in succession to William and Mary, 156, 158
favours regency during father’s exile, 157
accommodation and properties, 163
claims to throne, 163, 186
taciturnity, 163
claims parliamentary grant, 164
called ‘Mrs Morley’ by Sarah, 165
grants pension to Sarah, 165
letter asking pardon of father, 166
depends on Marlboroughs’ support, 174
warned of Lady Fitzharding’s indiscretion, 176
moves to Syon House, 177
on Marlborough’s imprisonment in Tower, 180
and Mary’s death, 186
death of son Gloucester and succession question, 191–2, 327–9
favours Marlborough’s daughters on marriage, 191
accession, 194
offers dukedom and pension to Marlborough, 232–3
Tory sympathies, 233
and death of Sarah’s son John (Blandford), 236–7
deteriorating relations with Sarah, 238, 299, 304, 329, 351, 353–4, 365, 407–8, 414, 436
ennobles Tories, 238
prorogues Parliament (1703), 238
supports occasional conformity, 239
informed of Blenheim victory, 298
and tacked Occasional Conformity Bill, 299
Sarah’s breach with, 301
and Emperor’s offer of honour to Marlborough, 302
gives dowry to Marlborough’s daughter Mary, 303
and general election (1703), 304
sends reassuring letter to Marlborough, 322
values Marlborough’s advice, 327
all-party government, 351, 353–4, 363
health decline, 353–4, 463, 468
and Whig junto, 353
and appointment of successor to Peter Mews, 355
appoints Somers to Cabinet, 364
and Whig ascendancy, 412
declines Marlborough’s request for captain generalcy for life, 413, 415, 436–7
final meeting with Sarah, 436, 442
praises Malplaquet victory, 438
dismisses Godolphin, 443
dissolves Parliament (1710), 444
Sarah corresponds with after breach, 445
insists on dismissal of Sarah and daughters, 448–9
Marlborough meets (1710), 449
ceases payments on Blenheim Palace, 450
receives Willigo Godolphin with peppercorn rent for Blenheim, 454
dismisses Marlborough, 461
and payments to Marlborough, 461
approves Marlborough’s departure for continent, 463
and Hanoverian succession, 467–8
death and burial, 469–70
and Marlborough’s return from continent, 469
Marlborough pleads for mercy for libeller, 480 see also Cockpit, the
Antwerp:
French wish to control, 66
Allied attempt on (1703), 241–4
Marlborough takes, 349
Marlborough proposes as capital of Spanish Netherlands, 371
Marlborough visits (1812–13), 464, 467, 469
Arco, Jean Baptiste, comte d’, 270–4, 276
Ardennes, 249
Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of, 94–6, 108, 110–11, 128
Argyll, John Campbell, 2nd Duke of:
fights duel, 21
shares command with Cadogan, 211
attacks Ramillies, 344
at Oudenarde, 386
on Webb’s loquaciousness, 401
opposes Marlborough’s bid for captain generalcy for life, 415
at Malplaquet, 426, 428
denies wearing breastplate, 428
supports Harley, 442
purged from army, 467
command in 1715 Jacobite rebellion, 470
qualities, 477
Arleux, 454, 456
Arlington, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of, 45–7, 51, 60, 63, 69, 76
arms and armour:
development and supply, 204–5
Armstrong, Captain-Lieutenant Sir Thomas, 17
army (British):
under Charles II, 48–50, 53–4, 78
officers’ commissions and careers, 54–5, 446–7
James II’s, 131–5
Catholics in, 132–4, 140
and conspiracy against James II, 140
Marlborough advocates reform, 140
Marlborough remodels under William, 158–9
mutiny (1689) and desertions, 158, 160, 221–2
supply and foraging, 160–1
unrest and dissatisfaction in, 160
reduced after Treaty of Ryswick, 189
strength of units, 216, 221
recruitment, 221
qualities and character, 477–8
Arneth, Alfred, Ritter von, 375
Arni, Eric Gruber von, 266, 306
Arras, 453, 455
Artagnan, Charles de Batz de Castelmore, comte d’, 76
Artaignan, Lieutenant General Joseph de Montesquiou, comte d’, 384, 387–8, 424, 432
artillery see cannon
Ashe House, Dorset, 41–3
asiento de negros, 458
Asse, Flanders, 374–5
Ath, 349, 395
Athens:
siege of Acropolis (1687), 74
Athlone, General Godert de Ginkel, 1st Earl of, 169, 171, 224
Atkinson, C.T., 80, 171, 184, 429
Atkyns, Captain Richard, 40
Aubach, Lieutenant General, Count of, 312
Aubenchel le Sec, 454
Aughrim, battle of (1691), 16, 171
Augsburg, 251
see also League of Augsburg
Augustus II, King of Poland-Lithuania, 357
Aulnois gap, 422–3
Austria (Empire):
in War of Spanish Succession, 193, 362
Hungary rebels against, 250–1
war with Spain, 459
Auvergne, Major General François Egon de la Tour, 426, 430
Avesnes le Comte, 455
Axminster, 113
Aylmer, Admiral Matthew, Baron, 137
Ayres, Captain (of Gloucester), 97–8
Baden, Ludwig Wilhelm I, Margrave of (Prince Louis):
and Boufflers’ advance on Rhine, 224
command on Rhine, 241, 251–2, 268
military career, 251
Marlborough promises to supply, 253
favours attack on Moselle, 255–6
at the Schellenberg, 268, 270–2, 274–5
disagreements with Marlborough, 270
objects to plundering of Bavaria, 278
and Marlborough/Eugène’s strategy, 279
at siege of Landau, 305
defeated at Speyerbach, 305
misses Blenheim, 305, 309
and Marlborough’s 1705 campaign, 309–10, 312
wounded at Schellenberg, 309
takes waters, 311
exasperates Marlborough by slow progress, 326
and Marlborough’s 1706 campaign plans, 330–1
defeated on Rhine by Villars (1706), 331–2
Baden, Treaty of (1714), 459
Bank of England:
established (1694), 189
Barcelona:
captured by British, 329
Barillon, Paul, 109
Barrier Treaty, First (1709), 435
Bart, Jean, 188
Bastide, comte de la, 272
Bate, Revd Richard and Elizabeth, 22
Bath:
in Monmouth rebellion, 117
Anne’s court in, 180
Sarah visits, 239
Bathurst, Sir Benjamin, 108, 190
Bathurst, Frances, Lady (née Apsley), 104, 108
battle, order of, 212–13
Bavaria:
defects to France, 248, 249–50, 252
Prince William of Baden in, 251
Marlborough fails to defeat, 261
troops at Donauwörth, 273
haras
sed and plundered, 277–8, 283, 480
Tallard joins, 277–9, 280–1
and battle of Ramillies, 333, 338, 346
and absorption of Mindelheim, 463, 466
Bavaria, Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of:
allies with French, 193, 239, 250
at Höchstädt, 248
and Marlborough’s campaign in Germany, 251, 253–4, 256, 268
at Donauwörth, 269–72
Marlborough harries, 277–8, 283
and confusion of command, 282
underestimates Marlborough’s strength at Blenheim, 282
at battle of Blenheim, 289, 294
joins Villeroi on Rhine, 305
support from Duke of Berwick, 370
threatens Brussels, 402–3
disagreements with Villars, 412
Bavay, 422, 432, 434
Beachy Head, battle of (1690), 168
Beaufort, Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of, 114, 116–17, 147
Beaumont, John, 140
Bedburg, 258
Bedmar, Isidor Jean Joseph Dominique de la Cueva de Benavide, Count of, 242, 244
Behn, Aphra, 18
Beinheim, Major General, 275
Belcastel, Pierre de, 253
Belfort, 249
Bellew, Colonel Thomas, 19, 24
Bence-Jones, Mark and Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, 27
Benson, William, 22
Bentinck, Anne (née Villiers), 162
Bentinck, William see Portland, 1st Earl of
Bergen op Zoom, 242, 246
Bergeyck, Jean de Brouchoven, comte de, 371
Bergh, Johan van den, 371, 438–9
Berkeley House, Piccadilly, 180–1
Berkeley, Colonel John see Fitzharding, Baron
Berkeley, Rear Admiral John, 3rd Baron, 183
Berlin:
Marlborough visits, 305, 329
Berry, Sir John, 97–9
Berwick, Anne, Duchess of (née Bulkeley), 165
Berwick, James FitzJames, Duke of:
status, 3
memoirs, 8
dukedom, 27
defeats Galway at Almanza, 28, 209, 356
birth, 48
suppresses Protestant insurrection, 130
replaces Oxford as colonel of Blues, 138
and William’s invasion of England, 148, 150
and Jacobite rebellion (1715), 153
marriage, 165
secret visits to England, 186–7
on Schomberg’s garter at Boyne, 195
captures Kerr, 215
on Marlborough’s defeat of Boufflers, 230
requests pass for master of horse, 248
command in Spain, 350, 358
sends troops to Italy and Toulon, 358–9
command in Spanish Netherlands (1708), 370, 372, 379, 393
Louis XIV suggests sending support to Elector of Bavaria, 370
and Allied siege of Lille, 395–6
Marlborough maintains relations with, 467
Bethkany, Countess Eleanora, 266
Béthune, 393, 419, 451, 455
Biron, Lieutenant General Charles Armand de Gontaut, marquis de, 382–4, 392
Bishop, Corporal Matthew:
on campaigns, 8
at battle of Oudenarde, 390
at demolition of Ypres ramparts, 393
on casualties at Malplaquet, 433–4
on ending of war, 462
qualities, 477
Black Forest, 250
Blackader, Colonel John:
papers, 8
on campaign in Germany (1704), 265
piety, 265
on speed of movement in Marlborough’s 1705 campaign, 311
at battle of Ramillies, 340–1
at battle of Oudenarde, 389
at siege of Lille, 397
on casualties at Malplaquet, 433
Bland, Sir John, 280
Blandford, John Churchill, Marquess of (Marlborough’s son):
portrait, 12
death from smallpox, 16, 234–6, 257, 481
birth, 102
family life, 190
Blandford, William (Willigo) Godolphin, Marquess of, 449, 454
Blanzac, Brigadier Charles de La Rochefoucauld-Roye, marquis de, 296, 366
Blathwayt, William, 90, 134–5, 158, 200, 207, 210–11
Blenheim, battle of (1704):
Franco-Bavarian army defeated, 252
deployment and engagement, 282–96, 479
casualties, prisoners and captured equipment, 296–7
effect of victory on Tories, 298
effect on French, 356
fought on Sunday, 478–9
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire:
building, 4, 301–2, 321, 351–2, 472–3
Vanbrugh designs, 300–1
cost and payments for, 301–2, 412, 445, 463, 472
Anne ceases payments for, 450
Marlboroughs occupy, 473
Hawksmoor takes over building, 477
Sarah finishes, 477
Bléron Farm, 424
Blood, Colonel Holcroft, 272, 280, 291, 305, 313
Bloody Assizes (1685), 126, 129
Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Viscount:
on peerage, 29
Toryism, 36
criticises Almanza campaign, 209
succeeds Blathwayt as secretary at war, 258
and Marlborough’s 1705 campaign, 312
and Cardonnel’s report in London Gazette, 325
in Anne’s all-party government, 353
as lord keeper, 444
and Marlborough’s powers of promotion, 447
on Sarah’s dismissal by Anne, 450
negotiates Peace of Utrecht, 458, 462
viscountcy, 458
on Marlborough’s departure for continent, 463
and James Francis Edward Stuart’s claims to succession, 468
heads government in succession to Oxford, 469
and Marlborough’s return from continent, 469
George I dismisses, 470
praises Marlborough, 482
Letters on the Study of History, 482
Bonn:
siege and capture (1703), 241–2, 249
Bordet, Colonel du, 272, 274
Boscawen, Jael, 104
Boser Couter, 386, 388
Bossu gap, 422–3
Bostaquet, Captain Isaac Dupont de, 147, 167, 198
Bothmar, Major General Hans Kaspar, Baron von, 295, 297, 373, 375, 448, 450, 469–70
Boufflers, Marshal Louis François, duc de:
travels incognito, 216
in Spanish Netherlands in 1703 campaign, 224–7, 229–30
qualities, 230, 395
defends Lines of Brabant, 242, 244, 246
and siege of Lille, 395, 399
surrenders Lille, 402–4
falls ill, 412
joins Villars, 421
in battle of Malplaquet, 423–4, 430–2
on wounded at Malplaquet, 433
Bourbon dynasty, 459
Bourlon Wood, near Cambrai, 456
Bowshire, Flurry, 32
Boyle, Henry, Baron Carleton, 373, 379, 394–6, 398
Boyle, Robert, 14
Boyne, battle of the (1690), 16, 93, 157, 168
Brabant:
cost of war in, 329
French collapse in, 348–50
in Marlborough’s 1708 strategy, 371
Brabant, Lines of, 240, 242–3, 246–8, 312–16, 326
demolished, 323–4
Brandenburg, Elector of see Frederick I, King of Prussia
Breda, Declaration of (1660), 44–5
Brenner Pass, 250
Brest:
failed attack on (1694), 182–4
Breusch, river, 80
Bridgewater, Elizabeth, Countess of (née Churchill; Marlborough’s daughter):
birth, 102
marriage, 234
birth of son, 253
death from smallpox, 468, 471
Bridgewater, Scrope Egerton, 4th Earl of, 234
Bridgwater, Somerset, 120–1, 123, 125
Bridport, Dorset, 112–13
Brihuega, Spain, 209, 303, 357
Bringfield, Colonel James, 222, 343
Brinvilliers, Marie Madeleine Gobelin, marquise de, 66–7
Bristol:
in Monmouth rebellion, 116–18, 120
Bruce, Charles, Baron, 31–2
Bruges, 89, 349, 372, 375–8, 393, 397, 399, 402, 404, 406–7
Brussels, 348, 371, 373, 375, 394–5, 402–3
Brydges, James, 439
Buckingham, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of, 63–4
The Battle of Sedgemoor, 127
Buckingham, John Sheffield, 1st Duke of (earlier 3rd Earl of Mulgrave and Marquess of Normanby):
requests marquessate of James II, 26
relations with Princess Anne, 103
on desertions from James II, 155
dukedom, 238
builds Buckingham House (later Palace), 239
Marlborough warns Godolphin of, 280
gives up Privy Seal post, 298, 304
Sarah’s opposition to, 298
Buhl, 250
Bulkeley, Henry, 165
Bulow, General Kuno Josua von, 374, 385
Burgundy, Louis of France, Duke of:
campaign in Flanders (1708), 216, 369, 371, 378–9
relations with Vendôme, 370, 378, 390
and battle of Oudenarde, 382–3, 385–6, 389–90
Louis XIV instructs, 393–4
fails, 412
death, 462
Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury:
collaboration with Sarah Marlborough, 7
on death of Elizabeth Gaunt, 18
on Charles II’s standing army, 49
on Charles II’s storytelling, 57
on legitimising Monmouth, 77
on judicial torture, 94
drafts memoir for Sarah on James II, 96
on loss of Gloucester, 97
on Marlborough’s mission to Louis XIV, 109
on French persecution of Protestants, 130
on conspiracies against James II, 136
on Duke of Berwick, 148
on Mackay, 172
and William’s view of Marlborough, 174
attitude to Marlborough, 190
in Duke of Gloucester’s court, 190
informs Anne of succession to throne, 194
History of His Own Times, 148, 175–6, 190, 449
Burton, Ivor, 31, 423, 461
Butler, Iris:
Rule of Three, 237
Buys, Willem, Pensioner of Amsterdam, 324
Byng, Admiral George (later Viscount Torrington), 137, 215
Byng, John, 15
cabal, 52, 78
Cadogan, Bridget (née Waller), 210
Cadogan, Charles, 2nd Baron, 30
Cadogan, Henry, 210
Cadogan, Margaretta, Countess (née Munter), 212
Cadogan, General William, 1st Earl:
papers, 6–7, 212