EIGHTH EDITION
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WESTERN CIVILIZATION
VOLUME B: 1300–1815
EIGHTH EDITION
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WESTERN CIVILIZATION
VOLUME B: 1300–1815
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JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL
The Pennsylvania State University
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Western Civilization, Eighth Edition,
Volume B: 1300–1815
Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2010934327
ISBN-13: 978-1-111-34215-9
ISBN-10: 1-111-34215-6
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
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JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, where he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles to The Social History of the Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, the Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civilization courses as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (sixth edition, 2010). He is the coauthor (with William Duiker) of World History, first published in 1998 (sixth edition, 2010), and The Essential World History (third edition, 2008). Professor Spielvogel has won five major university-wide teaching awards. In 1988–1989, he held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award. He won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member in 1996 and the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in Teaching Award in 2000.
TO DIANE,
WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE
J.J.S.
BRIEF CONTENTS
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DOCUMENTS
MAPS
FEATURES
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION
11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE
13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS, 1500–1800
15 STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE
17 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
18 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE
19 A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON
GLOSSARY
CHAPTER NOTES
INDEX
DETAILED CONTENTS
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DOCUMENTS
MAPS
FEATURES
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION
WESTERN CIVILIZATION TO 1300
11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis
Famine and Population
The Black Death: From Asia to Europe
The Black Death in Europe
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
CAUSES OF THE BLACK DEATH: CONTEMPORARY VIEWS
Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval
War and Political Instability
Causes of the Hundred Years’ War
Conduct and Course of the War
Political Instability
FILM & HISTORY
JOAN OF ARC (1948), THE MESSENGER: THE STORY OF JOAN OF ARC (1999)
The Growth of England’s Political Institutions
The Problems of the French Kings
The German Monarchy
The States of Italy
The Decline of the Church
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State
The Papacy at Avignon (1305–1377)
The Great Schism
New Thoughts on Church and State a
nd the Rise of Conciliarism
Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity
Changes in Theology
The Cultural World of the Fourteenth Century
The Development of Vernacular Literature
Art and the Black Death
Society in an Age of Adversity
Changes in Urban Life
New Directions in Medicine
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE
ENTERTAINMENT IN THE MIDDLE AGES
Inventions and New Patterns
Chapter Summary
Chapter Timeline
Chapter Review
12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
The Making of Renaissance Society
Economic Recovery
Social Changes in the Renaissance
The Family in Renaissance Italy
The Italian States in the Renaissance
The Five Major States
Independent City-States
Warfare in Italy
The Birth of Modern Diplomacy
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
THE RENAISSANCE PRINCE: THE VIEWS OF MACHIAVELLI AND ERASMUS
Education in the Renaissance
Humanism and History
The Impact of Printing
The Artistic Renaissance
Art in the Early Renaissance
The Artistic High Renaissance
The Artist and Social Status
The Northern Artistic Renaissance
Music in the Renaissance
The European State in the Renaissance
The Growth of the French Monarchy
England: Civil War and a New Monarchy
The Unification of Spain
The Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire
The Church in the Renaissance
The Problems of Heresy and Reform
The Renaissance Papacy
Chapter Summary
Chapter Timeline
Chapter Review
13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Prelude to Reformation
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany
The Early Luther
FILM & HISTORY
LUTHER (2003)
The Rise of Lutheranism
Organizing the Church
Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation
Lutheranism in Scandinavia
The Zwinglian Reformation
The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
A REFORMATION DEBATE: CONFLICT AT MARBURG
The Reformation in England
John Calvin and Calvinism
The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation
The Family
Education in the Reformation
Religious Practices and Popular Culture
The Catholic Reformation
Revival of the Old
The Society of Jesus
A Revived Papacy
The Council of Trent
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century
The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
Philip II and Militant Catholicism
Revolt of the Netherlands
The England of Elizabeth
FILM & HISTORY
ELIZABETH (1998)
Chapter Summary
Chapter Timeline
Chapter Review
14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS, 1500–1800
On the Brink of a New World
The Motives for Expansion
The Means for Expansion
New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires
The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE
SPICES AND WORLD TRADE
Voyages to the New World
The Spanish Empire in the New World
New Rivals on the World Stage
Africa: The Slave Trade
The West in Southeast Asia
The French and British in India
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
WEST MEETS EAST: AN EXCHANGE OF ROYAL LETTERS
China
Japan
The Americas
The Impact of European Expansion
The Conquered
FILM & HISTORY
THE MISSION (1986)
The Conquerors
Toward a World Economy
Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
Mercantilism
Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization
Chapter Summary
Chapter Review
Chapter Timeline
15 STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions
The Witchcraft Craze
The Thirty Years’ War
A Military Revolution?
Rebellions
The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe
Absolute Monarchy in France
The Reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715)
The Decline of Spain
Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe
The German States
Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule
Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power
The Great Northern States
The Ottoman Empire
The Limits of Absolutism
Limited Monarchy and Republics
The Weakness of the Polish Monarchy
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic
England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE
DUTCH DOMESTICITY
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
OLIVER CROMWELL: THREE PERSPECTIVES
The Flourishing of European Culture
The Changing Faces of Art
A Wondrous Age of Theater
Chapter Summary
Chapter Timeline
Chapter Review
16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE
Background to the Scientific Revolution
Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists
Technological Innovations and Mathematics
Renaissance Magic
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy
Copernicus
Brahe
Kepler
Galileo
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
A NEW HEAVEN? FAITH VERSUS REASON
Newton
Advances in Medicine and Chemistry
Paracelsus
Vesalius