Combined Code and Cypher School 29
listening station 36, 173, 185, 276, 281, 282
Nasser 158, 280
nationalist movement 173, 276, 282–4
Soviet agents 164
Suez Canal 78, 158, 283
Eisenhower, Dwight D 252, 256, 279, 308
elint (electronic intelligence) 45, 136, 142, 238–9, 293
ferrets 239–44
Elizabeth II 287
encryption machines 6, 17
ENIAC 264
Enigma codes 3, 6, 13, 14–15, 17, 20, 21, 30, 39, 49, 69, 93–4, 181, 217, 267
ERNIE (Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment) 65
Erskine, Ralph 69
Estonia 114
European Signals Centre 40
Evans, Geoffrey 208
Eytan, Ernest 163–4, 167
Eytan, Walter 163–4, 166–7
F
Fairlie, Henry 287
Far East Combined Bureau 185, 208
Farouk, King of Egypt 281–2
Ferranti 270, 272
ferrets 239–44
Finland 30
First Lightning 225
Fischer, Bobby 222
Flavell, Betty 11–12
Fleming, Ian
From Russia With Love 319–20
Fletcher, Harold 249
Flowerdown, HMS 38, 44
Flowers, Dr Tommy 14, 25, 60–1, 67, 187, 237, 291, 301
Colossus 14, 56, 60, 64–5, 186, 264
ERNIE 65
TICOM 61–4
Forest Moor 109–10, 183, 200, 230, 292
FOSA (Foreign Office Sports Association) 106
Foss, Hugh 198, 209, 211–15, 218–19, 223, 260, 329
France
communism 42, 99, 102
NATO 247, 252
post-war 100–1
right-wing movements 240
and the Soviet Union 42, 100
Freedom Train 247
Friedman, William F 83, 123, 126, 168
Fuchs, Klaus 4, 127–30, 226, 228
funding 58, 191–2, 202–3
Fylingdales 119
G
Galicia 90
Gallilee, Mimi 49–51, 53
Gambier Parry, Brigadier ‘Pop’ 59
Gandhi, Mahatma 149, 156
Gandy, Robin 60
Garats Hay 43–5, 111
Gardner, Meredith 95–8, 228–9
GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters) 3–4, 5, 7–8, 51, 68, 71, 72–3, 105, 111, 132, 162, 235
Alexander 222–3
budgetary limits 249
centralisation 177–8
Cheltenham 290–3, 311–13, 326–30
Clarke 218–19
computer technology 177, 262–3
de Grey memo 175–98
equipment 186–9
funding 191–2
industrial trouble 108
Jones 121–2, 176, 288–9, 311–12, 328
MI6 57
recruitment 179–86, 190
Russian signals 136
security 250–1
Travis 176
US intelligence partnership 95
working conditions 194
GCHQ Bude 119
GCHQ Eastcote 167
see also Eastcote
German Democratic Republic 30, 102–3, 203, 302, 304–5
1953 uprising 309–10
Lorenz encryptions 65
Germany
de-Nazification programme 102, 132, 305
Deutschmark 134, 137, 141
division 30, 102–3, 132–45, 248, 305
economy 140–1, 246, 248
Enigma codes 3, 6, 13, 14–15, 17, 20, 21, 30, 39, 49, 69, 93–4, 181, 217, 267
listening stations 76, 141
Nuremberg trials 132–3
post-war 29–30, 40–1
Shark and Dolphin codes 21, 216–17
Gibbs, Gwendoline 43–4
Gielgud, John 296
Gold, Operation 306
Golombek, Harry 220
Good, Irving John ‘Jack’ 45, 66, 216, 223, 266–70, 271, 329
Government Code and Cypher School 14–16, 18, 19, 25, 31, 36, 46, 56, 179, 185, 190–1, 211
Grabeel, Gene 30–1, 125
Greece 29, 283
civil war 74, 80, 100, 142, 144, 206, 235
US financial support 286
Greenbaum, Franz 323
Greenberg, Joel 124
Grotjan, Genevieve 126
H
Hagelin encryption machines 117
Hallock, Lieutenant Richard 93–4
Hancock, Roger 107
Hanslope Park 14, 59–60, 105, 119, 238
Harcourt, Colonel 34
Hardy, Geoff 106
Harvard Mark One 264
Harwell Atomic Energy Research Establishment 130, 226
Hastings, Captain Edward 83, 98, 103, 327
Hastings, Sir Max 257
Hastings International Chess Congress 1–3, 5, 7, 219, 314–21
Hawaii 37
Haynes, John Earl 96
Hayward, Bill 86, 207
Healey, Denis 139
Hennessey, Peter 209
Heuser, Beatrice 143
Hilton, Peter 68, 271–2
Hinsley, Harry 10, 315
Hiss, Alger 127
Hodges, Andrew 68, 271, 293, 295
Holden agreement 70
Hong Kong 28, 86–8, 123, 253, 254, 262
Horsfield, Colonel David 152
Hough, Brian 261
Hoxha, Enver 144
‘human computors’ 39
humint (human intelligence) 31, 257, 286
Hungary 90, 100, 131, 133, 143, 230, 249, 302–3
Hussein, King of Jordan 281
hydrogen bomb 274, 325–6
I
Iceland 247
India 12, 28, 123
independence 31, 35–6, 41, 83, 147–53, 156, 160, 196
listening stations 83, 150–4, 196–7
partition 92, 148–9, 150–2
rice famine 153
Secret Intelligence Service 150–4
thorium 150
US intelligence base 153–4
Wireless Experimental Depot 33–6, 148, 152–3, 196
Indian National Congress 150
Information Research Department 303–4
infra-red instruments 61
Inter-Allied mechanism 201
Iran 74, 150, 275–80
Anglo-Persian Agreement 277
Anglo-Persian (-Iranian) Oil Company 277–9
Azerbaijan 33–6
oilfields 275, 277–80
Irgun 165, 172
iron curtain 73, 303
Islamic State 286
Israel 166–7, 170, 171–3
Arab-Israeli conflict 281–2
British kibbutz 170
Unit 8200 162, 173
Italy
communism 42, 99, 102
Enigma codes 181
listening stations 76
NATO 247
right-wing movements 240
J
Japan 12, 15, 81–2, 149, 158
Coral cypher 23
Purple system 126
US occupation 255
jet engine 130
Jewish Agency 166, 170
Jews
Arab-Israeli conflict 281–2
Balfour Declaration 27, 80, 164
British intelligence service 162–71
Holocaust/concentration camps 29, 40, 80, 90–1, 163
Irgun 165, 172
Israel 166, 170, 171–3
Palestine 41, 164
Poland 89, 90
post-war 29, 40, 89, 90
Soviet Union 40, 164
Stern gang 166
Zionism 80–1, 145, 163–6, 169–70, 171–2, 202, 241
Jinnah, Mohammed 150, 196
Joint Intelligence Committee 137, 233, 234, 239, 240,
255–6, 260
Jones, Sir Eric 57, 120–2, 123, 176, 192, 288–9, 328
Jones, Reginald Victor 135–6, 239–40, 311–12
Joyce, James
Finnegans Wake 171
Ulysses 171
Judt, Tony 101–2, 132–4, 249
K
Karens 159
Kashmir 153
Kazakhstan 225–6, 228, 276
Keen, Harold 48
Kendrick, Alexander 232
Kennan, George F 74, 101, 103, 133, 230, 234, 235, 255, 279
‘Long Telegram’ 74, 234
KGB 127, 316–17
Khrushchev, Nikita 318
Kilburn, Tom 66, 269
Kim Il-Sung 254–5, 258
Knox, Alfred Dillwyn ‘Dilly’ 16, 17, 125, 181, 216
Korea 240
Korean War 254–61, 262
Kriegsmarine cyphers 70
Kroger, Peter and Helen 289
Kubrick, Stanley
2001: A Space Odyssey 267
Kullback, Major Solomon 168–9, 170
L
Lai Tek 204
Lamphere, Robert J 97
Latvia 90, 134
Lawn, Oliver 20, 212
Lawn, Sheila 20
Leighton Buzzard 155
LeMay, Curtis 246
Levenson, Arthur 62–3, 168, 170–1
Lever, Mavis see Batey, Mavis
linguists 6, 17, 20, 181
listening stations 26, 31–2, 36–7, 75–86, 123
Burma 158
Ceylon 37, 70, 81–2, 154–6
Egypt 36, 173, 185, 276
India 33–6, 83, 150–4
Mombasa 36, 81, 86, 157
Sarafand 79, 80-1, 123, 172-3, 283
staff levels 176
West Germany 141
see also Y-Service
Lithuania 90, 134
Little Sai Wan 87
Loehnis, Clive 251, 263, 312
Logan, Norman 152
London Signals Intelligence Centre 4, 51, 124, 131, 132, 140, 160–1, 178
Longfellow 117
‘Long Telegram’ 74, 234
Lorenz encryptions 56, 65
Los Alamos 129, 130
Lowther, William 242–3
Lunn, Peter 230–6, 305, 306
Luxembourg 247
M
MacArthur, General Douglas 258
McCarthy, Joseph 246–7
Macedonia 143
McIntyre, Ben 235
MacKenzie, Sheila 212, 215
Maclean, Donald 4, 96–7, 98–9, 128, 316
Macmillan, Harold 248
Maisky, Ivan 41
Malaya 84–6, 160
Malayan Emergency 85, 203–6, 275
Malenkov, Georgi 308
Malone, Joan 119–20, 125
Manchester Mark One 66, 264, 265–73, 322
Manchuria 253
Manhattan Project 95–6, 99, 127, 129
Mao Zedong 86, 253–4, 256, 258
Marconi 36
Marr-Johnson, Colonel Patrick 61, 83, 98, 122, 148, 153, 196, 198, 243
Marshall, George 133, 143–4, 248
Marshall Plan 133–4, 140, 246, 248
Mass Observation 54–5
mathematicians 6, 13, 20, 98, 179, 215, 265–72
Meir, Golda 166
Menzies, Sir Stewart 13, 25, 31, 98, 122
MI5 71, 105, 190
India 152
MI6 6, 13, 19, 25, 31, 56–7, 71, 105, 108, 178, 190–1, 194, 195, 235–6
double agents 96–9
India 152
Michie, Donald 269
micro-film 187–8
microwave technology 156
Middle East 145, 162–74
Arab-Israeli conflict 281–2
British presence in 78–80
British withdrawal 148
Irgun 165, 172
Jewish Agency 166
oilfields 160, 165
Soviet infiltration 164
Millward, William 121
Milner-Barry, Stuart 121, 320
MITRE 125
Mombasa 36, 81, 86, 157
Montagu of Beaulieu, Lord 296
Montgomery, General Bernard 78
Montgomery, Bob 284–5
Morse Code 37, 38, 43, 84–5, 110–11, 155–6
Mossadegh, Mohammed 277–80
Mott, Nevill 128
Mountbatten, Lord 150, 152
Murray, Arnold 273, 293–5, 296–7
Murray, Jock 218, 298–300
Murray, Odette 68
Muslim League 150
N
Naguib, General 282
Nairn, Tom 285
Nasser, Gamal Abdel 158, 280, 282, 283
National Physical Laboratory 66–8, 124, 264–7
National Service 84–5
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) 100, 140, 245–7, 252
naval signals 38
Nehru, Jawaharlal 149, 150, 153–4
Netherlands 247
Newman, Professor Max 14, 25, 65–8, 117, 124, 162, 265, 266, 269–70, 271, 291, 297, 322, 324
New Zealand 36, 122, 208
UKUSA alliance 209
NKVD 1, 3, 95, 98, 314
north tier countries 161
Norwood, Melita 226–8
Noskwith, Rolf 167
Nuremberg trials 132–3
O
oil supply 33–6, 148, 160, 275, 277–81
one-time pads 93–5, 229
OP-20-G 26
Oppenheimer, Robert 129
Oxford 52
P
Pakistan 150–3, 160, 196
US intelligence 153
Palestine 12, 28
Balfour Declaration 27, 80, 164
British Mandate 145, 164–5, 172–3, 202
Grand Mufti 80
Irgun 165, 172
Jewish Agency 166
Jewish settlements 164
King David Hotel attack 165
Sarafand listening post 79, 80–1, 123, 172–3, 283
Stern gang 166
United Nations 172
Zionism 41, 80–1, 145, 163–6, 169–70, 171–2, 202, 241
pay structure 50, 52, 53, 111–12, 185, 215
Peenemünde 61
Peierls, Rudolf 128, 129
Pembroke V, HMS 48
Peshawar 147
Peterson, Michael L 243–4
Philby, Kim 4, 96, 128, 130, 316
Philips, Fred 111–12
photography 5, 187–8, 238, 242
planes, spy 239–52
photography 242
Poet codes 116–17, 229
Poland 55, 133, 248
Jews 89, 90
Soviet domination 40–1, 101, 134, 303
Portugal 247
Post Office Research Laboratories 60–1, 67
Potsdam Conference 72, 73
Poulden, Teddy 208
propaganda
Information Research Department 303–4
Purple system 126
Q
Queens Gate 52
R
radar 239
anti-radar equipment 61
Radio Security Service 39, 59–60
Delilah 60
Radio Teleprinter Operation 155–6
Ratio Club 271
Rattan 116
recruitment 179–85, 190, 236, 288
Red Sonia 131
Reed, Doris 49
Rennie, Sir John 303–4
Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran 279–80
Roberts, Laurence 82, 155–7
rocket technology 59, 61
Romania 90, 100, 131, 143, 249, 310
Rommel, General Erwin 29, 77
Rooke, Clive 83, 158–9
Room 40 16
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 72, 118
Rosenberg, Ethel 127
Rosenberg, Julius 95, 127
Rothschild, Miriam 162
Royal Air Force
Chicksands Priory 38�
��40, 42–3
Eastcote 48–9
RAF Cheadle 39
Russia see Soviet Union
S
Said, Edward 281
Saudi Arabia 165
Scarborough 109, 113
Secret Intelligence Service 151, 190–1, 236
Serbia 143
Shark and Dolphin codes 21, 216–17
Sibley, Forbes 44
Sigaba 201
signals intelligence 25, 31
Sillitoe, Alan 84–5, 204–5
Singapore 76, 85–6, 160, 186
Single Side Band Transmission 155
Sinkov, Captain Abraham 168–9
Sixta 22
Slee, Frank 242
Smith, Michael 117
SONIA 131
Soviet bloc 30, 73, 77, 99–101, 131, 142–5, 203, 248–9, 252, 302–3
Berlin Blockade 134–9, 203, 248, 252
Berlin uprising 309–10
collectivisation 310
ethnic cleansing 92
ferrets 239–44
Jews 164
mapping 243, 251
Marshall Aid 133–4, 140, 246
post-war economy 248–9
UKUSA alliance 209
US objective in 143–4
Warsaw Pact 252
Soviet Union 2, 38, 42, 113–14, 117–18
atomic bomb 4, 94, 95–6, 99, 101, 127, 129–30, 145, 225–6, 228, 240, 289
Austria 231–6
Azerbaijan 32–6
Berlin 30
British view of 41–2
and China 253–4
Cold War 5, 73–5
Cuban Missile Crisis 300
double agents 4, 30–1, 88, 89, 90, 92–9, 127–31, 144, 190, 228
encryption 93–8, 116–17
First Lightning 225
invasion of Germany 133
Iran 33–6, 279–80
iron curtain 73, 303
Jews 40, 81, 164
joint UK-US operations 116–30
KGB 127, 316–17
‘Long Telegram’ 74, 234
mapping 243, 251
microwave technology 156
Middle East 164
NKVD 1, 3, 95, 98, 314
north tier countries 161
Nuremberg trials 133
oil supply 33–6, 160, 279–80
one-time pads 93–5, 229
Poets codes 116–17, 229
post-war ambitions 139
post-war Germany 132–3
show trials 303
Stalin-era 15, 28–9, 32, 40–1, 73–5, 100–1, 249, 302–3, 308–9, 318
US hostility towards 73
Vienna 231
Warsaw Pact 252
World War II 25–6
Spaatz, General Carl A. 22
Spassky, Boris 222
squatter’s movement 54–5
Stalin, Joseph 2, 4, 15, 26, 28–9, 32, 40–1, 72, 73–4, 100–1, 225, 249, 304
Azerbaijan 33
Berlin Blockade 134–42
British view of 41–2
China 253–4
death 308–9, 318
Eastern Europe 92, 302–3
Germany 132
post-war ambitions 139
Zionism 81
Stern gang 166
Strachey, Oliver 80
Stripp, Alan 12, 33–6, 152–3, 196, 277
submarines 5, 244–5
Shark and Dolphin codes 21, 216–17
Suez Canal 78, 158, 283
Sugarman, Martin 167