Apollo (god), 22
Apollodorus, 191
Apollophanes, 298
Arabia, 167, 303, 317
Arabis River, 297
Arabitae, 291, 296
Arachosia, 170, 229
Aral Sea, 224, 242
Araxes River, 203
Arbela, 173, 182, 183
Arcadia, 61, 66
Archelaus, King of Macedonia, 8
Argaeus, 11
Argos, 1, 6, 61, 86
Ariobarzanes (satrap), 199–203, 205
Aristander of Telmessus, 16, 98, 100, 140–41, 153, 172, 176, 200, 246, 254
Aristarchus of Samos, 327
Aristobulus, 108, 282, 302
Aristogiton, 194
Ariston, 172–73, 178
Aristonicus, 250–51
Aristonicus of Methymna, 150
Aristotle, 6, 24–26, 31, 55, 73, 82, 89, 99, 108, 121, 264, 313, 322
Armenians, 116
Arrhidaeus, 15, 35, 321, 322
Arrian, 60, 62, 63, 79, 91, 100, 149, 158, 214, 239, 257, 290, 291, 294, 296
Arsames (Cilicia satrap), 77, 109–10
Arsites (Hellespont satrap), 77, 82
Artabazus, 19, 224, 234, 238
Artaxerxes II, Great King of Persia, 194
Artaxerxes III, Great King of Persia, 3, 32, 145, 216
Artaxerxes IV, Great King of Persia, 32, 34, 124, 307
Artemis (goddess), 17, 87
Aryans, 286
Arybbas, King of Epirus, 15–16
Asander, 86, 87
Asclepiodorus, 191
Asclepius, 284, 312
Ashoka, 324
Ashur, 184
Asia Minor, 47, 98
Greek cities of, 32
Aspendus, 101–2
Assyria, 184
Assyrian Empire, 113, 187–88
astronomy, 190–91
Astyages, King of Media, 69–70
Atar (Persian god), 71
Athena (goddess), 74, 83, 122
Athenodorus, 166–67
Athenophanes, 184
Athens, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 28–31, 37, 44, 104, 124, 181, 214, 224
Athenodorus fined by, 167
destruction of, 70, 209
Memnon’s overtures to, 104–5
navy of, 67
in Persian Wars, 6, 7, 70
and Philip’s expansion, 20–21, 22
in rebellion against Alexander, 46, 47, 60, 61, 66–67
statues returned to, 194
temple of Ammon in, 152
Theban alliance of, 29
Atizyes, 119
Attalus, 33, 34, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45
Audata, 14, 57
Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 327
Autariatae, 56–57
Avaris, 146
Azemilcus, King of Tyre, 129
Baal, 112
Babylon, 70, 71, 116, 167, 169, 180, 183–85, 186–92, 196, 204, 205
Alexander’s appointments in, 191–92
Chaldeans in, 190–91
creation myths of, 191
ill omens upon Alexander’s entrance to, 315–17
Ishtar Gate of, 186, 188
Ishtar temple in, 189–90
Persian treatment of, 188
as planned city, 187
temple of Bel-Marduk in, 187
Bacchae (Euripides), 8
Bactria, 170, 196, 214, 218, 220–60, 280, 301
Bagisthanes, 217
Bagoas (Alexander’s lover), 223, 295, 303
Bagoas (grand vizier), 32, 34, 216
Bahariya, oasis of, 159
Balacrus, 122
Barcani, 116
Bardylis, King of Illyria, 11, 13–14, 56
Barsaentes, 218
Barsine (Memnon’s wife), 92, 124, 224, 321, 322
Batis, 140, 141
Bazira, 267
Bedouins, 141
Bel-Marduk (god), 187, 188–89, 315
Beqa’a valley, 134
Berytus (Beirut), 128
Bessus (satrap of Bactria), 170, 176, 178, 182, 183, 221, 222, 226, 228, 229, 236, 238, 240, 249
arrest and death of, 241–42, 243
Darius arrested by, 217–19, 223
scorched-earth policy of, 237, 238
Bibacta, 296
Bisthanes, 215–16
bitumen, 183–84
Black Cleitus, 18, 272
Alexander’s murder of, 251–55, 260
in battle of the Granicus, 80, 81
Black Sea, 224, 244, 305
Brahmins, 288
Branchidae, 94, 160, 240–41
bravery, 55
Bucephalas (horse), 22–24, 68, 81, 88, 177, 275
theft of, 225–26
Buddhism, 286
Byblos, 127–28
Cabiri, 15
Cadusians, 170
Calaenae, 103–4
Calanus, 287, 306
Calas, 82–83, 99, 109
calendars, 3
Callines, 310
Callisthenes, 73, 100, 147, 180, 254, 264–65
arrest and execution of, 265
Callixeina, 27
Cambyses, Great King of Persia, 70, 142, 144, 146, 147
camp followers, 167–68, 293
Cappadocia, 109
caravans, 140
Caria, 35–36, 92–97, 113, 121
Carmania, 295–96, 301
Carthage, 130, 132, 137, 154–55, 304, 314
Caspian Gates, 215, 216, 217, 218
Caspian Sea, 223–24, 249
Cassander, 26, 311, 319, 321, 322
catapults, 59, 247
Cathaeans, 277
cats, veneration of, 143
Cebalinus, 231
Celts, 55–56, 315
Cetriporis, King of Thrace, 20
Chaeronea, battle of, 29–30, 31, 60, 65, 111
Chalcidic Confederacy, 20
Chalcidice, peninsula of, 3, 20
Chaldeans, 190–91, 192, 290
Chandragupta, Mauryan emperor, 323–24
Charidemus, 67, 106
chariots, scythed, 178
Chios, 104, 125, 150–51
exile of rulers of, 151
Choaspes River, 194
Chorasmians, 249
Chortacana, 226, 228–29, 231
Christianity, 327–28
Cilicia, 109–10, 112, 114–22, 140
Cilician Gates, 109
Cilluta, 289
Cleander, 135, 233
Cleitus, King of Illyria, 56, 57–59
Cleomenes, 161
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, 323
Cleopatra (Attalus’s niece), 33–34, 40, 42
Cleopatra (Philip’s daughter), 36–37, 41
Code of Hammurabi, 187
Coenus, 97, 250, 251, 255, 273, 279, 281
Corinth, 47–49, 287
Cos, 97, 113, 150
Cosseans, 314
Craterus, 8, 198, 202, 223, 228, 229, 231, 232, 251, 274, 275, 281, 289, 290, 296, 307, 310–11, 313, 322
in battle of the Granicus, 80
Crenides, 20
Critodemus, 284
crocodiles, 143
Croesus, King of Lydia, 70, 85, 87
Cronos (god), 191
crucifixion, 138
cuneiform script, 190, 193
Curtius, 257
Cyna, 57
Cyndus River, 109, 110, 320
Cyprus, 133–34, 166
Cyrene, 152, 154–55, 304
Cyropolis, 245–46
Cyrus, Great King of Persia, 69–70, 85, 142, 193, 197, 204, 210, 247, 291
tomb of, 210–11, 302–3
Damascus, 122–23, 124
Dandamis, 287
Daniel (biblical figure), 193
Daniel, book of, 325–26
Dante, 328
Danube River, 52–53, 240
darics, 194
Darius I, Great King of Persia, 53, 54, 70, 72, 94, 205, 269, 304
Darius I
II, Great King of Persia, 34, 70, 85, 92, 99, 105–6, 111, 112, 152–53, 169, 196, 198, 211, 280, 325, 329
Aegean naval offensive of, 129, 139, 150–51
Alexander’s insulting letter to, 127
arrest of, 217–19, 223
battle at Issus and, 114–22, 125, 135
battle of Gaugamela and, 173–80
death of, 219, 220–21
death of wife of, 167
defeat predicted for, 160
at Ecbatana, 214–16
execution of Charidemus by, 106
family brought on campaign by, 116–17
flight after Gaugamela of, 182–83, 185, 192
military changes made by, 169–70
peace overtures made by, 126–27, 139–40
Susa palace of, 193–94
treasury of, 122–24
see also Persian Campaign of Alexander
Dascylion, 83
Delphi, 22, 34, 49, 85, 94, 201, 251
Demades, 66–67
Demaratus of Corinth, 35, 81, 209
Demeter (goddess), 66
Democritus, 50
Demosthenes, 21, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30, 44, 46, 47, 60, 61, 66–67, 295, 322
Derbices, 116
Derdas, 244
Didyma, 160, 240
Dimnus, 231
Diodorus, 62, 63, 79, 101, 225
Diogenes the Cynic, 48–49, 287
Dion, 2, 23, 68
Dionysus (god), 77, 166, 268, 316
divination, 191
Doloaspis, 181
Domai, 297
Dorian Greeks, 92
Drangiana, 229, 234
Drypetis, 307
Dudyma, oracle of Apollo at, 93–94
dyes, purple, 131
dysentery, 247
Ecbatana, 182, 183, 204, 214–15, 216, 230, 232–33, 311–13
Egypt, 32, 70, 71, 125, 142, 143–62, 185, 188, 321, 323
Alexander’s government in, 161
Alexander’s treatment of priests in, 146
pyramids of, 147–48
religion of, 144
Sea People attack on, 144
statues of Alexander in, 147
Elaeus, 73
Elam, 193
Elatea, 29
Elburz Mountains, 217, 223
Elephantine, 151
elephants, war, 170, 176, 180, 266, 272, 275, 305, 324
Eleusis, 66
Elis, 61
Elpines, 3
engineers, 13, 73
Enkidu, 192
Epaminondas, 10
Ephesus, 47–48, 87–89
temple to Artemis in, 17, 87, 88
Epirus, 15–16, 34
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 327
Erigyus, 36, 45, 100, 234
Erythrae, 160
Esther (biblical figure), 193
Ethiopia, 147, 314
Euphrates River, 54, 144, 167, 168, 169, 184, 186, 187, 192, 266
Euripides, 8, 42, 83, 253–54, 315
Europa, 34
Eurydice, 9
Fertile Crescent, 167
frankincense, 140
Gandaridae, 278
Ganges River, 270, 278, 279, 305, 309
Gara Oasis, 155
Gates (pass), 114, 117, 123, 125
Gaugamela, battle of, 173–80, 182, 184, 191, 199, 221, 226
Gaul, 55
Gaza, 140–41
Gaza (Sogdiana), 245
Gedrosian desert, 289, 291–94, 298–99, 300, 301, 305
Gerizim, Mount, 163
Germany, 55
Getae, 53–55
Gilgamesh, 192–93
ginger grass, 292
Giza, great pyramids of, 144, 147–48, 190
Glaucias, King of the Taulantians, 56, 57–59
Glaucias (physician), 312
Glaucus, 182
gold, 140
Gordian knot, 107–8
Gordium, 97, 102–3, 104
Gordius, 107
Goshen, 146
Granicus, battle of the, 77–82, 91, 104, 109, 116, 117, 118, 165, 221, 252
Granicus River, 77
Greece, 321
alphabet of, 131
Danube trade of, 53
Italian colonies of, 305
language of, 5, 327–28
reaction to Alexander’s victory at Gaugamela in, 180–81
rebellion against Alexander by, 45–49, 59–67, 104–5
see also specific cities and places
gymnosophistai, 287
Haemus, Mount, 50
Halicarnassus, 92–97, 113, 124, 150
Mausoleum at, 89, 93
Hammurabi, 187
Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 190
Harmodius, 194
Harpalus, 36, 45, 114, 165–66, 216, 244, 281, 295, 322
Hatshepsut, Pharoah, 144
Hebrew language, 130
Hecataeus, 45
Hecatomnids, 92
Hector (Parmenion’s son), 161–62
Hector (Trojan hero), 74, 141, 192
Hegelochus, 150–51
Helen of Troy, 74, 212, 251
Heliopolis, 146, 148
Helios, 146
Hellespont, 74, 76, 105
Helmand River, 234–35
Hephaestion, 26, 75, 121, 128, 168, 180, 250, 264, 266, 268, 270, 273, 281, 292, 307
death of, 312–13
Hercules, 1, 5–6, 9, 74, 83, 112, 122, 129, 151, 165, 238, 268, 317
Hercules, Pillars of, 304
Hercules (Alexander’s son), 124, 321, 322
Hermias, 25
Hermocrates, 40
Hermolaus, 265
Hermus River, 84
Herodotus, 6, 7, 53, 70, 72, 83, 92, 130, 140, 142, 143–44, 148, 183, 186, 189, 223, 261, 269, 304, 324, 327
Hesiod, 52, 191
hetaira, 213
Himalayan mountains, 270
Hinduism, 286
Hindu Kush, 215, 234, 235–38, 239, 266, 270
Hippocrates of Cos, 111
Hittites, 84–85, 144
Homer, 18, 26, 83, 149, 192, 224, 300, 327
hoplites, 10–11, 12
Hormuz, Straits of, 296, 300
hubris, 153
human sacrifice, 57, 131
humors, 111
Hyacinthus (Athenian hero), 67
Hydaspes River, 272, 273–76, 280, 281–82
Hydraotes River, 277
Hyksos, 144
Hyphasis River, 278, 280, 288, 309
Hyrcania, 116, 170, 223–26, 234, 301, 305
Iasus, 94
Ichthyophagi (Fish Eaters), 292–93, 298–99
Illiad (Homer), 26, 141
Illyria, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13–14, 34
revolt of, 56–59
India, 140, 196, 244, 249, 257, 261–89, 301, 305
Alexander’s legacy in, 323–24
attack on Porus in, 273–76
earliest stories of, 269–70
monsoons in, 272–73, 290
plan to attack eastern, 276–77
weariness of army in, 278–79
Indian Ocean, 296, 304
Indus River, 236, 266, 268–70, 280, 288–89, 296
Iolaus, 311, 319
Ionians, 87
Isaiah (prophet), 69
Isis (goddess), 150
Iskandarnameh, 325
Isocrates, 31–32
Issus, battle of, 114–22, 125, 135, 137, 145, 169, 179, 221, 320
Ister see Danube River
Italy, 305, 314–15
Jains, 286
Jaxartes River, 224, 240, 242, 244, 251, 305
Jerusalem, 131, 139, 163, 326
Jews, 71, 131, 146, 163–64, 325–26
Jonah (biblical figure), 139
Joppa, 139
Josephus, 139
Julius Caesar, Emperor of Rome, 327
Kabul, 236
Kandahar, 235, 236, 289
Khawak Pass, 237�
��38, 265
Khyber Pass, 266
King Solomon’s temple, 131
Koran, 325
Lade, 90
Lampsacus, 76
Langarus, King of the Agrianians, 56–57
language, original, 143
Lanice (Alexander’s nurse), 18, 80, 133, 252
Laomedon, 26
lapis lazuli, 236
League of Corinth, 31–32, 37, 47–48, 65, 180
Lebanon, 125, 167
Lebanon, cedars of, 131
Leonidas, 18
Leonnatus, 121, 283, 292, 297–98
Leos (Athenian hero), 67
Lesbos, 25, 104, 150, 151
Leuctra, battle of, 10, 11
lunar eclipse, 171–72
Lycia, 201, 249
Lycon, 166
Lydia, 70, 84–85, 140, 229
Lysimachus, 19, 134–35, 225, 321
Lysippus, 82
Maccabees, 326
Macedonia, 2, 3–4, 321
divinity of royal house of, 32–33
foundation story of, 5–7
geography of, 3–5
Greek opinion of, 3, 5
Hellenization of, 8
language of, 5, 108
Philip’s rapid expansion of, 19–22
political maneuvering in, 33
resources of, 5, 8
sexual excess in, 27
succession struggles in, 8–9, 230
Madates, King of the Uxians, 197, 198, 199
Maedi, 28
Magarsa, 113–14
Magi, 17, 69, 70, 71, 302
Magnesia, 88
Mahavira, 286
malaria, 329
Malli, 282–86, 303
Mallus, 113–14, 133
Mandane, 69
Marathon, battle of, 70, 105, 127
Marathus, 126, 133
Mardi (Caspian tribe), 225–26
Mardi (Persepolis tribe), 212
Marmares, 101
marriage, 14
Marsyas, 26
mathematics, 190–91
Mausolus, 93
Mazaces, 145
Mazaeus (satrap of Babylon), 169, 179, 184–86, 191, 196, 217
Meander River, 89
Medea (Euripedes), 42
Media, 69–70, 116, 140, 170, 192, 204, 210, 211, 234, 311–12
medicine, Greek, 111
Mediterranean Sea, 289
Medius, 317, 319
Megalopolis, 181
Megasthenes, 324
Meleager, 97, 271–72, 320, 321
Melqart, festival of, 129
Memnon (Persian general), 19, 44, 77–78, 87, 91, 106, 124
Aegean actions of, 104–5
in battle of the Granicus, 80, 109
estates left inviolate by Alexander, 77
illness and death of, 105
made commander, 92
scorched-earth policy advised by, 78, 109
in siege of Halicarnassus, 92–97
Memnon (Thracian leader), 181
Memphis (Egypt), 146, 158, 159–60, 161
Apis bull at, 144, 146–47
Menander, 324
Menapis, 19
Menes, 144
Menon, 165
Mesopotamia, 54, 160, 163–96
Messenia, 316
Methone, 20
Midas, Gardens of, 6
Midas, King, 104, 107–8
Mieza, 26
Miletus, 89–91, 160, 241