Dragan Tsankov September 1883–June 1884
Petko Karavelov June 1884–August 1886
Metropolitan Kliment (provisonal government) 9–12 August 1886
Petko Karavelov (provisional government) 12–16 August 1886
Vasil Radoslavov August 1886–June 1887
Konstantin Stoilov June–August 1887
Stefan Stambolov August 1887–May 1894
Konstantin Stoilov May 1894–January 1899
Dimitûr Grekov January–October 1899
Todor Ivanchov October 1899-January 1901
Racho Petrov January–February 1901
Petko Karavelov February–December 1901
Stoyan Danev December 1901–May 1903
Racho Petrov May 1903–October 1906
Dimitûr Petkov October 1906–February 1907
Dimitri Stanciov February–March 1907
Petûr Gudev March 1907–January 1908
Aleksandûr Malinov January 1908–March 1911
Ivan Geshov March 1911–June 1913
Stoyan Danev June–July 1913
Vasil Radoslavov July 1913–June 1918
Aleksandûr Malinov June–November 1918
Teodor Teodorov November 1918–October 1919
Aleksandûr Stamboliiski October 1919–June 1923
Aleksandûr Tsankov June 1923–January 1926
Andrei Lyapchev January 1926–June 1931
Aleksandûr Malinov June–October 1931
Nikola Mushanov October 1931–May 1934
Kimon Georgiev May 1934–January 1935
Pencho Zlatev January–April 1935
Andrei Toshev April–November 1935
Georgi Kioseivanov November 1935–February 1940
Bogdan Filov February 1940–September 1943
Dobri Bozhilov September 1943–June 1944
Ivan Bagryanov June–September 1944
Konstantin Muraviev 2–9 September 1944
Kimon Georgiev September 1944–November 1946
Georgi Dimitrov November 1946–July 1949
Vasil Kolarov July 1949–January 1950
Vûlko Chervenkov January 1950–April 1956
Anton Yugov April 1956–November 1962
Todor Zhivkov November 1962–July 1971
Stanko Todorov July 1971–June 1981
Grisha Filipov June 1981–March 1986
Georgi Atanasov March 1986–February 1990
Andrei Lukanov February–November 1990
Dimitûr Popov December 1990–November 1991
Filip Dimitrov November 1991–December 1992
Liuben Berov December 1992–September 1994
Reneta Indjova October 1994–January 1995
Zhan Videnov January 1995–December 1996
Nikolai Dobrev January–February 1997
Stefan Sofiyanski February–April 1997
Ivan Kostov April 1997–June 2001
Simeon Saxecoburggotski July 2001–
* * *
Suggestions for Further Reading
Adanir, Fikret. Die Makedonische Frage: Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis 1908 (Wiesbaden, 1979)
Bar-Zohar, Michael. Beyond Hitler’s Grasp: the Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria’s Jews (Holbrook, MA, 1998)
Barker, Elizabeth. Macedonia: Its Place in Balkan Power Politics (London, 1950)
Beaman, A. Hulme. Stambuloff (London, 1895)
Bell, John D. Peasants in Power: Alexandûr Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899–1923 (Princeton, NJ, 1977)
Bell, John D. The Communist Party of Bulgaria from Blagoev to Zhivkov (Stanford, CA, 1986)
Black, C. E. The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Bulgaria (Princeton Studies in History, I, Princeton, NJ, 1943)
Boll, Michael M. (ed.). The American Military Mission in the Allied Control Commission for Bulgaria, 1944–1947: History and Transcripts (Boulder, CO, and New York, 1985)
Boll, Michael M. The Cold War in the Balkans: American Foreign Policy and the Emergence of Communist Bulgaria, 1943–1947 (Lexington, KY, 1984)
Brailsford, H. N. Macedonia, its Races and their Future (London, 1906)
Bristow, J. A. The Bulgarian Economy in Transition (Cheltenham, 1996)
Brown, J. F. Bulgaria under Communist Rule (London, 1970)
Browning, Robert. Byzantium and Bulgaria: A Comparative Study across the Early Medieval Frontier (London, 1975)
Clarke, James F. Bible Societies, American Missionaries and the National Revival of Bulgaria (New York, 1971, reprint of Harvard Ph.D., 1937)
Constant, Stephen. Foxy Ferdinand, Tsar of Bulgaria (London, 1979)
Corti, Egon. Alexander of Bulgaria (London, 1954)
Crampton, Richard J. Bulgaria 1878–1918: A History (Boulder, CO, and New York, 1983)
Crampton, Richard J.‘Bulgarian Society in the Early Nineteenth Century’, in Richard Clogg (ed.), Balkan Society in the Age of Greek Independence (London, 1981)
Crampton, Richard J. A Short History of Modern Bulgaria (Cambridge, 1987)
Crampton, Richard J. The Balkans since the Second World War (London, 2002)
Dimitroff, Pashanko. Boris III of Bulgaria (1894–1943): Toiler, Citizen, King (Lewes, Sussex, 1986)
Dimitrov, Vesselin. Bulgaria: the Uneven Transition (London, 2001)
Dimitrova, Ekaterina. The Gospels of Tsar Ivan Alexander (London, 1994)
Feiwel, George R. Growth and Reforms in Centrally Planned Economies: The Lessons of the Bulgarian Experience (New York, 1977)
Friedrich, Wolfgang-Uwe. Bulgarien und die Mächte 1913–1915 (Stuttgart, 1985)
Genchev, Nikolai. The Bulgarian National Revival Period (Sofia, 1977)
Giatzidis, Emil. An Introduction to Post-Communist Bulgaria (Manchester, 2002)
Groueff, Stephane. Crown of Thorns: the Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918–1943 (Lanham, Maryland, New York, and London, 1987)
Hatschikjan, Magarditsch A. Tradition und Neuorientierung in der bulgarischen Aussenpolitik, 1944–1948 (Munich, 1988)
Hoddinott, R. F. Bulgaria in Antiquity; An Archaeological Introduction (London and Tonbridge, 1975)
Hoppe, Hans-Joachim. Bulgarien-Hitlers eigenwillilger Verbündeter (Stuttgart, 1979)
Hupchik, Dennis P. The Bulgarians in the Seventeenth Century: Slavic Orthodox Society and Culture under Ottoman Rule (Jefferson, NC, and London, 1993)
Hupchik, Dennis P. (ed.). The Pen and the Sword: Studies in Bulgarian History by James F Clarke (Boulder, CO, and New York, 1988)
Isusov, Mito (ed.). Problems of Transition from Capitalism to Socialism (Sofia, 1975)
Jelavich, Charles. Russian Policy in Bulgaria and Serbia, 1881–1897 (Berkeley, CA, 1950)
Jelavich, Charles. Tsarist Russia and Balkan Nationalism: Russian Influence in the Internal Affairs of Bulgaria and Serbia, 1876–1886 (Berkeley, CA, 1958)
Karpat, K. H. (ed.). The Turks of Bulgaria: The History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul, 1990)
Kiel, Machiel. Art and Society of Bulgaria in the Turkish Period (Maastricht, 1985)
Kostov, Vladimir. The Bulgarian Umbrella: The Soviet Direction and Operation of the Bulgarian Secret Service in Europe (London and New York, 1988)
Kuhne, Victor. Bulgaria Self-Revealed (London, 1919)
Lampe, John R. The Bulgarian Economy in the Twentieth Century (London, 1986)
Lang, David Marshall. The Bulgarians from Pagan Times to the Ottoman Conquest (London, 1976)
Lory, Bernard. Le Sort de l’Héritage Ottoman en Bulgarie: L’Exemple des Villes Bulgares 1878–1900 (Istanbul, 1985)
Macdermott, Mercia. The Apostle of Freedom: A Portrait of Vasil Levski against a Background of Nineteenth-Century Bulgaria (London, 1967)
Macdermott, Mercia. Freedom or Death: The Life of Gotse Delchev (London, 1978)
Markov, Georgi. The Truth that Killed (transl. Liliana Brisby with an introduction by Annabel Markov, Lond
on, 1983)
McIntyre, Robert J. Bulgaria: Politics, Economics and Society (London and New York, 1988)
Meininger, Thomas A. Ignatiev and the Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate, 1864–1872: A Study in Personal Diplomacy (Madison, WI, 1970)
Miller, Jeffrey B. and Derek C. Jones (eds.). The Bulgarian Economy: Lessons from Reform during Early Transition (Aldershot, 1997)
Miller, Marshall Lee. Bulgaria during the Second World War (Stanford, CA, 1975)
Mocsy, A. Pannonia and Upper Moesia (London, 1974)
Moser, Charles A. Dimitrov of Bulgaria: A Political Biography of Dr Georgi D. Dimitrov (Ottawa, IL, 1979)
Moser, Charles A. A History of Bulgarian Literature, 863–1844 (The Hague, 1972)
Muir, Nadejda. Dmitri Stancioff: Patriot and Cosmopolitan, 1864–1940 (London, 1957)
Nestorova, Tatyana. American Missionaries among the Bulgarians (1858–1912) (Boulder, CO, and New York, 1987)
Neuburger, Mary. The Orient Within: Muslim Minorities and the Negotiation of Nationhood in Modern Bulgaria (Ithaca and London, 2004)
Nicoloff, Assen. The Bulgarian Resurgence (Cleveland, OH, 1987)
Obolensky, Dmitri. The Bogomils: A Study in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism (Cambridge, 1948; repr. New York, 1979)
Obolensky, Dmitri. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe 500–1453 (London, 1971)
Oren, Nisssan. Bulgarian Communism: The Road to Power, 1934–1944 (New York, 1971)
Oren, Nisssan. Revolution Administered: Agrarianism and Communism in Bulgaria (Baltimore and London, 1973)
Padev, Michael. Dimitroff Wastes No Bullets: the Inside Story of the Trial and Murder of Nikola Petkov (London, 1948)
Perry, Duncan. The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Revolutionary Movements, 1893–1903 (Durham, NC, and London, 1988)
Perry, Duncan. Stefan Stambolov and the Emergence of Modern Bulgaria, 1870–1895 (Durham, NC, and London, 1993)
Rachev, Stoyan. Anglo-Bulgarian Relations during the Second World War (1939–1944) (transl. Stefan Kostov, Sofia, 1981)
Rothschild, Joseph. The Communist Party of Bulgaria: Origins and Development, 1883–1936 (New York, 1959)
Runciman, Steven. A History of the First Bulgarian Empire (London, 1930)
Sanders, Irwin T. Balkan Village (Lexington, KY, 1949)
Simsir, Bilal N. The Turks of Bulgaria (1878–1985) (London, 1988)
Slavov, Atanas. The ‘Thaw’ in Bulgarian Literature (Boulder, CO, and New York, 1981)
Slavov, Atanas. With the Precision of Bats (Washington, DC, 1986)
Stephenson, Paul. The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer (Cambridge, 2003)
Stoyanoff, Zachary. Pages from the Autobiography of a Bulgarian Insurgent (transl. M. W. Potter, London, 1913)
Sumner, B. H. Russia and the Balkans, 1870–1880 (Oxford, 1937)
Swire, Joseph. Bulgarian Conspiracy (London, 1939)
Thracian Treasures from Bulgaria: A Special Exhibition Held at the British Museum January–March 1976 (London, 1976)
Todorov, Kosta. Balkan Firebrand: the Autobiography of a Rebel, Soldier and Statesman (Chicago, 1943)
Todorov, Nikolai. The Balkan Town, 15th–19th Centuries (Seattle, Washington, 1983)
Troebst, Stefan. Mussolini, Makedonien und die Mächte 1922–1930 (Cologne and Vienna, 1987)
Vazov, Ivan. Under the Yoke: A Novel (transl. Marguerite Alexieva and Theodora Atanassova, Sofia, 1976)
Velkov, A. Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity (Amsterdam, 1977)
Todor Zhivkov: Statesman and Builder of the New Bulgaria (Oxford, 1982). In the second edition (Oxford, 1985) references to the Turkish minority and its rights have been excised.
Ludmila Zhivkova, Her Many Worlds (Oxford, 1982).
Index
aba 55, 56, 65
Academy of Sciences 151
ACC (Allied Control Commission) 180, 181
Adrianople (Edirne) 24, 27, 53, 55, 83, 106, 114, 128, 133, 135
Adriatic 16, 22, 25, 262
Aegean coast 26, 83, 135, 169
Aegean Sea 4, 16, 25, 135
Aegean Sea, Bulgarian access to 144, 164, 166
Afghanistan 253, 261
agrarians 145–147, 156, 161, 162, 174, 175, 179, 182–183, 212, 214, 215
see also BANU; BANU–NP
AICs (Agro-Industrial Complexes) 197–198
Albania (Albanians) 11, 20, 22, 71, 131, 133, 241
Aleksandûr Nevski cathedral 220
Alexander II, Tsar of Russia 90
Alexander III, Tsar of Russia 90, 101, 110
Alexander of Battenberg, Prince of Bulgaria 89–93, 94, 97, 97–99, 100–101, 102, 105, 108, 119, 121, 265
Alexander the Great 4
Alexandroupolis 230, 262
alphabet (Cyrillic and Bulgarian) 15, 15–16, 96, 151
Anhialo (Pomorie) 126
animal rearing 55, 56
ANS (Alliance for National Salvation) 235
Antim, Exarch 74, 87
anti-semitism 166
April uprising 78–81, 267
Aprilov, Vasil 60, 65
Armenians in Ottoman empire 36, 110, 126
army 88, 90, 92, 96, 97, 98–99, 100, 101, 102, 105, 108, 112, 114, 119, 125, 129, 133, 137, 139–140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 152, 158, 159, 160–161, 166, 168–171, 175, 179, 189, 190, 193, 214, 215, 219, 241, 253, 265
and communists 180, 183
Asenov, Hadji Dimitûr 76
Asia Minor 10, 11, 20, 56
Asparukh, Khan 8
Atanasov, Georgi 239
Athens 73, 75, 157, 161
Athos, Mount 39, 45
Austria-Hungary 17, 83, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131
see also Habsburg monarchy
ayans 51, 52, 53, 55
Bagryanov, Ivan 176–177
Balchik 133
Balkan alliance 73, 131–132
entente 157, 165, 235
federation 76, 77, 125, 126, 190
mountains 4, 9, 13, 53, 72, 77, 83, 99, 113, 115
peacekeeping force 241
Balkan war, first 132–133
second 134–135, 158, 266
banks and banking 118, 122, 148, 159, 186, 227, 232, 233, 234, 252
see also BNB
banks, German 122, 137
BANU (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union) 123–125, 145–153
see also agrarians
BANU (coalitionist) 187
BANU–NP (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union – Nikola Petkov) 183, 212, 230
bashibazouks 80–81, 84
Batak 80
BBB (Bulgarian Business Bloc) 229, 236
BCP (Bulgarian Communist Party) 145, 153, 172, 180, 187, 189–190, 194, 199, 207–209, 212–213, 214
leading role of 187–188, 194, 213, 214
Beckerle, Adolf-Heinz 171, 188–190
Belassitsa 20
Belene 199, 204
Belgrade 10, 55, 75, 76, 77, 99, 104, 127, 151, 235
Benkovski, Georgi 78, 80
Berlin 237, 267
Berlin, treaty of (1878) 83–84, 92, 94, 95, 96, 105, 112, 114, 265, 267
Beron, Petûr (zoologist) 215, 218
Beron, Petûr 61
Berov, Liuben 224–225, 228–229, 230
Bitola 83, 106, 139
Black Sea 10, 25, 51, 166, 168, 261
Blagoev, Dimitûr 142
BNB (Bulgarian National Bank) 92, 94, 97, 227, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237
Bobov Dol mines 137
bogomilism 18–19, 21, 22, 24, 196, 266
Bogoridi, Stefan 67
Bogorov, Ivan 62, 63
bombing, by Bulgaria 133
of Bulgaria by allies 174, 175, 267
Boris I (Khan and King of Bulgaria) 11, 110–111
Boris III (King of the Bulgarians, 1918–43) 108, 143, 153, 154, 160, 164, 168–171, 172, 173, 175, 200, 266
Bosnia and Hercegovina 78
, 130, 131
Botev, Hristo 64, 76, 78, 80
Boyana church frescoes 25
Bozhilov, Dobri 174–176
Bozveli, Neofit 60, 67
Braila 54, 63, 64, 75
Brasov 54, 61
Bratsigovo 80
Brezhnev, Leonid 195, 206
brigandage 90, 114
broad socialists 125
see also SDP
BSP (Bulgarian Socialist Party) 214, 215, 218, 224, 225, 227, 229, 234, 235, 236, 246, 249, 251, 262
BTK (state telecommunications concern) 251
Bucharest 54, 62, 63, 67, 76, 78, 243
treaty of (1886) 99, 122
treaty of (1913) 135
treaty of (1918) 143
Budapest 48, 54
Bulgaria, and Austria-Hungary 99, 105, 140–142, 143, 260
and Belgium 105, 117
and France 105, 137, 160, 195, 255, 260
and Germany 105, 115, 137–138, 140–142, 143, 165, 166–167, 168–174, 176–177, 195, 255, 260, 266
and Great Britain 101, 105, 115, 154, 160
and Greece 99, 132, 133, 134–135, 139, 154, 164, 191, 221–223, 230, 266
and Israel 190, 217
and Italy 105, 159, 164, 165–167
and League of Nations 150
and Libya 195
and North Africa 261
and Ottoman empire 106, 111
and Republic of Macedonia 221–223, 241, 266
and Romania 133, 135, 241–243
and Russia 124, 131, 230, 231, 236, 237, 245, 246, 251, 260–261, 262, 267
and Serbia 99, 129, 131, 132, 134–135, 154, 266
and South Africa 217
and Switzerland 105
and third world 195
and Turkey 201, 210, 220–221
and USA 167, 186, 190, 191, 201, 210, 226, 240, 255, 261
and USSR 150, 160, 164, 165–167, 169, 171, 175–179, 181–183, 188, 189–190, 191–192, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200, 203, 204, 206, 209, 210, 216, 267
and Vatican 195
and west 260, 261, 263
and western allies, second world war 175, 180, 183–185
and Yugoslavia 150–151, 156, 160, 164, 190, 191, 199
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 64
Bulgarian church 14, 16, 17, 21–22, 24, 25, 38, 46, 58, 64–75, 84, 88, 106, 125, 219–220, 223, 269
and state 106–107, 108, 151, 168, 172, 185, 188–189
Patriarchate 14, 21–22, 25, 28, 38, 40, 46, 65, 168, 189, 219–220, 224
Bulgarian diaspora 54, 63–64
Bulgarian language 11, 15, 16, 21, 35, 37–38, 39, 40, 46, 48, 60, 61–62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 74, 122, 269