moving Image, 177
music, 45, 53, 128–29, 214, 217, 258n
mutations, genetic, 58, 182–83
Myst, 183–84
Nakagaki, Toshiyuki, 11
Napier, Charles James, 35
Napster, 214, 217
NASDAQ, 117
Nation, 225
National Physical Laboratory, 42, 54
natural selection, 56–63, 83, 169, 170–74, 184, 185–86, 193, 203, 204
Nature of Economies, The (Jacobs), 156
NBC, 136
near-optimal solutions, 228
Negroponte, Nicholas, 159
neighborhoods, 18, 36–38, 41, 50–51, 87–91, 96, 99, 106, 115, 119, 123, 186, 203, 204, 205, 220, 229–30, 233, 246n
Netscape browser, 124–25
networks:
algorithms for, 88, 89, 161
information, 96–97, 116–26, 134–35, 204–5, 217–18
neural, 18, 21, 78, 115, 118–19, 121, 127, 133–34, 142–44, 146, 198–99, 203–4, 205, 209, 223, 238n, 241n, 256n, 261n, 262n–63n
television, 135–36, 159, 160
see also Internet
neurons, 18, 21, 78, 115, 118–19, 121, 127, 133–34, 142–44, 146, 198–99, 203–4, 205, 209, 223, 238n, 241n, 256n, 261n, 262n–63n
neurotransmitters, 115
New Age, 113–14
New Economy, 224
New Republic, 135
newspapers, 159–60, 207
New Urbanist movement, 147, 230
New York City, 50, 93, 107, 113, 230
New York City Planning Commission, 50
New Yorker, 146
New York Times, 125, 131, 257n–58n
Nightline, 135
Nintendo, 176
Nixon, Richard M., 132
nonequilibrium thermodynamics, 12, 43, 52
noosphere, 115–16
nucleic acids, 85
olfactory skills, 76
online communities, 17, 148–62, 204–5
Open Shortest Path First routine, 229
Open Source, 153
orangutans, 202
order:
chaos vs., 38, 52, 65, 117–23, 154, 169, 179, 218–20, 226, 237n
global vs. local, 39–40, 74–80, 82, 86, 90, 93, 108–9, 218–19, 224
see also control
Organic Art, 182
“organic clocks,” 20
organization:
global, 224–26
goal-directed, 118
hierarchical, 15, 98, 132, 136, 145, 148–49, 153, 208, 223, 225, 263n–64n
political, 67, 225–26
self-, see self-organization
size limitations of, 259n–60n
social, 9, 27, 33–41, 92–94, 97–100, 109, 204, 252n–54n
see also systems
OSS code, 175
Out of Control (Kelly), 168–69
pacemaker cells, 14–15, 16, 17, 23, 40, 64, 67, 164
PalmPilots, 54
“Pandemonium: A Paradigm for Learning” (Selfridge), 54
Pandemonium model, 53–57, 65, 169, 231
Papert, Seymour, 65, 164, 166
paradigm shift, 48–49, 64
Paradise Lost (Milton), 53–54
Pattern on the Stone, The (Hillis), 173
patterns:
of behavior, see behavior
development of, 49, 184–85, 246n
feedback on, 40–41
of heredity, 46
hub-and-spoke, 119
letter, 54–57, 65
mathematical, 42
of movement, 18–20, 41, 168
musical, 45
recognition of, 18, 21, 22, 44–45, 52, 54–57, 65, 103–4, 123–24, 126–29, 199, 206, 220, 221, 226, 231, 233
social, 18, 36–40, 41, 49–50, 52, 91, 95, 137, 185
spatial, 20, 27, 48, 90–91, 159, 223
speech, 44–45
spontaneous, 180
temporal, 20, 27, 48, 91, 104–5
urban, 40–41, 90–91, 146, 147, 159, 223
“Perceptrons” (Minsky and Papert), 65
phase transitions, 111–12
phenotypes, 58, 59
pheromone, 52, 60–63, 64, 74, 75–76, 78, 79, 84–85, 98, 115, 167, 206, 226, 228–29, 243n–44n
Phillips Interactive, 178
physics, 21, 105
Picasso, Pablo, 23
Pinker, Steven, 118
planets, rotation of, 46
“platform agonistic,” 139–40
Pleistocene era, 202, 262n
plow, wheeled, 112
politics, 39–40, 67, 94–95, 161, 224–26, 264n
population growth, 34, 99, 110–11, 112, 116, 164–65, 252n–53n
pornography, 208
post-structuralism, 65
power law, 119
Powers of Ten, 231–32
predictions, 9, 47
Prelude, The (Wordsworth), 39
pricing, 155–56
Prigogine, Ilya, 43, 52, 64–65
prioritization, 78
probability theory, 46–47
problem-solving, 74, 79–80, 120, 126–27, 227–29, 251n–52n
product placement, 214
programs, computer:
artificial-life, 59–63, 65
branching paths in, 58
codes in, 169, 170–71, 173–74, 175, 180, 205–6
evolution of, 57–59, 60, 205–6
mini-, 170–74
number-sorting, 170–74, 209, 231
predator, 172–73
see also software
proteins, 85
Proverbs, Book of, 71
“pseudo events,” 145
purchase circles, 221–22
Quake, 182, 183, 208–9
quality management, 67
racial diversity, 89, 95, 247n
randomness, 19, 62, 77, 78–79, 87, 121, 163, 171, 220, 222–23, 244n, 247n
recognition systems, 103
redwood forests, 258n
reentry, neural, 256
reflexes, 38–39
Reliable Sources, 135
Renaissance, 101–2, 147
Replay, 211
“Residence in London” (Wordsworth), 27
Resnick, Mitch, 16–17, 23, 64, 76, 163–69, 180, 189, 260n
Restak, Richard, 133–34
retina, 201
Rheingold, Howard, 148
Ridley, Matt, 82, 86
Rizzollati, Giaccamo, 198–99
Rockefeller Foundation, 46, 50
Roman Empire, 33, 109–10
Rosenstiel, Tom, 135
rules, 19, 180–81, 226
St. Peter’s Basilica, 105
Santa Fe Institute, 21, 39, 65, 237n
Schelling, Thomas, 89, 246n
search engines, 117, 121
Seattle protests (1999), 225, 226
Segel, Lee, 12–17, 18, 42, 43
self-awareness, 127–29, 199–204, 262n
Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins), 59–60
self-organization:
adaptation by, 18, 19–20, 119, 128, 137, 139–40
bottom-up process in, 17, 18, 22, 53–57, 66–67, 83, 97–98, 115, 116, 133, 148, 164, 166, 207, 221–23, 231
of cities, 87–100, 104–7, 109–13, 232–33
clusters in, 210–15, 219–20, 221, 226; see also aggregation
computer simulations of, 59–63, 76, 163–69