William Harvey
Chemistry
Women in the Origins of Modern Science
Margaret Cavendish
Maria Merian
Maria Winkelmann
Debates on the Nature of Women
Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind
The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific Knowledge
The Scientific Method
The Spread of Scientific Knowledge
Science and Religion
Chapter Summary
Chapter Review
Chapter Timeline
17 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
The Enlightenment
The Paths to Enlightenment
The Philosophes and Their Ideas
The Social Environment of the Philosophes
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
WOMEN IN THE AGE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT: ROUSSEAU AND WOLLSTONECRAFT
Culture and Society in the Enlightenment
Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature
FILM & HISTORY
AMADEUS (1984)
The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century
Crime and Punishment
The World of Medicine
Popular Culture
Religion and the Churches
The Institutional Church
Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century
Chapter Summary
Chapter Timeline
Chapter Review
18 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE
The European States
Enlightened Absolutism?
The Atlantic Seaboard States
FILM & HISTORY
MARIE ANTOINETTE (2006)
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM: ENLIGHTENED OR ABSOLUTE?
The Mediterranean World
The Scandinavian States
Enlightened Absolutism Revisited
Wars and Diplomacy
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)
European Armies and Warfare
Economic Expansion and Social Change
Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns
An Agricultural Revolution?
New Methods of Finance
European Industry
Mercantile Empires and Worldwide Trade
The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century
The Peasants
The Nobility
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE
THE ARISTOCRATIC WAY OF LIFE
The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities
Chapter Summary
Chapter Review
Chapter Timeline
19 A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON
The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution
The War for Independence
Forming a New Nation
Impact of the American Revolution on Europe
Background to the French Revolution
Social Structure of the Old Regime
Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy
The French Revolution
From Estates-General to a National Assembly
Destruction of the Old Regime
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
THE NATURAL RIGHTS OF THE FRENCH PEOPLE: TWO VIEWS
The Radical Revolution
Reaction and the Directory
The Age of Napoleon
The Rise of Napoleon
The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon
Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response
The Fall of Napoleon
Chapter Summary
Chapter Timeline
Chapter Review
GLOSSARY
CHAPTER NOTES
INDEX
DOCUMENTS
* * *
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CHAPTER 11
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: CAUSES OF THE BLACK DEATH: CONTEMPORARY VIEWS
Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron. From The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, trans. by Frances Winwar. Reprinted by permission of The Limited Editions Club.
Geoffrey de Meaux on astrological causes, On Earthquakes as the cause of plague, Herman Gigas on well-poisoning. From Rosemary Horrox, ed., The Black Death (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994).
THE CREMATION OF THE STRASBOURG JEWS
From The Jew in the Medieval World by Jacob R. Marcus. Copyright 1972 by Atheneum. Reprinted with permission of The Hebrew Union College Press.
A REVOLT OF FRENCH PEASANTS
From CHRONICLES by Froissart, translated by Geoffrey Brereton (Penguin Classics, 1968, Revised 1978). Translation copyright © Geoffrey Brereton, 1968. Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books, Ltd.
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
A FEMINIST HEROINE: CHRISTINE DE PIZAN ON JOAN OF ARC
From The Writings of Christine de Pizan, edited by Charity Cannon Willard. Copyright © 1994 by Persea Books, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Persea Books, Inc. (New York).
BONIFACE VIII’S DEFENSE OF PAPAL SUPREMACY
From Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages by Ernest F. Henderson. London: George Bell & Sons, 1896.
DANTE’S VISION OF HELL
From THE DIVINE COMEDY by Dante Alighieri, translated by John Ciardi. Copyright 1954, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1967, 1970 by the Ciardi Family Publishing Trust. Used by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN
From Not in God’s Image: Women in History from the Greeks to Victorians by Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines. Copyright © 1973 by Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines. Reprinted by permission of the authors.
CHAPTER 12
A RENAISSANCE BANQUET
Reprinted from Food in History by Reay Tannahill, copyright © 1973, 1988 by Reay Tannahill.
MARRIAGE NEGOTIATIONS
From The Society of Renaissance Florence, edited by Gene Brucker. Copyright © 1971 by Gene Brucker.
THE LETTERS OF ISABELLA D’ESTE
Reuse of excerpt from The Letters of Isabella d’Este from THE BED AND THE THRONE by GEORGE R. MAREK. Copyright © 1976 by George R. Marek. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE RENAISSANCE PRINCE: THE VIEWS OF MACHIAVELLI AND ERASMUS
Machiavelli, The Prince (1513). From The Prince by Machiavelli, translated by David Wootton. Copyright © 1995 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Erasmas, Education of a Christian Prince. From The Education of a Christian Prince, by Erasmus, translated by L. K. Born. Copyright © 1936 by Columbia University Press. Reprinted with permission of the publisher.
PETRARCH: MOUNTAIN CLIMBING AND THE SEARCH FOR SPIRITUAL CONTENTMENT
From The Renaissance Philosophy of Man by Ernst Cassirer, Paul Kristeller, and John Randall, Jr. Copyright © 1948 by University of Chicago Press. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA AND THE DIGNITY OF MAN
From The Renaissance Philosophy of Man by Ernst Cassirer, Paul Kristeller, and John Randall, Jr. Copyright © 194
8 by University of Chicago Press. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
A WOMAN’S DEFENSE OF LEARNING
Laura Cereta, “Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women,” from Her Immaculate Hand: Selected Works by and about the Women Humanists of Quattrocentro Italy, ed. by Margaret King and Albert Rabil (Pegasus Press, Asheville, NC, 2000). Reprinted by permission.
THE GENIUS OF LEONARDO DA VINCI
From LIVES OF THE ARTISTS VOLUME I by Giorgio Vasari, translated by George Bull (Penguin Classics, 1965). Translation © George Bull, 1965. Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books, Ltd.
CHAPTER 13
ERASMUS: IN PRAISE OF FOLLY
“The Praise of Folly” from THE ESSENTIAL ERASMUS by Erasmus, translated by John P. Dolan, copyright © 1964 by John P. Dolan. Used by permission of Dutton Signet, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
LUTHER AND THE NINETY-FIVE THESES
From Martin Luther: Documents of Modern History by E. G. Rupp and Benjamin Drewery. Palgrave Macmillan, 1970. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan.
LUTHER AND THE “ROBBING AND MURDERING HORDES OF PEASANTS”
From Martin Luther: Documents of Modern History by E. G. Rupp and Benjamin Drewery. Palgrave Macmillan, 1970. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A REFORMATION DEBATE: CONFLICT AT MARBURG
“The Marburg Colloquy,” from GREAT DEBATES OF THE REFORMATION, edited by Donald Ziegler, copyright © 1969 by Donald Ziegler. Used by permission of Modern Library, a division of Random House, Inc.
THE ROLE OF DISCIPLINE IN THE “MOST PERFECT SCHOOL OF CHRIST ON EARTH”
From The Reformation: A Narrative History Related by Contemporary Observers and Participants by Hans J. Hillerbrand. Copyright © 1964 by Harper & Row, Publishers. Reprinted with permission of Hans J. Hillerbrand.
A PROTESTANT WOMAN
From Not in God’s Image: Women in History from the Greeks to Victorians by Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines. Copyright © 1973 by Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines. Reprinted by permission of the authors.
LOYOLA AND OBEDIENCE TO “OUR HOLY MOTHER, THE HIERARCHICAL CHURCH”
Excerpt from The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola translated by Louis J. Puhl, S.J. (Newman Press 1951). Reprinted with permission of Loyola Press. To order copies of this book, call 1-800-621-1008 or visit www.loyolabooks.org.
QUEEN ELIZABETH ADDRESSES PARLIAMENT (1601)
From Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments by John E. Neale. London: Jonathan Cape, 1953.
CHAPTER 14
THE PORTUGUESE CONQUEST OF MALACCA
From The World of Southeast Asia: Selected Historical Readings, Harry J. Benda and John A. Larkin, eds. Copyright © 1967 by Harper & Row Publishers. Used with permission of John A. Larkin.
COLUMBUS LANDS IN THE NEW WORLD
From Letters by Christopher Columbus, translated and edited by
R. H. Major (London: Hakluyt Society, 1843).
THE SPANISH CONQUISTADOR: CORTÉS AND THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO
From The European Reconnaissance: Selected Documents by John H. Parry. Copyright © 1968 by John H. Parry. Reprinted by permission Walker & Co.
LAS CASAS AND THE SPANISH TREATMENT OF THE AMERICAN NATIVES
From The Tears of the Indians, Bartolome de Las Casas. Copyright © 1970 by The John Lilburne Company Publishers.
THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
From European Society in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Robert and Elborg Forster. New York: Walker & Co., 1969. Reprinted by permission of Walker & Co.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: WEST MEETS EAST: AN EXCHANGE OF ROYAL LETTERS
From The World of Southeast Asia: Selected Historical Readings, Harry J. Benda and John A. Larkin, eds. Copyright © 1967 by Harper & Row Publishers. Used with permission of John A. Larkin.
AN IMPERIAL EDICT TO THE KING OF ENGLAND
From China’s Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923 by Ssu-yu Teng and John K. Fairbank (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982).
THE MISSION
Excerpt from Latin American Civilization by Benjamin Keen, ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), Vol. I. Reprinted by permission of the estate of Benjamin Keen.
CHAPTER 15
A WITCHCRAFT TRIAL IN FRANCE
From Witchcraft in Europe, 1100–1700: A Documentary History edited by Alan C. Kors and Edward Peters. Copyright © 1972 University of Pennsylvania Press. Reprinted with permission of the University of Pennsylvania Press.
THE FACE OF WAR IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Excerpt from The Adventures of Simplicius Simplissimus by Hans Jacob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, translated by George Schulz-Behrend, © 1993 Camden House/Boydell & Brewer, Rochester, New York. Reprinted with permission of Camden House Publishers.
TRAVELS WITH THE KING
From THE AGE OF MAGNIFICENCE by Sanche de Gramont, copyright © 1964, renewed 1991 by G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Used by permission of G. P. Putnam’s Sons, a division of Penguin Group (USA), Inc.
PETER THE GREAT DEALS WITH A REBELLION
From Readings in European History, vol. 2, by James Harvey Robinson (Lexington, Mass.: Ginn and Co., 1906).
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: OLIVER CROMWELL: THREE PERSPECTIVES
Oliver Cromwell on the Victory at Naseby. Oliver Cromwell on the Massacre at Drogheda. From Thomas Carlyle, ed., The Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, 3 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), Vol. 1, p. 204, Vol. 3, p. 15.
Edmund Ludlow, Memoirs. From C. H. Firth, The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1894), Vol. 2.
Lord Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. From Lord Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1839), Vol. 6.
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
From The Statutes: Revised Edition (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1871), Vol. 2.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: IN PRAISE OF ENGLAND
Excerpt from Richard II in Shakespeare, The Complete Works, edited by G. B. Harrison (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1952).
CHAPTER 16
ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES
From The Collected Works by Copernicus, translated by Edward Rosen. Rev. ed. published 1978 by Palgrave Macmillan. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan.
KEPLER AND THE EMERGING SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
From Johannes Kepler, Life and Letters by Carola Baumgardt, copyright 1951 by the Philosophical Library. Used by permission.
THE STARRY MESSENGER
From DISCOVERIES AND OPINIONS OF GALILEO by Galileo Galilei, translated by Stillman Drake, copyright © 1957 by Stillman Drake. Used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A NEW HEAVEN? FAITH VERSUS REASON
Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, 1614. From DISCOVERIES AND OPINIONS OF GALILEO by Galileo Galilei, translated by Stillman Drake, copyright © 1957 by Stillman Drake. Used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc.
Robert Bellarmine, Letter to Paolo Foscarini, 1615. From Galileo, Science, and the Church by Jerome J. Langford (New York: Desclee, 1966).
NEWTON’S RULES OF REASONING
From Isaac Newton, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 2 volumes (London, 1803), vol. 2.
THE “NATURAL” INFERIORITY OF WOMEN
From A Political Treatise, Benedict de Spinoza, copyright 1895 by George Routledge & Sons.
THE FATHER OF MODERN RATIONALISM
From Descartes’ Philosophical Writings, translated by Norman Kemp Smith, copyright © 1958 by Macmillan Education. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan.
PASCAL: “WHAT IS A MAN IN THE INFINITE?”
From PENSEES by Blaise Pascal, translated with an introduction by A. J. Krailsheimer (Penguin Classics, 1966). Copyright © A. J. Krailsheimer, 1966. Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.
CHAPTER 17
THE SEPARATION OF POWERS
From Les Philosophes by Norman L. Torrey, copyright
© 1961 by Norman L. Torrey, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, a division of Penguin Putnam, Inc.
THE ATTACK ON RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE
Voltaire, The Ignorant Philosopher. From CANDIDE OR OPTIMISM by Voltaire, translated by John Butt (Penguin Classics, 1947). This edition copyright © John Butt, 1947. Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books, Ltd.