3rd person inveni-ē-bat – he, she, it was finding inveni-ē-bant – they were finding
5.2.2 Mixed Conjugation
The defining features of verbs of the mixed conjugation are that the first principal part ends in -iō (as in the fourth conjugation), while the second principal part (the present infinitive active) ends in -ere (as in the third conjugation: for example faciō, -ere – do; make).
In order to conjugate a verb of the mixed conjugation in the present indicative active, begin by removing the -ō from the first principal part then add the following endings: -ō, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -unt:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person capi-ō – I capture, am capturing capi-mus – we capture, etc.
2nd person capi-s – you capture, etc. capi-tis – you capture, etc.
3rd person capi-t – he, she, it captures, etc. capi-unt – they capture, etc.
In order to conjugate verbs of the mixed conjugation in the imperfect indicative active, simply remove the -ō from the first principal part and add the letter ē then the regular imperfect endings: -bam, -bās, -bat, -bāmus, -bātis, -bant.
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person capi-ē-bam – I was capturing capi-ē-bāmus – we were capturing
2nd person capi-ē -bās – you were capturing capi-ē-bātis – you were capturing
3rd person capi-ē-bat – he, she, it was capturing capi-ē-bant – they were capturing
5.3 Future Indicative Active
5.3.1 First and Second Conjugations
The future tense in Latin is used to denote an action occurring in the future and may be translated, for example, I shall/will do or I shall/will be doing. In order to conjugate verbs of the first and second conjugations in the future indicative active, simply remove the -re from the second principal part and add the following endings: -bō, -bis, -bit, -bimus, -bitis, -bunt.
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person amā-bō – I shall love amā-bimus – we shall love
2nd person amā-bis – you will love amā-bitis – you will love
3rd person amā-bit – he, she, it will love amā-bunt – they will love
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person vidē-bō– I shall see vidē-bimus – we shall see
2nd person vidē-bis – you will see vidē-bitis – you will see
3rd person vidē-bit – he, she, it will see vidē-bunt – they will see
5.3.2 Third, Fourth, and Mixed Conjugations
However, in order to conjugate verbs of the third, fourth, and mixed conjugations in the future indicative active different endings are used. Here it is necessary to remove the -ō from the first principal part and add the following endings: -am, -ēs, -et, -ēmus, -ētis, -ent.
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person pōn-am – I shall place pōn-ēmus – we shall place
2nd person pōn-ēs – you will place pōn-ētis – you will place
3rd person pōn-et – he, she, it will place pōn-ent – they will place
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person inveni-am – I shall find inveni-ēmus – we shall find
2nd person inveni-ēs – you will find inveni-ētis – you will find
3rd person inveni-et – he, she, it will find inveni-ent – they will find
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person capi-am – I shall capture capi-ēmus – we shall capture
2nd person capi-ēs – you will capture capi-ētis – you will capture
3rd person capi-et – he, she, it will capture capi-ent – they will capture
5.3.3 Irregular Verbs: Sum, Esse; Possum, Posse
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person erō – I shall be erimus – we shall be
2nd person eris – you will be eritis – you will be
3rd person erit – he, she, it will be erunt – they will be
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person poterō – I shall be able poterimus – we shall be able
2nd person poteris – you will be able poteritis – you will be able
3rd person poterit – he, she, it will be able poterunt – they will be able
HINT!
Here the endings are the same as the future indicative of sum.
Try This
Supply the verb forms requested:
(i) capio – 2nd person sing. imperfect indicative active
(ii) invenio – 3rd person pl. present indicative active
(iii) amo – 1st person pl. future indicative active
(iv) video – 3rd person sing. future indicative active
(v) pono – 1st person sing. future indicative active
(vi) sum – 3rd person pl. future indicative
(vii) possum – 2nd person sing. future indicative
(viii) audio – 3rd person sing. imperfect indicative active
(ix) facio – 1st person pl. future indicative active
(x) venio – 3rd person pl. present indicative active
5.4 Uses of the Cases
5.4.1 Adverbial Accusative
The neuter singular of certain pronouns and adjectives may be used adverbially. The commonest examples of this are nihil – not at all; quid? – why?:
quid tacēs? (Cicero In Catilinam 1.8): why are you silent?
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Sound Bite
Seneca on deceptive appearances (Seneca De Beneficiis 4.34)
fallaces enim sunt rerum species.
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Translation from Latin
HINT!
Look at punctuation as this is usually a guide to the way the clauses/parts of the sentence divide up. Also check if the sentence is a question.
1. senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit. vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit. (Cicero In Catilinam 1.2)
2. nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis; templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas. (Cicero In Catilinam 1.12)
3. exercitus nostri … crebras ex oppido excursiones faciebant. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 2.30.2)
4. ille miser defensorem reperire neminem poterat. (Cicero In Verrem 2.1.74)
HINT!
Word order: as noted word order is flexible but often the subject (nominative) is at the beginning with the verb at the end.
5. rem publicam … vitamque omnium, bona, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros vobis conservatam ac restitutam videtis. (Cicero In Catilinam 3.1–2)
6. contentus eram … tua gloria satisque ex ea magnam laetitiam voluptatemque capiebam. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 9.14.1)
7. manent istae litterae Mileti [at Miletus], manent, et dum erit, illa civitas manebunt. (Cicero In Verrem 2.1.89)
8. me … tuarum actionum, sententiarum, voluntatum, rerum denique omnium socium comitemque habebis. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 1.9.22)
9. castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum …, crescit in dies singulos [day by day] hostium numerus; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque … in senatu videtis. (Cicero In Catilinam 1.5)
FIGURE 5.2 Statue of Cicero, 1st century bc. For a biography of Cicero, see Appendix 6. Source: Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library
Translation into Latin
1. Why shall I repeat old matters? (Cicero In Verrem 2.3.182)
2. You will find that crime born from greed. (Cicero In Verrem 2.2.82)
3. I was eager to be with you. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 8.11d.6)
4. They take up arms and occupy the entire forum. (Cicero In Verrem 2.5.95)
5. That man's sheep are not far from the wolves. (Plautus Truculentus 657)
6. They were placing all hope of safety in courage. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 5.34.2)
7. The Helvetii move their camp from that place. Caesar does the same thing and sends forward all the cavalry. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.15.1)
8. Will you hesitate, judges, to punish this man's great recklessness
, great cruelty, great injustice? (Cicero In Verrem 2.2.109)
9. There was a swamp, not large, between our army and the army of the enemy. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 2.9.1)
FIGURE 5.3 Temple of Jupiter at the northern end of the forum in Pompeii. Mt Vesuvius is in the background. Source: courtesy Sally Baume
Vocabulary to Learn
Nouns; Pronouns
consul, -sulis (m.) – consul
cornū, -ūs (n.) – horn; flank (of army)
corpus, -oris (n.) – body
diēs, -ēī (m.) – day
dux, dūcis (m.) – leader; commander; general
excursiō, -ōnis (f.) – assault; sally
exercitus, -ūs (m.) – army
gloria, -ae (f.) – glory
hostis, -is (m.) – enemy
Ītalia, -ae (f.) – Italy
manus, -ūs (f.) – hand
populus, -ī (m.) – people
rēs, -eī (f.) – thing; matter; event
rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae (f.) – state; republic (sometimes written as one word)
senātus, -ūs (m.) – senate
spēs, -eī (f.) – hope
templum, -ī (n.) – temple
virtus, -ūtis (f.) – virtue; courage
Verbs
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum – hear
capiō, capere, cēpī, captum – take; capture (arma capiō – take up arms)
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum – do; make
interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectum – kill
inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum – find
petō, petere, petīvī, petītum – seek; seek out; attack
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum – come
Adjectives
malus, -a, -um – bad
meus, -a, -um – my
noster, -stra, -strum – our
pūblicus, -a, -um – public
tōtus, -a, -um – the whole of; all
tuus, -a, -um – your (sing.)
ūniversus, -a, -um – entire
vester, -stra, -strum – your (pl.)
vetus, -eris – old
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
autem – however; moreover
iam – already
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 5 Passages
Nouns; Pronouns
actiō, -ōnis (f.) – action
comes, -itis (m.) – companion; friend
coniunx, -iugis (f.) – wife; spouse
dēfensor, -ōris (m.) – defender
equitātus, -ūs (m.) – cavalry
excursiō, -ōnis (f.) – assault; sally
exitium, exitiī (n.) – destruction
facinus, -oris (n.) – deed; crime
iniūria, -ae (f.) – injury; injustice
iste, ista, istud – that (of you/of yours); (pl. those) (for declension, see Appendix 2)
laetitia, -ae (f.) – joy
libellus, -ī (m.) – book
littera, -ae (f.) – letter; (pl. letters, letter (i.e., epistle); written records)
Milētus, -ī (m.) – a city in Asia Minor
moenia, -ium (n. pl.) – walls (of the city)
nēmō, nūllius (m. and f.) – no (one)
numerus, -ī (m.) – number
porta, -ae (f.) – gate
sententia, -ae (f.) – opinion; feeling; purpose
splendor, -ōris (m.) – splendor; brilliance
tectum, -ī (n.) – roof; house
vastitās, -ātis (f.) – waste; devastation
voluntās, -ātis (f.) – wish; desire
voluptās, -ātis (f.) – pleasure
FYI
In classical Latin the genitive and ablative cases of nēmō are usually replaced by nūllius and nullō/ā. The accusative and dative forms are nēminem and nēminī as expected.
Verbs
compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētum – fill; occupy
crescō, crescere, crēvī, crētum – grow
intelligō, intelligere, intellēxī, intellēctum – understand
reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertum – find; discover
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum – live
Adjectives
conservātus, -a, -um – preserved
contentus, -a, -um (+ abl.) – happy with
crēber, -bra, -brum – frequent
restitūtus, -a, -um – restored
ūniversus, -a, -um – whole; entire
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
apertē – openly
contrā (+ acc.) – against
dēnique – finally; in short
dum – while; as long as
haud – not
immō vērō – no indeed
vērō – but; in truth
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) invidious
(ii) avuncular
(iii) mandate
(iv) fine
CHAPTER 6
Chapter Contents
6.1 PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
6.2 FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
6.3 PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
6.4 IRREGULAR VERBS: SUM AND POSSUM 6.4.1 Perfect Indicative
6.4.2 Future Perfect Indicative
6.4.3 Pluperfect Indicative
6.5 USES OF THE CASES 6.5.1 Ablative of Means/Instrument
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Vocabulary to Learn Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 6 Passages Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions
FIGURE 6.1 Romano-British bowl (1st–2nd century ad) made in Gaul. Transalpine Gaul (Gaul “across the Alps”) was completely subdued by Caesar during the “Gallic Wars” (58–51 bc). It became a Roman province, famed for its food and pottery industries (especially for Samian ware). © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
6.1 Perfect Indicative Active
The perfect indicative active of regular verbs is formed from the third principal part and is made up of the perfect stem + endings. In order to find the perfect stem, simply remove the -ī from the third principal part; to the stem add the endings -ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt.
FYI
There is an alternative 3rd person plural ending: -ēre.
Particularly striking about the perfect tenses in Latin is that they are extremely regular in their formation: even the perfect of the verb sum is quite regular. The perfect in Latin may be translated as, for example, I saw, I did see or I have seen; whereas English has various ways to express the perfect tense, Latin has only one form (compare the present indicative).
dēfendī rem pūblicam adulescens, non dēseram senex (Cicero Philippicae 2.118): I defended the Republic when I was a young man; I will not desert it now that I am an old man.
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The Bigger Picture
Philippicae (The Philippics), a series of speeches made by Cicero in the years after the assassination of Caesar, 44–43 bc, against M. Antonius (Shakespeare's Mark Antony). The speeches were given the name Philippics from those delivered by the Athenian orator Demosthenes in the fourth century bc against the Macedonian King Philip, the father of Alexander the Great.
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SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person amāv-ī – I loved, have loved, etc. amāv-imus – we loved, etc.
2nd person amāv-istī – you loved, etc. amāv-istis – you loved, etc.
3rd person amāv-it – he, she, it loved, etc. amāv-ērunt – they loved, etc.
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person posu-ī – I placed, have placed, etc. posu-imus – we placed, etc.
2nd person posu-istī – you placed,
etc. posu-istis – you placed, etc.
3rd person posu-it – he, she, it placed, etc. posu-ērunt – they placed, etc.
Notice that in all of the above, the perfect indicative active is formed by adding the perfect endings to the perfect stem.
6.2 Future Perfect Indicative Active
The future perfect indicative active defines an action as complete in the future, for example, I will have read this book by tomorrow. The forms of the future perfect, as is the case with the perfect, consist of the stem + endings. The endings of the future perfect (with the exception of the third person plural) are the same as the future indicative of the verb sum (see Chapter 5). Again the formation of the future perfect in Latin is strikingly regular:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person invēn-erō – I will have found invēn-erimus – we will have found
2nd person invēn-eris – you will have found invēn-eritis – you will have found
3rd person invēn-erit – he (etc.) will have found invēn-erint – they will have found
NOTE: the third person plural ending is -erint, not -ērunt.
6.3 Pluperfect Indicative Active
The third and final perfect tense is the pluperfect indicative active. This tense describes an action as completed in the past. The Latin pluperfect, therefore, is more or less the same as the pluperfect in English: I had seen. The pluperfect is also built on the perfect stem and the endings are the same in form as the imperfect indicative of the verb sum (see Chapter 2):
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person vīd-eram – I had seen vīd-erāmus – we had seen
2nd person vīd-erās – you had seen vīd-erātis – you had seen