in Spanish Netherlands campaign (1708), 371–4
depression over loss of Ghent and Bruges, 372, 375–7
and French strategy in Flanders, 393–4
and siege of Lille, 394–9, 401–2
plans for battle against French before Lille, 395–6
offers generous terms at fall of Lille, 403–4
rebukes Stair for disorderly conduct of troops, 403
takes Ghent, 404–5
strain and overwork, 407–8
as delegate in 1709 peace negotiations, 410, 420–1
requests appointment as captain general for life, 413, 415, 436–7
commands in campaign of 1709, 415–18
supports Macartney after conviction for rape, 415–16
Tory hostility to, 415
and battle of Malplaquet (1709), 423–5, 429–30
concern over Malplaquet casualties, 434
and peace negotiations (1710), 435
commands in campaign of 1710, 436, 446, 450–1
political opposition to, 436, 442–3, 445, 457–8
defamed in Mrs Manley’s New Atlantis, 437
supports Sarah against Anne, 437
justifies perquisites and rewards, 438–9
financial astuteness, 440–1
support for Godolphin on dismissal, 444
learns of Sarah’s difficult relations with Anne, 449–50
meets Anne on return (1710), 449
ill-health, 451
returns to France, March 1711, 451
suspicion of mail interception, 451
relations with Prince of Anhalt, 453
acts against Villars (1711), 455
takes Bouchain, 457
investigated by commissioners of public accounts and condemned, 460–1, 463
and peace terms of Treaty of Utrecht, 460, 462
dismissal and retirement, 461–2
reputation attacked, 463
travels to continent (1712–13), 463–6
as Godolphin’s pall bearer, 464
in Hanover to support Elector’s succession to British throne, 467–9
and death of daughter Elizabeth, 468, 471
returns home from continent (1714), 469–70
George I reinstates as captain general, 470
suffers strokes, 471–2
amusements in declining years, 473
and daughters’ differences with Sarah, 474
death and burial in Westminster Abbey, 474–6
heirs and successors, 476
reinterred at Blenheim Palace, 477
military accomplishments and practice, 478–80
popularity with soldiers, 480–1
supposed infidelities, 481
Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of (née Jennings):
and Blenheim Palace project, 4, 300–1, 321, 351, 472–3, 477
Marlborough’s love for, 4, 7–8
close relations with Queen Anne, 7, 103–7, 110, 141, 165, 176–7, 181, 190, 237
Maynwaring’s relations with, 7, 354
as keeper of privy purse, 13, 450
portrait, 13
deteriorating relations with and alienation from Anne, 23, 105, 238, 299, 301, 304, 329, 351, 353–4, 365, 407–8, 414, 436, 449
promotes Abigail Hill’s interests, 23, 190–1
requests favours from Anne, 28
and political antipathies, 34, 36, 233, 238–9, 298
on Marlborough’s lineage, 43
and Arabella Churchill’s affair with James II, 48
background, 83
courtship and marriage, 83–4, 86–8
character and appearance, 84–6, 105, 482
relations with mother, 84
marriage relations, 85–6, 329, 481–2
in Low Countries, 92
pregnancies and children, 92–3, 96, 232, 237
opposes persecution of Covenanters, 94
on sinking of Gloucester, 98
in Holywell House, 100
ambitions, 102–3
meets Anne, 103
correspondence with husband, 108, 223, 236, 252, 268, 277, 279, 280–1, 308, 311, 316, 320, 328, 377, 390–1
and religious differences, 109
and conspiracy against James II, 142
escapes from house arrest threat, 154–5
on accession of William and Mary, 157
accused of rapaciousness, 159
family ambitions, 159
differences with Villiers camp, 162–3
on differences between Mary II and Anne, 163, 177
and Anne’s parliamentary grant, 164
accepts pension from Anne, 165
called ‘Mrs Freeman’ by Anne, 165
and husband’s disgrace by William, 176–7
and death of son Charles, 179
and husband’s imprisonment in Tower, 179–80
and ostracism of Anne in Bath, 180–1
maintains hostility to William, 186
dislikes Hedges, 206
suspicions on Earl of Peterborough, 209
and Marlborough’s absences on campaign, 222
sulks, 223
and Marlborough’s dukedom, 232
marriage breakdown (1704), 237, 256–8
menopause, 237, 257
suspects husband of adultery, 257
Whiggery, 257, 328, 482
and Marlborough’s victory at Donauwörth, 275
Marlborough writes to on Blenheim victory, 297–8
advises against accepting imperial princedom, 302
and aid for Earl of Essex, 327
and Marlborough’s Ramillies victory, 347
on Anne’s relations with Abigail Masham, 354
and Marlborough’s siege of Lille, 397
and Marlborough’s attack on Ghent, 404
and building of Marlborough House, 408
and death of Prince George, 409
and peace negotiations (1709), 410
and Villars’ intention to fight, 421
and battle of Malplaquet, 432, 434
final meeting with Anne, 436, 442
and political hostility to Marlborough, 436
defamed in Mrs Manley’s New Atlantis, 437
pursues Cadogan for money, 440
corresponds with Anne after breach, 445
Anne insists on dismissal, 448–50
daughters’ relationships with, 448–9, 481
pension arrangements, 450
and Marlborough’s ill-health in France, 451–2
and Cadogan’s investment of money abroad, 464
on Godolphin, 464
joins husband on continent (1713), 465–6
and husband’s health decline and death, 472, 474–5
criticises Sunderland’s second marriage, 473
makes money in South Sea Bubble, 473
quarrels with Craggs, 473–4
rejects suitors in widowhood, 475
will, 476
writings, 476–7
death and burial, 477
An Account of the Conduct of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough from her first coming to Court, 105, 142
Marlborough, Wiltshire:
parliamentary representation, 31–2
Marsin, Marshal Ferdinand Marcin, comte de:
and Marlborough’ threat on Moselle, 260
holds position at Dillingen, 269
Tallard aims to join, 278
at battle of Blenheim, 282, 289, 293–4
joins Villeroi on Rhine, 305, 331–2
mortally wounded, 350
Mary II (Stuart), Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland:
height, 13
accession, 15, 156
death and succession, 26, 185–6
birth, 47
marriage, 52, 92
reproaches Catherine Sedley, 87
differences and breach with sister Anne, 103, 163–4, 176–8, 180
letter to
Frances Apsley, 104
and sister Anne’s commitment to Anglicanism, 140
correspondence with sister Anne, 141
Elizabeth Villiers insults, 162
marriage relations, 163
rules during William’s absence in Ireland, 168
and Marlborough’s expedition to Ireland, 169
on disgrace of Marlborough, 176–7
excludes Halifax and Shrewsbury from Privy Council, 180
Mary of Modena, Queen of James II:
marriage, 78
Frances Jennings serves, 83
affection for Marlboroughs, 88
travels to England, 99
and birth of James Francis Edward Stuart, 137, 141
Anne hates, 141
Anne claims change of heart towards, 166
Mary Stuart, Princess (William of Orange’s mother), 67
Masham, Abigail, Lady (née Hill):
advancement, 23
marriage, 23, 304, 354
replaces Sarah Marlborough as Anne’s intimate, 105, 304, 354, 409, 414, 442, 445
in Duke of Gloucester’s court, 190
as Sarah’s personal maid, 190–1
and displacement of Godolphin, 208
relations with Harley, 354–5, 364, 412, 438
Sarah’s resentment of, 407, 409, 414, 436
Marlborough requests removal from court, 415
Masham, Brigadier Samuel, 1st Baron:
marriage, 23, 304, 354
title, 29
promoted, 446
Matignon, Marshal Charles Auguste Goyon, marquis de, 384, 390
Maubeuge, 74, 454
Maurice, Prince, 41
May, Baptist, 26, 63
Maynwaring, Arthur, 7, 354, 407, 413, 438, 444, 457, 464
Meath, Edward Brabazon, 4th Earl of, 159
Medina, Sir Solomon de, 219, 460, 463
Mediterranean:
William’s strategy in, 182–3
Allies win control after attack on Toulon, 360
Medway, river:
Dutch raid (1677), 61
Mehaigne, river, 312, 333–5, 342, 345
Meldert, 347
Mellenburg, 466
Menin, 378, 395
Meredith, Brigadier General Thomas, 24, 275, 445
Mérode-Westerloo, Brigadier Jean Philippe Eugène, comte de:
on Blenheim campaign, 8, 287–8, 291, 293–4
on Lines of Brabant, 240, 242
and attempt on Antwerp, 245
and siege of Ingolstadt, 279
on battle of Ramillies, 338
changes sides, 338
Meuse, river, 254
Mews, Peter, Bishop of Winchester, 124–5, 131, 355
Middleton, Charles, 2nd Earl of, 186–7
Miklau, General, 431
military formations:
line fighting, 283–7
militias:
decline under James II, 132
Millner, Sergeant John, 313, 374, 477
Mindelheim, principality of, 303, 463, 466
Minorca:
ceded to Britain, 458
Mitford, Nancy, 67
Mohun, Brigadier Charles, 5th Baron, 19, 65, 355
Molesworth, Captain Richard, 3rd Viscount, 342–4, 402
Molyneux, William, 4th Viscount, 468
monarchy:
conflicts over nature of, 45
Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of:
at Sedgemoor, 17, 123–5
supporters hanged, 18, 52, 54
Regiment, 52
commands Life Guards troop, 54
at siege of Maastricht, 70, 75–6
presents Marlborough to Charles II, 77
commands British brigade in France, 79
Marlborough reports to on casualties, 81
serves in Charles II’s council, 91
defeats Covenanters at Bothwell Bridge, 94
exiled in Holland, 94
rebellion, 96, 110–18, 120, 132
captured and executed, 126
Mons, 173, 421–3, 434
Montagu, Charles see Halifax, 1st Earl of
Montagu, John Montagu, 2nd Duke of (earlier Viscount Monthermer):
marries Mary Churchill, 303
as chief mourner at Marlborough’s funeral, 475
complains of Mary’s adultery, 476
Montagu, Mary, Duchess of (née Churchill; earlier Viscountess Monthermer):
rebukes Lady Hervey, 23
birth, 102
marriage, 303
Anne disparages, 448
attends Anne’s funeral, 470
Sarah quarrels with, 474, 476
and dying father, 475
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 475
Montagu, Ralph, 1st Duke of (earlier Earl), 303
Monthermer see Montagu, Duke of and Duchess of
Montreuil, 453
Montrose, James Graham, 3rd Marquis of, 99
Moore, General Sir John, 185
Mordaunt, John, Viscount, 207, 272, 280, 344
Mortimer, Captain Edward, 20
Moselle, river and valley, 255–6, 258, 260, 308, 312, 330
Mountcashel, Justin McCarthy, Viscount, 166
Mowdie, Elizabeth, 87
Muddey, Private John, 267
Mulgrave, John Sheffield, 3rd Earl of see Buckingham, 1st Duke of
Mundelsheim, 266
Munnocks, Lieutenant Philip, 114
Murray, Sir George, 6
Murray, Major General Robert, 344, 371–2, 377
Nairne, David, 184
Namier, Sir Lewis, 34
Namur, 181, 210, 378, 454
Nangis, Louis Armand de Brichanteau, marquis de, 390
Nantes, Edict of:
revoked (1685), 129
Narborough, Rear Admiral Sir John, 68–9
Naseby, battle of (1645), 40
Nassau-Dietz, Johan Willem Friso, Prince of Orange and Friesland, 388, 426, 429–30, 453
national debt, 441
Natzmer, Major General Dubislaw von, 287, 376, 382, 385, 387–8, 407
navy:
in War of League of Augsburg, 182
Ne Plus Ultra line, 453–4, 457
Nebel, river, 281, 283, 287, 291, 293, 478–9
Neerhespen, 312, 3144
Neuberg, 278
New Model Army, 48–9
Newburgh, Charles Livingstone, 2nd Earl of, 117
Newcastle, John Holles, Duke of, 298, 304
Newfoundland, 459
Newton, Sir Isaac, 14, 189
Newton Montacute (estate), Wootton Glanville, Dorset, 39
Nijmegen, 224, 227
Peace of (1678), 89–91
Nine Years War (1684–97), 250
Nithsdale, William Maxwell, 5th Earl of, 178
Normanby, Marquess of see Buckingham, 1st Duke of
North America:
French threat in, 135
French concessions under Treaty of Utrecht, 459
Northampton, George Compton, 4th Earl of, 140, 154
Northumberland, George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of, 62
Norton St Philip, 118
Nottingham, Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of:
and Trelawney’s influence, 33
and Mary’s recall of Prince George from campaign, 164
favours campaign in Ireland, 169
and William’s disgrace of Marlborough, 174
and Marlborough’s imprisonment in Tower, 179
and loss of Smyrna convoy, 182
and troops for Portugal, 208
and Marlborough’s Low Countries campaign, 229
Noyelle-en-Falais, General Jacques Louis, comte de, 312
Noyes, Chaplain Samuel, 8, 275, 294
Oates, Titus, 91, 178
O’Brien, Charles, 5th Viscount, 99
Occasional Conformity Bills:
(1703), 239, 248
tacked (1704), 299
Oerderen, 245
O’Farrell, Brigadier:
surrenders
Diest, 75
Offenburg, 259
Oglethorpe, Lady Eleanor, 326
Oglethorpe, James Edward, 119
Oglethorpe, Lewis, 119
Oglethorpe, Colonel Theophilus, 116, 117, 119, 122, 123, 125–7, 158
Onslow, Sir Richard, 148
Opdam, General see Wassenaer en Obdam, General Jacob
Orange, Prince of see Nassau-Dietz, Johan Willem Friso
Orford, Edward Russell, Earl of:
in Whig junto, 35n; invites William to England, 137
and Marlborough’s resentment at William’s favouring foreign officers, 174
friendship with Marlborough, 175
defeats Tourville at St Vaast-la-Hougue, 179
in attack on Brest, 183–4
accused of complicity in Jacobite plot, 187
as head of Admiralty, 409, 414, 437–8
forbidden to engage French, 462
Orkney, Elizabeth Villiers, Countess of, 162, 164, 175
Orkney, Sir George Hamilton, Earl of:
elected representative Scottish peer, 20
as colonel of Royal Fusiliers, 75
announces Blenheim victory, 294
admires French behaviour at Blenheim, 296
and Marlborough’s princely status, 303
on Dutch opposition to Marlborough’s 1705 plans, 312
at Lines of Brabant, 314
at battle of Ramillies, 338, 339–40, 343–5, 347, 430
in Flanders campaign (1709), 421, 423
in battle of Malplaquet, 426, 430–1
on casualties at Malplaquet, 433
troops in Dunkirk, 469
Orléans, Princess Henriette-Anne, duchesse d’, 51–2
Ormonde, James Butler, 2nd Duke of:
and favours, 24
in Anne’s circle, 108
and conspiracy against James II, 136
as lord lieutenant of Ireland, 234
heads board acting against Marlborough, 447
succeeds Marlborough as commander-in-chief, 447, 461
proposed as viceroy of Ireland, 469
Orrery, Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of, 24, 70
Ostend, 242–3, 349, 398–9, 401
O’Sullivan, Lieutenant, 429
Oudenarde:
Marlborough advances on, 348
Marlborough reinforces, 372–3, 377
Vendôme proposes march on, 378
Marlborough enters after battle, 390
Oudenarde, battle of (1708):
Marlborough prays before, 139, 374
Hanoverian cavalry at, 202
Cadogan at, 217, 379–80
George I fights at, 261
prisoners of war, 368
site and field, 380
deployment and actions, 382–90
casualties, 389
Ouwerkerk (Overkirk), Hendrik van Nassau, Heer van:
moves against Villeroi, 241–2
at Lines of Brabant, 259–60, 315, 317, 320
relations with Marlborough, 259
driven back to Maastricht, 310–11
makes diversionary crossing of Mehaigne, 312–13