Note that for adjectives of one termination the stem is derived from the second principal part.
Note that for adjectives of three terminations the stem is derived from the second principal part.
Try This
Find the correct form of the adjective [in brackets] to agree with the noun, e.g., puella [bonus] will be puella bona, and then decline either in the singular (puella bona, puellae bonae etc.) or in the plural (puellae bonae, puellarum bonarum etc.).
In the singular:
(i) animal [sapiens]
(ii) urbs [felix]
(iii) civis [liber]
(iv) corpus [longus]
(v) civitas [novus]
In the plural:
(i) fatum [tristis]
(ii) imperator [acer]
(iii) homo [doctus]
(iv) consul [fortis]
(v) caput [omnis]
4.2 Uses of the Cases
4.2.1 Dative of Possessor
As we have seen, the dative case is used for the indirect object of a verb (translated to or for). It is also used, most frequently with est or sunt, to express possession:
est mihi namque domī pater (Virgil Eclogue 3.33): for there is a father to me at home (i.e., I have a father at home).
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Sound Bite
Seneca on goodness (Seneca De Beneficiis 7.31)
vincit malos pertinax bonitas.
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Translation from Latin
1. sunt mihi intus … nummi aurei. (Plautus Poenulus 345)
HINT!
As sentences become more complicated you need to consider the uses of the cases: for example, why is this word in the dative? How does Latin use the dative? Which use works best for your translation?
2. Romani Sabinique in media convalle duorum montium redintegrant proelium. (Livy Ab Urbe Condita 1.12.10)
3. invidiam posteritatis times? (Cicero In Catilinam 1.28)
4.
est locus extremis Scythiae glacialis in oris,
triste solum, sterilis, sine fruge, sine arbore tellus.
(Ovid Metamorphoses 8.788–9)
5. sed quis hic est homo? (Plautus Amphitruo 292)
6. haec urbs est Thebae. (Plautus Amphitruo 97)
7. cui dono lepidum novum libellum? (Catullus 1.1)
8. nam neque turpis mors forti viro potest accidere neque immatura consulari nec misera sapienti. (Cicero In Catilinam 4.3)
9. te exspectamus, te desideramus, te iam etiam arcessimus. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 1.18.1)
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The Bigger Picture
Epistulae ad Atticum (Letters to Atticus): this collection of letters to his friend Atticus (without replies) was not published in the form we have it until the time of Nero. A shorter version in 11 books had existed earlier. Atticus had been a friend of Cicero from boyhood and spent much of his time (until the mid-sixties bc) studying philosophy in Athens, hence his cognomen, Atticus. He advised Cicero on political matters and acted as his publisher.
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Translation into Latin
1. Caesar is sending ambassadors to him with these orders. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.35.2)
2. There is also piety among the unhappy. (Ovid Tristia 1.9.35)
3. Caesar orders the soldiers and horsemen to go on board the ships. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 5.7.4)
4. But where is this man? (Plautus Aulularia 243)
5. Thus he leads … the soldiers back into the camp. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 7.19.6)
6. Who is breaking our door down in this way? (Plautus Asinaria 384)
7. He had a plan suited to the crime. (Cicero In Catilinam 3.16)
8. We are waiting every day for my brother, Quintus. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 1.5.8)
9. Why do you remain seated? Why do you not get up and leave in the middle of [use the adjective medius; see #2 Latin to English] my speech? (Cicero In Verrem 2.3.208)
FIGURE 4.2 Silver denarius, Castor and Pollux. Castor and Pollux, also called the Dioscuri (= sons of Zeus) were the brothers of Helen (of Troy). The Dioscuri were saviors of sailors in trouble at sea and there was a temple to them in the Forum at Rome. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
Vocabulary to Learn
Nouns; Pronouns
animal, -ālis (n.) – animal
caput, -itis (n.) – head
celeritās, celeritātis – speed; swiftness
cīvis, -is (m.) – citizen
cīvitās, cīvitātis (f.) – citizenship; state
consul, -is (m.) – consul
fātum, -ī (n.) – fate (in pl. the Fates)
frāter, -tris (m.) – brother
homō, -inis (m.) – man; human
ille, illa, illud – that; that man; that woman; that thing
imperātor, -ōris (m.) – general; emperor
labor, -ōris (m.) – labor; toil
lībertās, -ātis (f.) – freedom
magnitūdō, -inis (f.) – size; importance; extent
mare, maris (n.) – sea
māter, -tris (f.) – mother
mīles, -itis (m.) – soldier
mōns, montis (m.) – mountain
mors, mortis (f.) – death
mulier, -eris (f.) – woman
nōmen, -inis (n.) – name; noun
oppidum, -ī (n.) – town
pars, partis (f.) – part
pater, -tris (m.) – father
proelium, -iī (n.) – battle
rex, rēgis (m.) – king
soror, -ōris (f.) – sister
tempus, -oris (n.) – time
urbs, urbis (f.) – city
Verbs
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum – lead
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum – wage; carry on
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum – send
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum – warn
relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum – leave
respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum – reply
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum – write
vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum – defeat
Adjectives
ācer, -cris, -cre – keen; sharp
fēlīx, -īcis – happy
fortis, -e – brave
omnis, -e – all
sapiens, sapientis – sensible; wise; as noun = wise man
tristis, -e – sad
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
ab (+ abl.) – away from
dē (+ abl.) – down from; out of; about (concerning)
in (+ abl.) – among
ita – in this way; so; thus
per (+ acc.) – through
quia – since; because
quod – because
sīc – thus
sine (+ abl.) – without
tamen – however; nevertheless
HINT!
Helpful mnemonic device: ex, cum, ab, pro, in, sine, de take the ablative, they say (and sometimes sub).
FIGURE 4.3 Statue of Apollo, Pompeii. Son of Zeus, Apollo was the god associated with (among other things) healing, poetry, and music. A Greek god, he was adopted by the Romans and after the battle of Actium, the emperor Augustus dedicated a temple to him in 28 bc. Source: courtesy Sam Penberthy
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 4 Passages
Nouns
arbor, -oris (f.) – tree
avunculus, -ī (m.) – uncle
convallis, -is (f.) – valley
custōs, -ōdis (m.) – guard
facinus, -oris (n.) – deed; crime
fīnis, -is (m.) – end
frux, frūgis (f.) – fruit; grain
invidia, -ae (f.) – envy; ill-will; hatred
iter, itineris (n.) – road
libellus, -ī (m.) – little book
līmen, -inis (n.) – threshold
lītus, -oris (n.) – shore
mandātum, -ī
(n.) – order
nummus, -ī (m.) – coin
occāsiō, -ōnis (f.) – occasion; opportunity
opus, -eris (n.) – work
ōra, -ae (f.) – border; margin
ōrātiō, -ōnis (f.) – speech; language
pietās, -ātis (f.) – piety; loyalty; respect
posteritās, -ātis (f.) – future generations; posterity
Sabīnī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – Sabines (an Italian tribe)
Scythia, -ae (f.) – Scythia (an area in the north beyond the Black Sea)
solum, -ī (n.) – ground; soil; region
tellūs, -ūris (f.) – earth; region; land
Thēbae, -ārum (f. pl.) – Thebes
Verbs
accidō, accīdere, accīdī (+ dat.) – happen (to someone); befall (someone)
arcessō, arcessere, arcessīvī, arcessītum – send for
castra pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum – pitch camp
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coactum – compel
consurgō, consurgere, consurrēxī, consurrēctum – rise; get up
dēsīderō, dēsīderāre, dēsīderāvī, dēsīderātum – desire; long for
discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum – leave
dōnō, dōnāre, dōnāvī, dōnātum – give; present (with)
exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātum (+ acc.) – wait for
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsum – repel
prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitum – prevent
redintegrō, redintegrāre, redintegrāvī, redintegrātum – renew; start again
redūcō, redūcere, redūxī, reductum – lead back
regō, regere, rēxī, rēctum – rule
sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum – sit; remain seated
trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditum – hand over
Adjectives
aptus, -a, -um – suited
aureus, -a, -um – golden; gold
consulāris, -e – of a consul; of consular rank
duo, duae, duo – two (see Appendix 2)
extrēmus, -a, -um – farthest
glaciālis, -e – icy; frozen
immātūrus, -a, -um – unripe; untimely
immortālis, -e – immortal
lepidus, -a, -um – fine; charming
medius, -a, -um – in the middle; middle
sānus, -a, -um – sane
sterilis, -e – sterile; barren
turpis, -e – foul; disgraceful; shameful
Adverbs; Prepositions
etiam – even; also
iam – now
intus – inside
nam – for
neque … nec – neither … nor
prō (+ abl.) – on behalf of
quoque – also
trans (+ acc.) – across
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) fate
(ii) fraternal
(iii) capital
(iv) regal
CHAPTER 5
Chapter Contents
5.1 FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSION NOUNS 5.1.1 Fourth Declension
5.1.2 Fifth Declension
5.2 FOURTH AND MIXED CONJUGATIONS: PRESENT AND IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE 5.2.1 Fourth Conjugation
5.2.2 Mixed Conjugation
5.3 FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE 5.3.1 First and Second Conjugations
5.3.2 Third, Fourth, and Mixed Conjugations
5.3.3 Irregular Verbs: Sum, Esse; Possum, Posse
5.4 USES OF THE CASES 5.4.1 Adverbial Accusative
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Vocabulary to Learn Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 5 Passages Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
FIGURE 5.1 Romano-British bronze figurine, thought to be a soldier. Under Augustus a professional standing army was created made up of Roman citizens and non-citizens (called auxilia). Garrisons were stationed in provinces around the empire. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
5.1 Fourth and Fifth Declension Nouns
5.1.1 Fourth Declension
The characteristic identifying feature of fourth declension nouns is that the second principal part (genitive singular) ends in -ūs (the ū in the genitive is long): exercitus, -ūs (m.) – army; manus, -ūs (f.) – hand; cornū, -ūs (n.) – horn. The only other neuter noun of this declension that you are likely to encounter is genū, -ūs (n.) – knee.
The rule for forming the cases (stem + endings) is the same as for the second and third declensions and the stem is found by removing the -ūs from the second principal part; masculine and feminine nouns have the same endings.
Remember that for all nouns the stem is found by removing the ending from the second principal part.
Masculine and feminine nouns of this declension decline as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. manus man-ūs
Gen. man-ūs man-uum
Dat. man-uī man-ibus
Acc. man-um man-ūs
Abl. man-ū man-ibus
Voc. manus man-ūs
Neuter nouns of this declension decline as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. cornū corn-ua
Gen. corn-ūs corn-uum
Dat. corn-ū corn-ibus
Acc. cornū corn-ua
Abl. corn-ū corn-ibus
Voc. cornū corn-ua
Notice that again the nominative, vocative, and accusative of neuter nouns have the same ending.
The declension of the noun domus, -ūs (f.) – home; house has some variations in its declension:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. domus dom-ūs
Gen. dom-ūs (or dom-ī) dom-ōrum
Dat. dom-uī (or dom-ō) dom-ibus
Acc. dom-um dom-ōs (or dom-ūs)
Abl. dom-u (or dom-ō) dom-ibus
Voc. domus dom-ūs
FYI
As you will see, in some cases there is an alternative ending (e.g., domūs and domī). The less common forms are in brackets.
5.1.2 Fifth Declension
The characteristic identifying feature of fifth declension nouns is that the second principal part (genitive singular) ends in -ēī (except rēes, -eiī). All nouns of this declension are feminine except diēs, -ēī (m.) – day; there are no fifth declension neuter nouns. The most important noun of the fifth declension is rēs, -eī (f.) – thing.
The rule for forming the cases (stem + endings) is the same as for the second and third declensions and the stem is found by removing the -eī (or -ēī) from the second principal part; masculine and feminine nouns have the same endings.
The declension of rēs, -eī is as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. rēs rēs
Gen. r-eī r-ērum
Dat. r-eī r-ēbus
Acc. r-em rēs
Abl. r-ē r-ēbus
Voc. rēs rēs
And for diēs, -ēī:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. diēs diēs
Gen. di-ēī di-ērum
Dat. di-ēī di-ēbus
Acc. di-em diēs
Abl. di-ē di-ēbus
Voc. diēs diēs
HINT!
Once you have the principal parts of a noun, you can immediately tell the declension to which it belongs; e.g., second principal part in -ae = first declension; in -i = second declension, and so on.
Try This
Decline in full the following noun + adjective pairs, which may be either singular or plural; identify the declension to which the noun belongs:
(i) res publica (vi) dies mali
(ii) exercitus noster (vii) manus mea
(iii) gloria vetus (viii) corpora tota
(iv) duces felices (ix) domus universa
(v) genu tuum (x) cornua longa
5.2 Fourth and Mixed Conjugations: Present and Imperfect Indicative Active
5.2.1 Fourth Conjugation
The defining feature of verbs of the fourth conjugation is that the second principal part (the present infinitive active) ends in -īre, for example inveniō, -īre – come upon; find.
In order to conjugate a verb of the fourth conjugation in the present indicative active, begin by removing the -ō from the first principal part then add the following endings: -ō, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -unt:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person inveni-ō – I find, am finding, do find invenī-mus – we find, etc.
2nd person invenī-s – you find, etc. invenī-tis – you find, etc.
3rd person inveni-t – he, she, it finds, etc. inveni-unt – they find, etc.
In order to conjugate verbs of the fourth conjugation in the imperfect indicative active, simply remove the -o from the first principal part and add the letter ē then the regular imperfect endings: -bam, -bās, -bat, -bāmus, -bātis, -bant:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person inveni-ē-bam – I was finding inveni-ē-bāmus – we were finding
2nd person inveni-ē-bās – you were finding inveni-ē-bātis – you were finding