Mindarus (Spartan admiral), 75
Mithra (Persian god), 71
Mithradates, 81
Mithrenes, 85
Mohammed, prophet, 325
monsoons, 272–73, 290
murex shells, 131
Musicanus, 288
Mycenae, 1
Myndus, 95, 113
Myriandus, 114
myrrh, 140, 292
Mytilene, 104, 105
Nabarzanes, 223
Naucratis, 148–49
Nearchus, 26, 36, 45, 98, 249, 303, 307, 317–18
as admiral, 281, 282
voyage of, 289, 290, 293, 294, 296–301
Nebuchadnezzar, 188
Nectanebo, Pharoah, 145
Negev desert, 140
Neoptolemus (Achilles’ son), 75
Neoptolemus (actor), 37
Nicanor, 54, 117, 228
in battle of the Granicus, 80
Nichomachus, 231
Nicias, 86, 87
night attacks, 174–75
Nile River, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 151
Canopic branch of, 148–49
Nineveh, 169, 173
Nosala, 300
Nysa, 268
Odyssey (Homer), 300
Oedipus, 148
Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), 31
oil, 183
Olympia, 1, 32
Olympias, 2, 15–17, 20, 27, 32–33, 72, 99, 180, 259, 310–11, 313, 322
murder of Cleopatra by, 42
and Philip’s assassination, 41–42
Philip’s rejection of, 33–34, 36
Olympic Games, 27
Olympus, Mount, 2, 3, 7
Olynthus, 20–21
Omphis, King of Taxila, 271–73, 275
Onesicritus, 225, 287
opium poppy, 111
Orchomenus, 62
Oreitae, 292, 297–98
Orontes River, 114
Orontobates, 93, 94
Orxines, 302–3
Oxathres, 306
Oxus River, 224, 238, 239–40, 250, 251, 305, 324
Oxycartes, 259–60
Paeonians, 3–4, 11, 12, 172–73
Pagasae, 20
Palestine, 125, 139
Pamir Mountains, 239
Pammenes, 10
Pamphylia, plain of, 99, 101–2
Pandora, 212
Panhellenism, 32
Paphlagonia, 108–9
papyrus, 128, 145–46
Paraetonium, 154, 155
Paris, 75–76, 251
Parmenion, 2, 33, 44, 54, 73, 74, 77, 83, 88, 98, 109, 110, 126, 139, 184–85, 239, 252, 302
Alexander’s reduction of support for, 87, 97, 228
in approach to Persepolis, 199, 201
in battle of Gaugamela, 174–80
in battle of Issus, 117
in battle of the Granicus, 79, 80
and burning of palace at Persepolis, 213
and Darius’s treasury, 122–23
death of son of, 161–62
demotion of, 216–17
family standing of, 230
at Gordium, 104
at Miletus, 89, 90
murder of, 233
night attack suggested by, 174–75
and plots against Alexander, 99–100, 111–12, 230–34
recall of, 67
Parthians, 170, 226, 234, 301, 323, 324
Parysatis, 307
Pasargadae, 209–10, 302–3
Patala, 288–89, 290, 296
Patroclus, 19, 312, 314
Patron, 182
Paul, Saint, 20, 327–28
Paura, 294
Pausanias (commander at Sardis), 86, 87
Pausanias (Philip’s assassin), 38, 39–41, 42, 265
Pausanias (soldier), 39–40
Peacock, Thomas Love, 329
Pella, 2, 36
Pellium, 57–59
Peloponnesian War, 8, 10, 76
Pelusium, 142, 145, 161
Perdiccas, King of Macedonia, 6
Perdiccas II, King of Macedonia, 8
Perdiccas III, King of Macedonia, 9, 11, 43
Perdiccas (Alexander’s companion), 63–64, 250, 283, 307, 318, 320, 321, 322
Perge, 101
Pericles, 31
Persepolis, 70, 180, 183, 192, 196, 197–219, 220, 227, 280, 289, 290, 294, 301
Alexander’s return to, 302–3
destruction of palace in, 212–14
Macedonian sack of, 207–8, 211, 214, 325
mutilated Greek refugees in, 203–4
palace complex at, 206–7, 208–9
treasury of, 209
Perseus, 151
Persian Campaign of Alexander, 48, 68
Arab hill tribes in, 134–35
Asia Minor highlands in, 108–9
Bactria in, 220–60
battle of Gaugamela and, 173–80
battle of Issus in, 114–22
battle of the Granicus in, 77–82
bonuses for army in, 192
camp followers on, 167–68
Darius’s offer of peace in, 126–27
Egypt campaign in, 140, 142, 143–62
Ephesus taken in, 87–89
fall of Miletus in, 89–91
Hellespont crossed in, 74
Hindu Kush in, 235–38
in India, 261–89
lack of money in, 72–73
lunar eclipse during, 171–72
Lycian campaign in, 98–106
in Mesopotamia, 163–96
mint at Tarsus of, 112
night attacks in, 174–75
Persepolis in, 197–219
recruits to Macedonian army in, 191
return to Babylon in, 290–318
Sardis surrender in, 84–86
siege of Halicarnassus in, 92–97
siege of Tyre in, 128–33, 135–39
size of Macedonian army in, 73, 170
Sogdiana in, 238–51
start of, 73–74
as war of conquest, 87
winter furloughs in, 97
Persian Empire, 6, 18, 19, 47, 48, 66
Alexander’s invasion of see Persian Campaign of Alexander
cavalry of, 169–70
coronation rituals in, 210
creation of, 69–70
Egyptian view of, 144–45
as first international empire, 72
fleet of, 89–90, 91, 97, 126, 133
government policies of, 70–72
Greek mercenaries in army of, 73, 81–82, 91, 116, 118–19, 169, 171, 182, 214, 224
Philip’s proposed invasion of, 31–32
recruitment of troops in, 116
religion of, 71
size of army of, 116–17, 170–71, 173–74
support for Greek rebellion, 45–46, 59
treatment of Babylon under, 188
tribute to Uxians by, 197–98
Persian Gates, 199–203, 205
Persian Gulf, 192, 289, 296, 300, 304
Persian New Year ceremony, 206
Persian Wars, 6–8
Petisis, 161
Petosiris, 161
Peucestas, 283, 303
Pharnabazus, 105, 124–25, 150, 151
Pharnuches, 246, 247–48
Pharos, 149
Pharsamenes, king of Chorasmians, 249
Phaselis, 98–99
Phegeus, 278
Phila, 14–15
Philip II, King of Macedonia, 2–3, 5, 9–10, 18, 19, 23, 24–25, 28, 49, 53, 57, 66, 80, 88, 126, 253, 259, 279
army reforms of, 10–14
assassination of, 36–38, 39–41, 99, 153
attack on Illyrians by, 13–14
burial of, 42–43
cavalry reforms of, 13
at Chaeronea, 29–30, 60
Cleopatra given in marriage to, 36–37
engineer corps of, 13, 73
innovative tactics of, 14
League of Corinth and, 31
Macedoni
a expanded by, 19–22
marriages of, 14–15
Olympias and, 15–17
proposed invasion of Persia by, 31–32, 33, 34–35
rejection of Olympias and Alexander by, 33–34
route to kingship of, 11–12
seizure of Athenian grain fleet by, 28–29
as Theban hostage, 10–11
Philip of Acarnania, 111–12
Philippeum, 32–33
Philippi, 20
Philippopolis, 50
Philoneicus, 23
Philotas, 52, 57, 91, 97, 113–14, 195, 203, 228
in battle of the Granicus, 80
plot against Alexander by, 230–34
torture and execution of, 232
Phocion, 66–67
Phocis, 22
Phoenicia, Phoenicians, 128–29, 130–31, 139, 140, 165
African circumnavigation by, 304
Phoenix, 134
Phrasaortes, 215
Phrygia, 104, 107–8
Pinarus River, 117, 118
Pindar, 65, 152
Pisidia, 103
pistachios, 236
Pixodarus, King of Caria, 35–36, 45, 93, 166
Plataea, 62
Plataea, battle at, 7–8, 70
Plato, 25, 63, 67, 277
Plutarch, 15, 17, 27, 28, 39, 42, 65, 212, 225
Polydamus, 232–33
Polystratus, 219
Pompeii, mosaic of Issus battle at, 119–20
Porus, King of the Paurava, 272, 273–76, 277, 282, 322
Poseidon (god), 131–32
Potidaea, 2, 17
Priam, 75
Priapus, 77
Priene, 89
Prometheus (god), 237–38
proskynesis, 262–65
prostitution, 190
Proteas, 133
Protesilaus, 73
Ptah, 146–47
Ptolemy, King of Macedonia, 9, 11
Ptolemy (Alexander’s friend), 26, 36, 45, 56, 155, 157, 158, 202, 203, 212–13, 241–42, 250, 267, 288, 306, 307, 314, 320, 321, 322, 323
Punjab, 270, 276, 277–78, 324
Pydna, 20
pyramids, 143–44
Pythagoras, 287
Pythius, 89
Ra, temple of, 146
Rameses the Great, Pharoah, 144, 146
Red Sea, 149, 304
reincarnation, 286, 287
Republic (Plato), 63, 277
Rhagae (Tehran), 215, 217
Rhambacia, 292
Rheomithres, 119
Rhodes, 133
Rhoesaces, 81
Rock, the (fortress), 101
Rome, 304–5, 314–15, 323, 327
Roxane, 259–60, 261, 307, 318, 320, 321–22, 325
Sabaces, 119, 145
Sacae, 170
Sacesinians, 170
Sacred Band of Thebes, 11, 12, 29–30
Sacred War, 22
Sagalassus, 103
Sahara desert, 151
Salamis, battle at, 115
Salmoxis (god), 53
salt, 103, 156
Samaria, 164, 165
Samaritans, 163–65
Samarkand, 242, 246, 247–48, 251
Sambus, King, 288
Samnites, 305
Samothrace, 15–16
Sangala, 277
Saqqara, step pyramid of, 146
Sardanapalus, King of Assyria, 113
Sardis, 84–86, 97
sarissa (spear), 12–13, 78, 170
Satibarzanes, 226, 228–29
satrap, 71–72, 82–83
Satropates, 173
Scylax of Caria, 304
Scythia, Scythians, 53, 70, 170, 196, 242–43, 246–47, 249, 305, 315
Sea People, 144
Seleucus, 307, 321, 322–23, 324
Selge, 103
Semiramis, Queen of Babylon, 186, 291
Septuagint, 326
Serbonis, Lake, 142
Seres (silk people), 270
Shahnameh, 325
Shamash (god), 187
Sicily, 305
Siddhartha Gautama, 286
Side, 102
Sidon, 128, 129, 133, 135
silphium, 154
Siphnus, 124
Sisines (Persian agent), 99, 100
Sisyngambris (Darius’s mother), 121, 195–96, 198–99, 320
Siwa oasis, 144, 151–58, 160, 278, 312–13
Spring of the Sun at, 156
snow blindness, 236
Socrates, 8, 25, 31, 287, 322
Sogdiana, 170, 221, 238–51, 252, 301
mountain fortresses of, 258–59
rebellion of, 245–51
Sogdian Rock, 258–59, 267
Soli, 113, 114, 122, 133
Sopheithes, King, 277
Sophocles, 31, 83
Spain, 305, 315
Sparta, 5, 8, 10, 20, 31, 48, 82, 124, 139, 160, 209, 277
Memnon’s overtures to, 104–5
Persian alliance of, 124–25
in Persian Wars, 6, 70
revolt by, 165, 181–82
Spearmen of the Golden Apples, 182
spice trade, 149
Spitamenes, 238, 241, 243, 244–45, 246, 247–48, 249–51, 252, 254, 255
death of, 256–57
Spithradates (Lydian satrap), 77, 81
Spring of the Sun, 156
Stagira, 24, 25
Stateira, 307, 321
Stephanus, 184
steppes, 240
Strife (goddess), 251
Strymon valley, 28
Suez, Gulf of, 149
Sumer, 192
Susa, 32, 84, 180, 192–96, 204, 205, 209, 301, 303, 305–6, 307
palace of, 193–95
treasure from, 194, 209
Susia, 226
suttee ritual, 277
Swat valley, 267
synedrion, 31
Syracuse, 137
Syria, 109, 110, 114–15, 125–26
Syrmus, Triballi king, 51, 55
Syrphax, 88
Takrit, 184
Taprobane, 270
Tapurians, 116
Tarsus, 109–10, 115, 320
Persian mint at, 112
Taulantians, 56, 57–59
Tauriscus, 114
Taurus Mountains, 109
Taxila, 266, 270–71, 273, 286
Telmessus, 98
Temenus, 6
Tempe, Vale of, 2, 46
Tenedos, 105, 150
Termessus, 102–3
Thais, 213
Thalestris, 224–25
Thapsacus, 168
theater, Greek, 166–67
Thebes, 2, 22, 152
army of, 10–11
Athenian alliance with, 29
battle of Chaeronea and, 29–30
Cadmeia of, 60–61, 64
destruction of, 64–65, 66, 76
in rebellion against Alexander, 46–47, 60–67
Thebes (Egypt), 147
Theodectes, 99
therapy by opposites, 111
Thermopylae, 22, 46
Thermopylae, battle of, 2, 18, 70, 105, 181, 209
Thespiae, 62
Thessalonica, 15
Thessalonica (Philip’s daughter), 15
Thessalus (actor), 35, 36, 166–67
Thessaly, 2, 3, 15, 20, 46, 73, 104, 216
Thrace, 4, 7, 11, 12, 20, 28, 50, 73, 134, 321
rebellion in, 181
Thymondas, 105
tides, 289
Tigris River, 167, 168, 169, 171, 183, 184, 192, 290
Timocleia, 65
Timolaus, 60
Tiridates, 203, 205
Tomerus River, 298
tourism, 88
trade, 149
Tralles, 88
Triballi, 50–55, 60, 221
Trojan War, 73–74, 89, 114, 127, 144, 251
Troy, 74–76, 86, 140, 212
Tutankhamun, Pharoah, 144
typhoid fever, 320
tyranny, 63
Tyre, 165
Tyre, siege of, 128–33, 135–39, 149, 155, 164, 185
Tyriespis, 266
Uruk, 192
Utnapishtim, 192–93
Uxians, 197–99, 314
Vedas, 286
Vergina, 2, 7, 36
“War Song of Dinas Vawr, The” (Peacock), 329
weaving, 195–96
whales, 299–300
women, 207, 212, 225
Xandrames, King of Gandaridae, 278
Xanthus River, 98
Xenophon, 53–54, 83, 109, 114, 115
Xerxes, Great King of Persia, 70, 74, 75, 188, 194, 209, 213, 240
Zagros Mountains, 193, 215, 314
Zariaspa, 250–51
Zeleia, 77, 83
Zeus (god), 68, 74, 83, 107, 112, 122, 191, 237, 287
Zeus-Ammon, oracle of, 144, 151–58, 278, 312–13
Zoroaster, 71
Zoroastrians, 325