serotonin vs., 100–102, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 120, 129, 138, 139–40, 146, 157, 159, 166, 221, 223–24, 227
stress and, 49, 49, 58, 59, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 143
sugar and, 87, 88–89, 184, 187
See also addiction; DATs; nucleus accumbens; reward; ventral tegmental area
dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), 30, 30, 41, 104, 117, 139, 141, 226
See also serotonin
Drug Enforcement Act of 1970, 161
Earp, Brian, 39–40
Easterlin paradox, 168–69, 172
eating, reward-based, 272–75, 283–84
eating addiction, 91
eating disorders, 66, 128
EatREAL, 276
Economic Recession of 2008, 182
Edward VIII (King of England), 166
eggs, 104, 124, 125, 128, 137, 199, 239
Egypt and alcohol, 85
eicosopentanoic acid (EPA), 132
elections, buying, 179–80, 185
e-mails, 253, 257
Emanuel, Ezekiel, 211, 215
emotional thermostat. See serotonin-1a
emotional withdrawal, 75
endocannabinoids, 33, 34, 62, 133, 134, 263
endocrinology, 5
endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs), 29, 47, 56–57, 58, 72, 76, 162–63, 228, 263, 273
environment and happiness, 22
Epicurus, 19–20
equal opportunity, addiction, 75–77
erectile dysfunction (ED), 189
eros, 36
essential nutrients for survival, 89–90
estrogen, 36, 49, 49, 50–51
eudemonia, 8, 24, 152, 173, 223
See also contentment
excitotoxicity (cell death), 70–71, 139
executive function. See prefrontal cortex
executive function dysfunction, 63–65
exercise, 56, 250, 252, 261, 262–66, 273, 278
Eyal, Nir, 191
Facebook, 93, 191, 192, 195–96, 197, 198, 230, 231–35, 255, 284
facial coding and marketing, 191
fake news, 4
Family Romance, 234
Farm Bill, 183
fast food, 199–200
Fat Chance (Lustig), 6–7, 50, 127, 159, 183
fats (in foods), 88–89, 91, 127, 132, 187, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277
fatty liver disease, 90, 92, 126, 207, 212, 269, 284
fat vs. sugar, 88–89
Fault in Our Stars, The (Green), 39
fear and consumption, 179, 189–90
fear of rejection, 230–31
Federal Election Commission, Citizens United v., 175–76, 179, 180
fiber, 92, 128, 131, 238, 268, 269, 279
Fiddler on the Roof (play), 40
Fifth Amendment, 156
Fifty Shades of Grey (movie), 38
fight-or-flight system, 9, 31, 60
financial markets, 198–99
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 180
fish, 104, 124–25, 128, 132, 137, 239
5-HTTLPR, 107
5-hydroxytryptophan, 102, 102, 106, 125
fluoxetine (Prozac), 97–98, 99, 100, 106, 108, 134, 155
food addiction, 91
food industry, 199–200, 200–201
See also processed food; sugar, 199–200, 200–201
Four Cs of Contentment, 13, 147, 218, 221–86
connection, 221–35, 279, 280–81
contribution, 10, 222–23, 224, 236–49, 279, 281
cooking, 222–23, 279–80, 281
coping, 222–23, 250–66, 279, 281
See also contentment; hacking of the American mind; happiness
Framingham Heart Study, 229–30
Franklin, Benjamin, 159, 240, 286
Freud, Sigmund, 225
Freudenberg, Nicholas, 25, 177
Frey, Glenn, 154
Fried Green Tomatoes (movie), 64
Friedman, Milton, 198
fructose, 89, 90, 129, 133
See also sugar
functional MRI (fMRI) scanning, 50, 89, 90, 210, 229, 230
See also MRI scanning
Gallup, 173, 225
gambling, 9–10, 32, 47, 56, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 194, 200–201, 226, 232, 238
Garden of Earthly Delights (Bosch), 17
See also happiness
Gasser, Peter, 116
Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), 275, 276
genetics, 12, 22, 49, 49, 50, 103, 107, 138, 140, 144, 223
Gilbert, Dan, 21
Gilens, Martin, 185
Glass-Steagall Act, 199
Global Energy Balance Network, 278
glossary, 293–97
God (religion), 19–20, 224–27
Google, 23, 24, 159
gout, 159
government and business plot, 4–5, 6, 7, 13, 23, 25, 147, 221–22, 285
See also hacking of the American mind
Great Depression, 86, 176, 198
Great Recession (2013), 198
Greeks, 19, 36
Green, John, 39
“green rush,” 164
See also marijuana
Grob, Charles, 116
Grof, Stanislav, 111
gross domestic product (GDP), 168–72, 174, 185, 221–22, 264, 280
gross national unhappiness (materialism), 45, 152, 155–59, 164, 165–74, 185, 198–99, 221–22, 236–37, 239–40, 240, 241, 245, 264, 280, 284, 285
Grunsky, Donald, 113
Guisewite, Cathy, 130
Guys and Dolls (musical), 56
Habeas Corpus Act, 157
hacking of the American mind, 1–14, 151–218, 282–86
addiction, 2, 7, 9, 10, 13, 159, 162–63, 183, 184, 187, 188, 196, 206, 210
alcohol, 9, 10, 25, 155, 159, 165, 181, 188–89, 200, 201, 202, 208, 209
anxiety, 163–64, 179, 189, 193–94, 196, 197, 210
corporate and government plot, 4–5, 6, 7, 13, 23, 25, 147, 221–22, 285
cortisol, 10, 152, 181, 182, 186, 188, 190, 191, 193–94, 197, 198
death spiral (health care), 203, 204–14
defined, 3–4
depression, 2, 9, 13, 158, 164, 165, 193, 194, 196–97, 209–10
dopamine, 166, 175, 181, 183, 187–88, 189, 191, 192–93, 196, 198
gross national unhappiness (materialism), 45, 152, 155–59, 164, 165–74, 185, 198–99, 221–22, 236–37, 239–40, 241, 245, 264, 280, 284, 285
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, 151–64
marketing, 25, 181–82, 183, 184, 186–203
obesity, 5, 6, 7, 154–55, 159, 187, 188, 204, 205, 212, 215
prefrontal cortex, 175, 181, 190, 194, 210
serotonin, 175, 182, 197
sleep, 188, 193, 194, 209
See also contentment; Four Cs of Contentment; happiness; metabolic syndrome; neuroscience; pleasure; processed food; reward; sugar
hallucinogens, 111–12, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 223, 224
Hamilton, Alexander, 157
hangover, psychedelic, 119–20
happiness, 12, 17–25
defined, 8–9, 18–19, 20, 23–24, 32, 101, 185
Four Cs of Contentment, 12, 17–25, 221, 282, 283, 284–86
hacking of the American mind, 153–54, 175, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 193–94, 198–99, 208–10, 218
pleasure vs., 2, 7, 8, 9–11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23–24, 25, 40–41, 221, 282–86
See also contentment; depression; hacking of the American mind; Four Cs of Contentment; omega-3s; sugar; tryptophan
Happy Meals, McDonald’s, 187–88
Happy Planet Index, 170
Harris, Sam, 226
health care vortex, 203, 204–14
health insurance industry, 201
heart disease, 13, 61, 65, 90, 97, 126, 127, 159, 184, 204, 206, 208, 209, 210, 212, 216, 217, 267, 271, 277, 284
hedonic marketing platform (Eyal), 191–92
hedonism, 7, 19, 24, 25, 76, 82, 84, 152, 190, 191–92, 194, 199–200, 202, 210, 221, 268, 284
Hendrix, Jimi, 160
Henley, Don, 154
heroin, 9, 29, 56, 78, 81, 82–83, 86, 113, 114, 160–61
high-fructose corn syrup, 88, 183–84, 187, 284
See also sugar
Hinduism, 20
hippocampus, 31, 31, 63, 70, 226, 251, 259, 263, 270
HMOs, 213
Hoffer, Eric, 221
Hoffman, Philip Seymour, 160
Hofmann, Albert, 109, 110
Homer, 38
HPA axis, 62–63, 64
Huffington, Arianna, 144
human hacking, 4
humanitarian award, 247–48
human studies, 11–12
humectant, sugar as, 270
Huxley, Aldous, 285
hydrocodone (Vicodin), 56, 162
hyperaltrustic behavior, 245
hypoglycin, 87–88
hypothalamus, 30–31, 31, 56, 62
Iliad (Homer), 38
“I’m Lovin’ It,” McDonald’s, 187–88
income relative to others, 167–68
individualism vs. consumerism, 175–85, 186, 239–41
infant mortality rates in U.S., 154
infatuation vs. love, 36, 37, 38–40
Inside Out (movie), 63
Instagram, 192, 196
instant gratification culture, 2
insulin resistance, 27, 54, 126, 127, 128–29, 145
See also metabolic syndrome
insurance premiums and health care, 205, 213, 214, 215
Internet, 10, 32, 47, 84, 153, 190, 194, 196, 197, 232, 234, 235, 256, 278, 284
interpersonal synchrony, 229–30
Into the Woods (play), 39
Intuit, 36
investment, marketing, 192
iPads, 235
iPhones, 193, 260
IQ tests, 71–72
Islam, 20
isoniazid (INH), 98
It’s a Wonderful Life (Capra), 181
“I Used to Be a Human Being” (Sullivan), 257
Jefferson, Thomas, 156–58, 159
Jews, 19, 224, 225
job characteristics, 241–43
Jobs, Steve, 119, 193
Johnston, James, 76
Joplin, Janis, 160
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 176
junk food. See processed food
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 258
Kahneman, Daniel, 173, 174, 238, 243
Kahneman-Deaton Life Satisfaction Index, 225, 243
Kasser, Tim, 239–40, 241
Kent, Muhtar, 276
Kentucky Derby, 56
Keynesian economics, 198
kidney disease, 126, 206, 207, 212
Kolker, Robert, 192–93
Korean War, 177
Kotb, Hoda, 189
Kuznets, Simon, 169–70
kyurenine and tryptophan, 123
Lasseter, John, 221
Latinos, 61, 107, 268, 271
law of mass action, 53, 57, 64, 70, 72
Layard, Sir Richard, 167
L-DOPA, 52, 52, 227, 245
Leary, Timothy, 109, 112, 113, 114
Ledger, Heath, 160
legislature corruption, people, 183–85
Lennon, John, 109, 114–15, 118
leptin resistance, 50
life, liberty, pursuit of happiness, 151–64
life satisfaction, 24, 170, 173, 208–9, 225, 238, 242, 243, 247
life span, 153–54, 206, 208–10, 211, 215–18
ligands, 70
limbic system, 4, 27, 28–32, 29, 30, 31, 34–35, 222, 230–31
See also contentment, pathway; reward, pathway; stress-fear-memory pathway
liver disease, 27, 89, 90, 92, 126, 127–28, 155, 159, 207, 212, 216, 268, 269–70, 271, 284
lobbyists, 184–85
Locavara, Ken, 103
Locke, John, 157
lordosis, 35–36
lottery winners, 237–38
love, 35–41, 45
Lovers and Other Strangers (movie), 8
Love Story (movie), 38–39
lung cancer, 178, 202, 207
Lustig, Robert H., 1–14, 50, 267
Fat Chance, 6–7, 50, 127, 159, 183
See also hacking of the American mind
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 109, 110, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 140, 141, 142, 223
Lyubomirsky, Sonja, 22
Madison, James, 176
Madoff, Bernie, 206
“magic mushrooms.” See psilocybin
Magna Carta, 157
Maillard (“browning”) reaction, 269–70
major depressive disorder (MDD), 98, 138, 233
Man and Superman (Shaw), 137
Manchurian Candidate, The (movie), 112
marijuana, 33, 34, 35, 45, 62, 75, 86–87, 114, 133–34, 146–47, 163–64, 202
marketing, 25, 181–82, 183, 184, 186–203
marriage, 9, 38, 40, 153, 155
Marx, Karl, 224
Mason, George, 157, 158–59, 176
materialism, 45, 152, 155–59, 164, 165–74, 185, 198–99, 221–22, 236–37, 239–40, 241, 245, 264, 280, 284, 285
mature love (Earp), 40
McCarthy, Joseph, 177
McCartney, Paul, 109
McDonald’s, 187–88, 276
McMurtry, Larry, 39
Medicare, 202, 205, 213
meditation, 252, 258–62, 264, 265, 272–73, 274
Mediterranean diet, 128, 134
melatonin, 255
membrane fluidity, 133
Met158Met genotype, 49, 49, 50
metabolic syndrome, 126–28
dopamine-cortisol-serotonin connection, 145, 146, 147, 147
Four Cs of Contentment, 261, 267, 268, 271, 274, 279, 284
hacking of the American mind, 6, 154–55, 159, 187, 204–18
serotonin and, 127–30, 131
sugar and, 127, 128, 129–30, 131
See also hacking of the American mind; insulin resistance; specific diseases
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (“Molly,” “ecstasy”), 110, 110, 141–42
microbiome, 130–31, 137, 279
microwaving vs. cooking, 280
Middle Ages, 92
Mill, John Stuart, 23
mindfulness, 252, 258–62, 264, 265, 272, 273, 274
mirror neurons, 228–29, 232
MK-ULTRA (Operation Midnight Climax), 112
mobile madness, 192–95, 197, 198, 257, 264, 266
money and happiness, 45, 152, 155–59, 164, 165–74, 185, 198–99, 221–22, 236–37, 239–40, 241, 245, 264, 280, 284, 285
monoamine oxidase (MAO), 52, 52, 55, 102, 102, 106, 123
moral decision making, 243–46, 248, 249
Mormons, 225, 226
morphine, 29, 56, 57, 81, 82, 161
Moss, Kate, 166
Moss, Michael, 72
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 192
motivation, 13, 18, 29, 32, 34, 38, 40, 45, 47, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58–59, 72, 75, 79, 87, 89, 100, 139, 147, 189, 191, 192, 197
See also reward
MRI scanning, 12, 142, 197, 258
See also functional MRI (fMRI) scanning
multitasking myth, 255–58
Nader, Ralph, 177
Native Americans, 109, 268
NBC, 188, 202
neurobiology, 24–25
NeuroFAST, 91–92
neuromarketing, 190–92
neurons and neural network, 28, 70–71
neuroscience, 26–41
addiction and, 32, 34
alcohol and, 29, 34
anxiety and, 33, 34, 35, 37
biochemistry and behavior, 2, 5, 6–7, 10–11, 14, 25, 26–27, 29, 34, 36, 37, 120–21, 137, 173–74
brain, 28–32, 29, 30, 31
cortisol and, 26
depression and, 27, 34, 35, 41
dopamine and, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41
firing squad (cell death), 70–71, 139
hacking of the American mind, 2, 4–5, 6–7, 8, 10–12, 14
love, 35–41, 45
obesity, 33, 34
pleasure, 29, 33, 34–35, 37, 41
processed food, 33–34
rimonabant, 32–35, 133
trimming and pruning, 71–73
See also addiction; brain; contentment; hacking of the American mind; prefrontal cortex; reward
neurotransmitters, 10, 12, 28, 29, 47, 48, 64, 71, 141, 248
See also dopamine; serotonin
New Deal, 86, 176
New York Stock Exchange, 198
nicotine, 76, 201–2
See also smoking; tobacco
nirvana, 20, 109–21, 138
Nixon, Richard, 114, 178, 183
Norton, Mike, 248
Notebook, The (movie), 73
nucleus accumbens (NA), 29, 29, 32, 41, 48, 50, 52, 56, 58, 59, 69–70, 73, 82, 88, 100, 181, 194, 248
See also dopamine
nuns study, 208
Nutella, 278
nutraceuticals, 125, 207–8, 278
nuts, 124, 128
Nutt, David, 198
Obamacare, 164, 201, 211–12, 214–15
obesity
addiction and, 80
dopamine-cortisol-serotonin connection, 145
Four Cs of Contentment, 230, 254, 274, 276, 278–79, 283–84
hacking of the American mind, 5, 6, 7, 154–55, 159, 187, 188, 204, 205, 212, 215
neuroscience, 33, 34
reward and, 49, 49–50, 54
serotonin and, 127, 128, 131
stress and, 65, 66, 67, 68
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 37
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 254–55
omega-3s, 132–35, 136, 137, 238, 274, 275
See also happiness
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (movie), 97–98
On the Waterfront (movie), 72