Toryism, 36
background and career, 210–12
as Marlborough’s quartermaster-general, 210–11, 213–14, 217, 220, 368, 391
peerages and titles, 211–12, 310
develops Marlborough’s operational plans, 214
as intelligence chief, 214–16, 260, 283
and enemy strength, 216–17
commands cavalry of advance guard, 217, 225
correspondence with Marlborough, 218
on command in 1704 campaign, 254
escapes from Dunkirk privateer, 254
draws up strategic plans, 256
on Overkirk’s support for Marlborough, 259
at the Schellenberg, 271
at battle of Blenheim, 291
on campaign of 1705, 309, 317
as Constable of Tower, 327
at battle of Ramillies, 333–5, 444
on Dutch administration of liberated Spanish Netherlands, 361
captured at siege of Tournai and exchanged, 367–8
succeeds Stepney as envoy to Southern Netherlands, 368
Marlborough sends to Flanders to counter French landing in Scotland, 369
and Flanders campaign (1708), 373, 375–6, 380
at battle of Oudenarde, 379–84, 385–6
attends council of war with Marlborough, 391
supervises battering train in Flanders, 394
sends instructions to Earle, 398
escorts Earle, 399
relieves Webb, 400
on wretched condition of French deserters, 411
and casualties at Malplaquet, 434
wounded in neck at Mons, 434–5
avarice, 438, 440
gambling, 439
money management, 439–40
goes to relieve Arleux, 454
and Marlborough’s 1711 attack on Villars, 455–6
presents papers to commissioners of public accounts, 460
accompanies Marlborough on 1712 trip to continent, 464
as envoy in The Hague, 464
Marlborough transfers money to, 464
supports succession of George I, 467
returns to favour and positions with Marlborough, 470–1
at Marlborough’s funeral, 475
Calais, 451
Calcinato, battle of (1706), 347
Calvert, Charlotte, 62
Calvo, Count, 71
Camaret Bay letter (1694), 183–5, 188
Campbell, James, 30, 431
Campbell, Colonel John, 29–30
Campden House, Kensington, 163
Canche, river, 453
cannon (artillery):
deployment, 286, 316, 478
Cape Breton Island, 459
Cape St Vincent:
Anglo-Dutch convoy ambushed by French (1693), 182
Cardonnel, Adam de:
papers, 6, 219
on Dutch army, 200
as Marlborough’s private secretary, 218–20
as MP, 219
on campaign, 220
on death of Marlborough’s son, 236
on French defensive measures at Namur, 259
intelligence service, 260–1
on Marlborough at Blenheim, 293
on French prisoners after Blenheim, 296
pessimism over 1705 campaign, 310
drafts report for London Gazette on Marlborough’s frustration at Lines of Brabant, 324–5
and Marlborough’s Flanders campign (1708), 377
report on Webb’s Wynendaele battle, 400
dismissed (1710), 445
paid by Medina, 460, 463
expelled from Commons, 463
Carleton, Baron see Boyle, Henry
Carleton, George, 71–3
Carlisle, Anne, Countess of (née Capel), 327
Carlowitz, Peace of (1699), 250
Carnarvon, Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of, 27
Carrickfergus, 167–8
Casale, 90
Castle Howard, Yorkshire, 301
Castlemaine, Countess of see Cleveland, Duchess of
Castlemaine, Roger Palmer, Earl of, 58, 60, 65
Catherine of Braganza, Queen of Charles II, 49, 51, 62
Catherine (yacht), 97
Catholics:
under James II, 78, 128–9, 131–2
in army, 132–4, 140
see also Jacobites
Catinat, Marshal Nicholas de, 224
Chamillart, Michel de, 260–1, 282, 287, 292, 368, 396, 412
Chanclos, Brigadier Urbain de, 376–9
Chandler, David:
on siege warfare, 70
on Donauwörth, 276
on Marlborough’s depression at reverses in Flanders, 372
on Malplaquet, 428
Marlborough as a Military Commander, 6
Chard, Somerset, 113–15
Charles I, King of Great Britain and Ireland:
height, 13
execution, 14, 17, 39
Charles II, King of Great Britain and Ireland:
fashion, 13
mistresses, 13, 57, 62
and succession to throne, 16, 91
grants favours, 24–6
ennoblements, 27
Whigs support, 35
popular appeal, 37
restoration (1660), 44–5
army, 48–50, 53–4, 78
marriage to Catherine of Braganza, 49, 51
sells Dunkirk to France, 48
Catholic sympathies, 51
pro-French policy, 51
and alliance with Dutch against France, 52–3
life in London, 55–7
dogs, 56–7
affair and children with Barbara Cleveland, 57–8, 62, 64
and French war with Dutch, 67–8, 77
disfavours Marlborough, 69–70
asks Parliament for money for Dutch War, 77
disparages Monmouth, 77
Marlborough returns to favour after Maastricht, 77
dissolves Parliament, 91
and Popish Plot, 91
assassination attempts on, 92
seeks financial help from Louis XIV, 92
Marlborough plays tennis with, 100
declines Marlborough as Secretary of State, 102
on Prince George of Denmark, 106
death, 108–9
deathbed Catholic reconciliation, 109
on Marlborough’s indolence, 481
Charles II, King of Spain, 192
Charles III, King of Spain (later Holy Roman Emperor):
and rebellion in Hungary, 250
as claimant to Spanish throne, 322
accession in Spain, 348
campaign in Aragon, 350
unpopularity in Spanish Netherlands, 361
and Emperor’s offer of governorship of Spanish Netherlands to Marlborough, 421
agreement with Dutch (1710), 435
succeeds as Emperor, 452, 458
renounces claim to Spanish throne, 458
Charles XII, King of Sweden, 306, 357–8, 440, 479
Charles, Archduke of Austria, 192, 209
Charles Edward Stuart, Prince (‘the Young Pretender’), 15
Charlotte Mary, Princess:
birth and death, 99
Cheldon, marquis de, 421
Chelmsford, Lord, 176
Chelsea see Royal Hospitals
Chémerault, Major General, 372
Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of, 58
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of, 64
Chesterton, G.K., 3, 152
Chetwynd, John, 2nd Viscount, 360
Chiffinch, William, 25–6
Childs, John, 50, 153, 158
Cholmley, Sir Hugh, 60
Chudleigh, Captain, 416
Church of England:
proposed reforms, 35
Tory support for, 37
and Hanoverian Succession, 192
and Occasional Conformity, 23
9
Churchill, Lady Anne (Marlborough’s daughter) see Sunderland, Countess of
Churchill, Arabella (later Godfrey):
as mother of Duke of Berwick, 8, 27
career, 42
as James II’s mistress, 47–8
as maid of honour to Duchess of York, 47
marriage and children, 108, 136, 188, 313
death and burial, 313–14
friendship with Henrietta Godolphin (Marlborough), 476
Churchill, General Charles (Marlborough’s brother):
career, 42
in Cockpit circle, 107
opposes Monmouth’s rebellion, 114
deserts James II, 151
leads infantry on march to Danube, 166, 262, 264
at siege of Cork, 170
at battle of Blenheim, 291, 296
challenges Slangenburg, 324
as Constable of Tower and Governor of Guernsey, 327
at battle of Ramillies, 338, 444
enters Brussels, 348
Marlborough promotes, 446
Churchill, Charles (Marlborough’s son):
birth and death, 102, 179
Churchill, Clementine, Lady (née Hozier), 476
Churchill, Elizabeth, Lady (Marlborough’s mother), 39, 86
Churchill, Lady Elizabeth (Marlborough’s daughter) see Bridgewater, Countess of
Churchill, George (Marlborough’s brother):
career, 42, 365–6
in Cockpit circle, 107
on Fenwick plot, 188
death and burial in St Paul’s, 314, 366
differences with Marlborough, 314
influence on Anne, 365
Churchill, Harriet (Marlborough’s daughter):
birth and death, 93
Churchill, John (Marlborough’s grandfather), 39–41
Churchill, John (Marlborough’s son) see Blandford, Marquess of
Churchill, Lady Mary (Marlborough’s daughter) see Montagu, Duchess of
Churchill, Sarah (née Winston; Marlborough’s grandmother), 40
Churchill, Sir Winston (Marlborough’s father):
background and career, 39–44, 46
knighted, 46
payment for work in Ireland, 60
on Marlborough’s disfavour with Charles II, 69
opposes then accepts Marlborough’s marriage to Sarah, 86, 88
and Monmouth rebellion, 111, 114
on Marlborough’s success at Sedgemoor, 127
values importance of intelligence, 161
on Eugène of Savoy’s praise for Marlborough, 267
on parade of captured French colours, 299
Divi Britannici, 45
Churchill, Sir Winston Spencer:
biography of Marlborough, 1, 6
on Marlborough’s schooling, 46
on Barbara Villiers and Marlborough, 58, 64
on Courtin’s letters, 86
on sinking of Gloucester, 99
on Marlborough’s part in plot against James II, 138
on campaign in Ireland, 169
on William’s rewards to Dutch officers, 172
dismisses Camaret Bay letter, 184
on Marlborough’s friendship with Cadogan, 211
on Dutch interference with Marlborough’s plans, 230
on campaign of 1703, 241
on the Schellenberg, 276
on Marlborough’s toleration of war in Iberian Peninsula, 330
on report of Wynendaele battle, 400
on Marlborough’s plan to take Bruges and Ghent, 404
on Marlborough’s red coat, 453
on Marlborough’s loyalty to allies, 459
on British attacks on Marlborough, 463
on Marlborough’s relations with Jacobites, 467
on Marlborough’s return from continent (1713), 469
on Sarah’s retrieving investments in South Sea Bubble, 473
on Sarah’s quarrels with daughters, 474
descent from 7th Duke of Marlborough, 476
Civil War (English, 1641–7), 40–2
Clare, Charles O’Brien, 5th Viscount, 346–7
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of:
loses position, 26, 51
political activities, 47
and standing army, 49
Barbara Cleveland opposes, 63
as lord lieutenant of Ireland, 108
letter from Marlborough on Monmouth rebellion, 119
on James II’s fears of kidnap, 150
History of the Great Rebellion, 234
Clarendon, Frances, Countess of (née Aylesbury), 105, 108
Clarke, Solomon, 32
Clausewitz, Carl von, 479
Clérembault, Lieutenant General Philippe, marquis de, 293, 295
Clerk, Sir John, of Penicuick, 353
Cleveland, Barbara Villiers, Duchess of (earlier Countess of Castlemaine):
supports Marlborough, 5
portrait, 14
Bab Mays and, 26
as Charles II’s mistress, 57–8, 62
affair and child with Marlborough, 58–9, 61, 63–5, 86
bigamous marriage with Fielding, 61–3
children with Charles II, 62, 77
as lady of bedchamber to Catherine of Braganza, 62
lovers, 62–3
created duchess, 63
death, 63
money gift to Marlborough, 64, 88
Marlborough ends relationship, 87
grave, 219
Clostermann, Johann Baptiste, 12, 16
Cockpit, the, London:
Anne’s circle, 107–8, 110, 136, 140–2, 165, 181, 185
settled on Anne, 163
and Marlborough’s disgrace, 176–7
Prince George moves into, 180
Coehoorn, Menno van:
as fortifications specialist, 70
and siege of Ostend, 219, 242
on yacht with Marlborough during attack by Farewell, 242–4
differences with Slangenburg, 246, 318
death, 255
Coigny, Robert Jean Antoine de Franquetot, comte de, 259
coinage:
reformed, 189–90
Coke, Thomas, 268
Colchester, Lord see Rivers, 4th Earl
Colonie, Colonel François de la:
escapes from the Schellenberg, 8
fights duels, 20
makes night attack against hussars, 220
actions at the Schellenberg, 269, 272–4
and Marlborough’s harrowing of Bavaria, 277
in battle of Ramillies, 334, 336–8, 339, 341–2
in battle of Malplaquet, 424, 426–7, 430, 432
Colyear, Lieutenant General Walter, 451
commissions (army):
bought and sold, 54–5
Commons, House of:
election to, 31–2
strength and composition, 31, 33
military members, 36
rump, 39
see also Parliament
Compton, Colonel Sir Francis, 122, 123, 127, 148
Compton, Henry, Bishop of London:
invites William to England, 137, 140
in Cockpit circle, 140
helps Sarah escape, 154
Congreve, William, 448, 476
Coningsby, Thomas, Earl, 475
Convention Parliament see Parliament
Conway, Cornet, 21
Copley, Lionel, 137
Cork:
siege and surrender (1690), 169–71
Cornbury, Edward Hyde, Viscount (later 3rd Earl of Clarendon), 102, 124–5, 148, 178
Cornwallis, Mary, 105
Corporation Act (1671), 77
corsairs:
North African, 60–1
Court, Colonel, 21
Courtin, Honoré, 86–7
Courtrai, 214, 402
Covenanters (Scottish), 93–4
Cowper, William, Baron, 444, 449
Cox, Captain Sir John, 68
Coxe, Arc
hdeacon William:
praises Marlborough, 2
on birth of Marlborough, 42
on Marlborough’s service with Duke of York, 59
on destruction of Palatinate, 81
and Marlborough – Godolphin correspondence, 101
praises Blandford, 235
on Marlborough’s favouring advance to Danube, 255
on Slangenburg’s intransigence, 320
on Emperor’s promise to create new principality of Mellenburg, 466
Coy, Colonel John, 120–1, 158
Craggs, James, the elder, 444–5, 469, 473
Craggs, James, junior, 473–4, 476
Cranstoun, Lieutenant Colonel William, 5th Baron, 316, 343, 433
Craven, William, Earl of, 135
Croissy, Louis-François-Henri Colbert, marquis de, 367–8
Cromwell, Oliver, 43–4
Cromwell, Richard, 44
Culloden, battle of (1746), 471
Cumberland, Duke of see George, Prince of Denmark
Curragh, Ireland, 134
Cutts of Gowran, John, Baron (‘Salamander’):
Irish barony, 28
nickname, 28
as ‘Tangerine’, 136
in assault on Brest, 183, 185
Marlborough requests insignia from, 196
at siege of Venlo, 228
at Wesel strategy meeting, 241
Cadogan destroys letters in privateer attack, 254
at Blenheim, 291–2
on Occasional Conformity Bill, 299
and Marlborough’s imperial princedom, 303
qualities, 477
Dalhousie, William Ramsey, 6th Earl of, 326
Dalrymple, Sir John see Stair, 1st Earl of
Danby, Thomas Osborne, 1st Earl of:
aligns England with Dutch against France, 52
as Charles II’s chief minister, 78
achievements, 90
fall and imprisonment, 91
invites William to England, 137
and Anne’s flight from London, 154
Marlborough quarrels with, 169, 173
and Marlborough’s imprisonment in Tower, 180
Danube, river, 249–50, 255, 261, 269, 271, 274, 279, 295
Danvers, Belle, 436, 442
Dare, Thomas, 111
Dartmouth, George Legge, 1st Baron, 10, 59, 82, 95, 97
Dartmouth, William Legge, 1st Earl of, 145–6, 176, 442, 449–50
Davenant, Charles, 31
Davenant, Henry, 217
Davies, Mrs Christian, 265, 277, 296, 348, 405, 428
Davies, Richard, 405, 428
Davis, Mary, 62
Davison, Captain:
killed (1689), 161
Deane, Private John Marshall:
as source, 8
on weather on march to Danube, 265
on action at Donauwörth, 275–6
at battle of Blenheim, 292
at Lines of Brabant, 315
on French artillery pieces, 316
and crossing of Dyle, 320
and demolition of Lines of Brabant, 323
at battle of Ramillies, 334, 345
and advance in Brabant, 349