the humble punch card itself: Card sales would account for almost a quarter of IBM’s net income in the two decades after 1930. Robert Sobel, I.B.M.: Colossus in Transition (New York: limes Books, 1981), p. 210.
became prohibitively expensive: DeLamarter, Big Blue, pp. 19-20.
superintendent of police in Burma: Shelden, p. 81.
a messaging system for ships: Edward Anton Doering, Federal Control of Broadcasting Versus Freedom of the Air (Washington, D.C., 1939), p. 4.
a factor of importance: Quoted in Ithiel de Sola Pool, Technologies of Freedom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983).
The military was interested too: My summary here is taken from R. H. Coase, “The Federal Communications Commission,” Journal of Law and Economics 2 (1959), and from Thomas W Hazlett, “The Rationality of U.S. Regulation of Broadcast Spectrum,” Journal of Law and Economics 33 (1990).
he sailed back to England: Shelden, p. 111.
and legitimize its monopoly: See Richard McKenna, “Preemption under the Communications Act,” Federal Communications Law Journal 37 (1985): 1, 8; Sen. Larry Pressler & Kevin V Schieffer, “A Proposal for Universal Service,” Federal Communications Law Journal 40 (1988): 351, 356; Robinson, “The Federal Communications Act,” pp. 6-7.
covers only that part which is profitable: Statement of Theodore Vail, Bell chairman, quoted in Gerald W Brock, The Telecommunications Industry: The Dynamics of Market Structure (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 158-159.
create a separate Federal Communications Commission: S. Doc. No. 244, 73d Cong., 2d sess. (1934).
had passed legislation: See Congressional Record, June 9, 1934, pp. 10,912,10,995.
into law on June 18: Congressional Record, June 9, 1934, p. 12, 451.
adequate facilities at reasonable charges: Communications Act of 1934, ch. 652, sec. 1, 48 Stat. 1064 (1934), (codified as amended at 47 U.S.C. sec. 151 (1988)). The new commission was to regulate radio as well as wire communications and, hence, replace the Federal Radio Commission established by the Radio Act of 1927, 44 Stat. 1162 (1927).
under his own name: Shelden, p. 165.
on the bodies of their enemies: Burmese Days, p. 14.
cards from anyone but IBM: DeLamarter, Big Blue, pp. 21-22.
crowded office environments: Hush-A-Phone, 20 F.C.C. 391 (1955); 238 F.2d 266 (D.C. Cir. 1956); on remand, 22 FCC. 112 (1957).
all foreign attachments: A typical such provision reads as follows: “NÒ equipment, apparatus, circuit, or device not furnished by the Telephone Company shall be attached to or connected with the facilities furnished by the Telephone Company, whether, physically, by induction or otherwise, except as provided in this tariff. In case any such unauthorized attachment or connection is made, the Telephone Company shall have the right to remove or disconnect the same; or to suspend the service during the continuance of said attachment or connection; or to terminate the service.” Jordaphone, 18 F.C.C. 644, 647 (1954).
for the Hush-A-Phone: Hush-A-Phone, 20 F.C.C, at 397.
talking in a low tone of voice: Hush-A-Phone, 20 F.C.C, at 398.
went up to the U.S. Supreme Court: DeLamarter, Big Blue, p. 22.
settled in a 1956 decree: DeLamarter, Big Blue, p. 23; Sobel, I.B.M., p. 142.
without being publicly detrimental: Hush-A-Phone, 238 F.2d 266, 269 (D.C. Cir. 1956).
and verse by the U.S. Supreme Court: Red Lion Broadcasting Co. Inc. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969).
Bell’s long-distance network: Richard H. K. Vietor, “AT&T and the Public Good: Regulation and Competition in Telecommunications, 1910-1987,” in Future Competition in Telecommunications, ed. Stephen P Bradley and Jerry A. Hausman (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1989), pp. 27, 52.
television network in 1948: Morton I. Hamburg, All About Cable, rev. ed. (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985), pp. 1-6.
domestic long-distance calls: John Brooks, Telephone: The First Hundred Years (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), p. 244.
on one substrate: See T. R. Reid, The Chip: How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984).
between St. Louis and Chicago: The following relies primarily on Peter Temin, The Fall of the Bell System (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987), pp. 47-54.
unique and special characteristics: Quoted in Temin, Bell System, p. 50.
limited common carriers: General Mobile Radio Serv. Allocation of Frequencies between 25 & 30 Megacycles, 13 F.C.C. 1190, 1228 (1949).
significant interest in both licenses: See Amendment of the Commission’s Rules, 98 F.C.C.2d 175, 218 (1984).
enjoyed by affiliates: See, e.g., An Inquiry into the Use of Bands 825-845 MHz & 870-890 MHz for Cellular Communications Systems, 86 F.C.C.2d 469, 495-496 (1981); Amendment of Part 21 of the Commission’s Rules with Respect to the 150.8-162 Mc/s Band to Allocate Presently Unassignable Spectrum to the Domestic Public Land Mobile Radio Service by Adjustment of Certain of the Band Edges, 12 F.CC.2d 841, 849-850 (1968), aff’d, sub nom. Radio Relay Corp. v. FCC, 409 F.2d 322 (2d Cir. 1969).
failed to recognize its importance: Regis McKenna, Who’s Afraid of Big Blue? How Companies Are Challenging IBM—and Winning (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1989), p. 18.
from $1.7 billion to $7.5 billion: DeLamarter, Big Blue, p. 349.
library of application programs: McKenna, Who’s Afraid of Big Blue?, p. 22.
three hundred meters into the air: 1984, p. 5.
to enter the computer business: In 1991 it purchases NCR, the former National Cash Register, where Tom Watson first learned how to sell business machines,
IBMs 3090, introduced in 1985: Intel, “The Next Revolution,” Business Week, September 26, 1988, p. 74. To be sure, a microprocessor, no matter how fast, is not a full working computer; a crude MIPS comparison somewhat overstates the advance of the microprocessor. But only somewhat.
a million dollar mainframe of the 1970s: Peter H. Lewis, “Chips for the Year 2,” New York Times, June 19, 1990, p. C8.
IBM shed 100,000 employees: “Deconstructing the Computer Industry,” Business Week, November 23, 1992, p. 90.
collapsed to $52 by years end 1992: “The End of I.B.M.’s Overshadowing Role,” New York Times, December 20, 1992, 3: 2.
the New York Times would announce “The End of I.B.M.’s Overshadowing Role”: New York Times, December 20, 1992, 3: 2.
and faster networked workstations: “The End of I.B.M.’s Overshadowing Role,” New York Times, December 20, 1992, 3: 2.
IBM’s advertising now declares: IBM advertisement, Forbes, November 23, 1992, p. 202.
were digitally switched: Vietor, “AT&T and the Public Good,” p. 52.
different media no longer hold: Pool, Technologies of Freedom, pp. 2627. A major study by Congress’s Office of Technology Assessment reached identical conclusions in 1990. “With digitalization all of the media become translatable into each other—computer bits migrate merrily—and they escape from their traditional means of transmission. A movie, phone call, letter, or magazine article may be sent digitally via phone line, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, microwave, satellite, the broadcast air, or a physical storage medium such as tape or disk.” Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Critical Connections (Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990), p. 50.
hundreds of color television signals: Although the present capacity is 24,000 simultaneous conversations, “[e]xperts suggest a theoretical carrying capacity of about 600 million [simultaneous] conversations.” Marshall Yates, “The Promise of Fiber Optics,” Public Utilities Fortnightly August 16, 1990, p. 14.
INDEX
Advertising, 89, 221, 222, 226, 313, 346
Aeroplanes, 57, 99, 298
Alexandria, 223
America, 90, 126, 238–39, 242, 244, 314, 350–52
Anarchy, 218
Animal Farm (Orwell), 34
Antisemitism, 316
Antitrust suits, 268, 269, 276, 278. Se
e also Monopoly
Apple Computer, 234, 240, 261, 278, 346
Armstrong, Martin, 357
Arts, 70, 74, 121, 122, 124, 226–27, 249, 306–7, 323, 328, 347
“As I Please” (Orwell), 255
Astor, David, 252
AT&T, 276, 278, 279
Atom bomb, 45, 99, 228, 237, 239, 290
Audion, 263, 265
Automobiles, 57, 224, 252
Bardeen, John, 271
Basic English, 225–26, 344
BBC, 9–10, 71–73, 100, 124, 221, 226, 252, 257, 291, 292, 308, 310, 345, 355–56, 357
Bell, Alexander Graham, 262
Bell Laboratories, 71, 270–72, 282–83
Bell System, 261, 263, 265, 267–73, 274–79, 282–83, 359
Betrayal, 3, 242–44, 311
Bible, 90–91, 246–47, 260, 354, 357
Big Brother: contrasted with capitalism, 221, 222
decay of socialism into, 218
and economic socialism, 250
and London life, 3
as memorable term, 2
power of, 4, 8, 9, 58, 247, 248
and telescreen, 23–25, 35, 43, 57, 58, 227, 237
Winston’s brainwashing into love of, 7
Blair, Eric, 9, 234, 255, 264, 265, 267, 268, 311. See also Orwell, George
Blair, Richard, 316
Blythe, Kenneth, 5, 6, 127, 255
Bombers, 35
Book-of-the-Month Club, 288
Books: cheaper books as advantage, 124, 337–38
collaboration in writing of, 255, 328
machine- written, 8–9, 257, 291
Bracken, Brendan, 9, 292
Brainwashing, 6–7
Brattain, Walter, 271
Brave New World (Huxley), 33, 58, 237
Breech-loading gun, 236
Britain. See England
British Empire, 225, 316
Broadcasting. See Radio
Television
Building Societies, 88
Bureaucrats, 124
Burgess, Anthony, 233, 292, 346
Burgess, Guy, 10, 292
Burma, 247, 252, 267, 349
Burmese Days (Orwell), 235, 246, 258, 291–92, 308, 325
Burnham, James, 55–57, 58, 302
Cable television, 234, 269, 282
Caliph Omar, 223
Capitalism: compared with power of law, 217
decline of, 55, 99–100, 124, 125, 226, 251
in early nineteenth-century America, 90
in England, 124
and fascism, 5, 88–89, 313
Lenin on, 269
and mechanical progress, 70–71, 99, 238, 343
and monopoly, 100, 220
Orwell’s hatred of, 88–89, 124, 219–20, 222, 226, 247, 251, 313
rentier capitalism, 249–50, 251, 355
as slavery, 121
telescreen as savior of, 226
versus centralized control, 224–25. See also Free market
Carterfone ruling, 273
CD-ROM, 280
Cellular telephone, 234, 274, 282–83
Censorship, 89, 90
Centralism, 101
Centralization, 44–45, 55–56, 89, 222, 224–25, 234
Centrex services, 275
Chaplin, Charlie, 297
Charrington, 67, 223, 243
Chesnut tree as metaphor, 318
Churchill, Winston, 225–26
Cinematograph, 72, 126, 226
Civil liberty, 121–22
Clergyman’s Daughter, A, 291, 353, 358
“Clink” (Orwell), 217
Coase, Ronald, 221–22, 225, 234, 250, 334, 342–43
Coaxial cable, 270, 271, 283, 284
Collectivism, 45, 99–101, 121–25, 220, 225, 234, 246, 250, 322, 353
Colonialism, 225, 316, 355
Coming Up for Air (Orwell), 34, 34–35, 56, 125–26, 358
Communications system. See Telecommunications
Communists, fear of, 238–39, 348–49
Community antenna television network, 271
Computer industry, 224, 261, 264–65, 268–269, 272, 274–80, 284
Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, 264
Connolly, Cyril, 10
Constitution of Liberty, The (Hayek), 218
Convergence, 220, 227, 282–84
Cooper, Duff, 9–10
“Cooper’s Snoopers,” 227
Corning, 238
Corporations, 225, 342
“Cost of Letters, The” (Orwell), 123–24
Crick, Bernard, 356
Crimethink, 23
Crossgates, 245–46, 248, 251–52
Cruise missile, 239
Dali, Salvador, 34, 35, 89, 222, 235, 241
Darkness at Noon (Koestler), 58
Darwin, Charles, 225
Data communications, 280–81
Death, thoughts on, 339, 340
Decentralization, 224–25, 228, 279
Declaration of Independence, 242n
Defoe, Daniel, 327
Democracy, 56, 90, 228
Democratic socialism, 89–91, 121, 125, 239, 250
Dial, of telescreen, 25
Dickens, Charles, 69, 235, 236, 294, 319, 348, 355
Dictatorship, 56. See also Totalitarianism Digital Equipment, 279
Digital switches, 281
Dirty crockery, Orwell’s essay on, 44, 99, 223
Dishwashing, 44, 99, 223
Dneiper dam, 35
Doublethink: frequency of occurrence of term, 24
on light, 318
in 1984, 2, 4, 24, 257
of Orwell, 122–27, 241–45, 252
and Orwell’s Revenge, 257
and review of Russell’s Power, 67–68
on socialism, 122–25
on success of J984, 233, 240
on telescreen, 222–28
Down and Out in Paris and London (Orwell), 268
Dreams, 320, 321
Duckspeak, 219
Ear trumpets, 24
Eastasia, 5–6, 68
Eavesdropping, 24
Eckert, J. Presper, 276
Economic justice, 218, 249–52
Education, 6, 56, 127, 228
Efficiency, 101, 250
Electromagnetic microphone, 262
Electronic switching, 271, 275–76, 281
England: class privilege in, 124
colonialism of, 225, 316, 344, 355
democratic socialism in, 90
Fascism in, 289–90
Labour Party in, 124, 227, 346
Ministry of Information in, 124, 225, 227, 292
need for decentralization in, 224
in 1984, 5–6, 24, 242, 290
Orwell on, 241–42, 244–45, 316, 323
Orwell’s prediction of losing World War II, 100–101, 301, 317
police force in, 334
privacy of London, 227
single-mindedness of, 248
and United States, 350–52
“England, Your England” (Orwell), 35, 69
English language. See Language
“English People, The” (Orwell), 224
ENIAC, 276
Equality and inequality, 70, 123, 218, 246–48, 249, 314
Eurasia, 5–6, 68, 239
Facecrime, 24
Fairchild Semiconductor, 272
Faraday, Michael, 262
Farming, demise of, 34
Fascism, 68, 88–89, 100, 234, 239, 289–90, 313, 347
Fax machine, 280
FCC. See Federal Communications Commission
Federal Communications Act of 1934, 267–68
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 267–69, 272–73, 276, 279, 283
Federal Radio Commission, 266–67, 360
Fiber-optic systems, 284
Film camera, 69
Films, 34, 44, 45, 55, 72, 124, 220, 222, 226, 237, 249, 297, 298
&n
bsp; Fonda, Jane, 43, 222
Forster, E. M., 58, 303–304, 357
Fragmentation, 279–83
France, 249
Free market: as the enemy, 121, 125–26, 246
and freedom, 249
Hayek on, 218–20
Orwell’s hatred of, 88–89, 221, 222, 245–46, 249, 257, 311
Orwell’s positive comments on, 125–27, 257–58. See also Capitalism
Freedom: and democratic socialism, 90, 121
in early nineteenth-century America, 90, 126
economic freedom, 249–50
and economic totalitarianism, 122
end of, 35
and equality, 57, 249
and machines, 57, 70
of the press, 89, 226, 300
and science, 68
of speech, 68, 218
of telescreen in private hands, 75, 126–27, 222–28, 239, 251
of thought, 125, 220, 239
Freedom Is Slavery, 5, 23, 127, 239–40, 245, 251
Friis, Harold T, 270
Gandhi, Mahatma, 244
Gangster-gramophone, 34–35
Gaulle, Charles de, 322, 355
General Electric, 276
Gin, occurrences of term in text, 24. See also Victory Gin
Goebbels, Joseph, 220, 223
Grammar, 218–19
Gramophone, 34–35, 44, 45, 55, 69, 220, 222, 223, 237, 296–97, 300
Great Dictator, The, 297
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 236, 348
Gutenberg Galaxy, The, 69
“Hanging, A” (Orwell), 258
Hayek, Friedrich, 218–20, 222, 234, 250–51, 310
Henson, Francis A., 235
History, falsification of, 3–4, 99, 223, 229, 260
Hitler, Adolf, 45, 56, 57, 90, 100–101, 121, 246, 289, 306, 314, 322, 329, 339, 355
Holden, Inez, 357
Hong Kong, 225
Hush-A-Phone, 268–69, 271, 272–73, 284
Huxley, Aldous, 33, 58, 221, 237
IBM, 261, 264, 268, 269, 272, 276–80, 359
Ignorance Is Strength, 5, 6, 23, 127, 238, 245
“Imaginary Interview with Jonathan Swift” (Orwell), 58, 235, 257
“In Front of Your Nose” (Orwell), 240
Industrialism, 44–45, 57, 307–08, 343. See also Machines Informers, 24
Ingsoc, 5, 68, 70, 250, 307
Inner Party, 5, 6, 25, 67
Inquisition, 57
Integrated circuit, 272, 278
Intel, 272, 279
International Business Machines. See IBM
Iron Heel, The (London), 58
Japan, 225
Jefferson, Thomas: 242, 242n, 244, 247