Jamaica ref1
James I, king of England (James VI of Scotland) ref1, ref2
James II, king of England: flight to France and exile ref1, ref2, ref3; Tory support for ref1; campaign in Ireland ref1; followers pardoned by William ref1; plots to restore ref1; orders rising against William ref1; and Peace of Ryswick ref1; death ref1; and exclusion crisis ref1; deposed ref1
Jefferson, Thomas ref1
Jeffrey, Francis, Lord ref1, ref2
Jena, battle of (1806) ref1
Jenkins, Captain Robert ref1
Jenner, Dr Edward ref1
Jervis, Sir John, earl of St Vincent ref1
Johnson, Samuel: conversation ref1; on impolite man ref1; and clubs ref1; on advertising ref1; investigates Cock Lane ghost ref1; on musicians ref1; background and career ref1; eccentric manner ref1; working method ref1; on Junius ref1; on innovation ref1; edits Shakespeare ref1; A Dictionary of the English Language ref1; The History of Rasselas ref1
Jonathan’s coffee house, London ref1
‘Junius’ (anonymous writer) ref1
‘Junto, the’ ref1
Kames, Henry Home, Lord ref1
Kay, Joseph ref1
Kersey, John: A New English Dictionary ref1
King, Charles: The British Merchant ref1
King, Tom ref1
Kit-Kat Club ref1, ref2
Kléber, General Jean–Baptiste ref1
Kneller, Sir Godfrey ref1
labour: factory conditions ref1, ref2; children ref1; women’s industrial ref1, ref2, ref3; and trade unions ref1, ref2; unity and power ref1; migration ref1; and development of social institutions ref1; class divisions ref1; farm ref1
Lancaster, Joseph ref1
Lancelot, Edward ref1
land: values and ownership ref1
la Roche, Sophie von ref1
Lecky, W. E. H.: on James Watt ref1; History of England in the Eighteenth Century ref1
Leeds ref1
Leicester Sisterhood of Female Handspinners ref1
Leipzig, battle of (‘battle of the nations’, 1813) ref1
Leopold I, Holy Roman emperor ref1, ref2
Lettsom, Dr John Oakley ref1
Levellers (sect) ref1
Licensing Act (1737) ref1, ref2
life expectancy ref1
lighting (public) ref1, ref2, ref3
Limerick, treaty of (1691) ref1
literature: style in early ref1th century ref1
Liverpool: commerce ref1; and slave trade ref1
Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd earl of ref1
living standards ref1, ref2
Lobo, Father Jerome: A Voyage to Abyssinia ref1
Locke, John ref1
Lombe, John and Thomas ref1, ref2
London: coffee-houses ref1, ref2; as cultural centre ref1; conditions ref1; earthquakes ref1; superstitiousness ref1; gin drinking ref1; theatres ref1; in Gordon riots ref1; timekeeping ref1; streetlighting ref1; see also clubs
London Chronicle ref1
London Corresponding Society ref1, ref2, ref3
London Courant ref1
London Evening Post ref1
London Journal ref1
London Police Magistrates ref1
London Society for Constitutional Information ref1, ref2
Lord Chamberlain ref1, ref2
lotteries ref1
Louis XIV, king of France: William III’s war against ref1, ref2, ref3; Whigs oppose ref1; declines to invade England ref1; recognizes William III as king ref1, ref2; and Spanish throne ref1; in War of Spanish Succession ref1, ref2; death ref1
Louis XV, king of France ref1, ref2
Louis XVI, king of France ref1, ref2
Louis XVIII, king of France ref1
Loutherbourg, Philip: Coalbrookdale by Night (painting) ref1
Luddites ref1, ref2, ref3
Lunar Society of Birmingham ref1, ref2, ref3
Lunéville, treaty of (1801) ref1
Luther, Martin: Preface to the Epistle of the Romans ref1, ref2
Lyttelton, George, 1st baron ref1
McAdam, John ref1
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, baron: on William’s campaign in Ireland ref1; criticizes Pitt the elder as war minister ref1; on impeachment of Warren Hastings ref1; on condition of working classes ref1; History of England ref1
MacKenzie, Henry: The Man of Feeling ref1
Macky, John: Remarks on the Characters of the Court of Queen Anne ref1
Macpherson, David: Annals of Commerce ref1
madness ref1
Madrid: Wellington occupies ref1
Maitland, William: The History of London ref1
Malmesbury, James Harris, 1st earl of ref1
Malplaquet, battle of (1709) ref1
Manchester ref1, ref2
manufacturing: beginnings ref1
Mar, John Erskine, 6th or ref1th earl of ref1
Marat, Jean Paul ref1, ref2
Marengo, battle of (1800) ref1
Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria ref1
Marine Society ref1
markets see fairs and markets
Marlborough House, London ref1
Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st duke of: shares command in Ireland ref1; plots to restore James II ref1; qualities and background ref1; appointed commander-in-chief ref1, ref2; dukedom ref1; military campaign in War of Spanish Succession ref1, ref2; Whigs support ref1, ref2; requests appointment as captain-general for life ref1; Steele supports ref1; in Lords ref1; accused of bribery and corruption ref1; dismissal and exile abroad ref1; plans defence of Hanover ref1
Marlborough, Sarah, duchess of: ridicules William III ref1; relations with and influence on Queen Anne ref1, ref2; loses favour with Anne ref1
Martin, John ref1
Mary II (Stuart), Queen of England: proclaimed joint sovereign ref1; coronation ref1; death ref1
Maryland: tobacco from ref1
Masham, Abigail ref1
Mather, Joseph ref1
Maton, William George ref1
medicine: satirized by Scriblerus Club ref1
Mehmet (George I’s servant) ref1, ref2
Memoirs of . . . Martinus Scriblerus, The ref1, ref2
Methodism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Metternich, Prince Clemens Lothar Wenzel ref1
Milton, John ref1
Ministry of All the Talents ref1, ref2
Minorca ref1, ref2
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de ref1, ref2
Molesworth, Squire ref1
Moniteur (journal) ref1
Montagu, Charles see Halifax, 1st earl of
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley ref1
Montcalm, Louis Joseph, marquis de ref1
Moore, Sir John ref1
More, Hannah ref1, ref2
More, Thomas: Utopia ref1
Moritz, Karl Philipp ref1, ref2
Morning Chronicle ref1
Morning Post ref1
Morris, Corbyn ref1, ref2
Morris, Gouverneur ref1
mortality rates ref1
Murray, Fanny ref1
museums and galleries: established ref1
music: concerts ref1
Mustafa (George I’s servant) ref1, ref2
Namur, siege and recapture (1695) ref1, ref2
Napier, Sir William ref1
Napoleon I (Buonaparte), emperor of the French: on religion ref1; and England as ‘nation of shopkeepers’ ref1; rise to command ref1; campaign in Italy ref1; as invasion threat ref1, ref2, ref3; coalitions against ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; as military leader ref1, ref2; expedition to Egypt ref1; territorial gains ref1; ambitions and wars ref1, ref2; appointed first consul for life ref1; resumes belligerency ref1; crowned emperor ref1; proposes peace negotiations to George III ref1; military successes and advance ref1, ref2; told of Trafalgar defeat ref1; aims to conquer Russia ref1, ref2; imposes Continental System (blockade) against Britain ref1, ref2; campaign in Iberian peninsula ref1; threatens to strip Britain of
overseas possessions ref1; Leipzig defeat and abdication (1814) ref1; defeat at Waterloo (1815) ref1; escapes from Elba and enters Paris ref1; final exile on St Helena ref1
Nash, Richard (‘Beau’) ref1
Nelson, Admiral Horatio, 1st viscount ref1, ref2, ref3
New Lanark ref1, ref2
New South Wales: as colony and penal settlement ref1
New York Gazette ref1
Newcastle Journal ref1
Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st duke of: qualities ref1; and execution of Byng ref1; coalition with Pitt the elder ref1; and Pitt’s commitment to war ref1, ref2; resigns ref1
Newcastle upon Tyne ref1
Newgate Prison ref1, ref2
newspapers: proliferation ref1
Newton, Sir Isaac ref1, ref2, ref3
Nine Years War (1689–98) ref1
non-jurors ref1
Norris, Admiral John ref1
North America: British war with France in ref1; taxed by British ref1, ref2, ref3; unrest ref1, ref2; Lord North abolishes taxes ref1; tea imports and tax ref1; ‘coercive’ (or ‘intolerable’) acts ref1; independence movement ref1; wins independence (1783) ref1, ref2; see also American War of Independence
North Briton (newspaper) ref1, ref2
North, Frederick, Lord (2nd earl of Guilford): heads government ref1, ref2; qualities ref1; coercive acts against America ref1; pessimism over war with America ref1, ref2; resigns ref1; arrangement with Fox ref1; and control of East India Company ref1
Northumberland, Elizabeth, duchess of (née Seymour) ref1
Nottingham ref1
novels ref1
Oakes (banker of Bury St Edmunds) ref1
Occasional Conformity Bill (1702) ref1
October Club ref1
O’Donoghue, Father ref1
Oldknow, Samuel ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Oliphant, Charles ref1
Onslow, Arthur ref1
opera ref1, ref2
Ormonde, James Butler, 2nd duke of ref1, ref2, ref3
Orwell, George: Nineteen Eighty–Four ref1
Owen, Robert ref1; A New View of Society ref1
Oxford, Robert Harley, 1st earl of: as Tory leader ref1, ref2; assassination attempt on ref1; and George I’s anger at British withdrawal from war ref1; in Scriblerus Club ref1; imprisoned in Tower ref1
Packwood, James ref1
Paget, Diana ref1
Paine, Thomas: on ‘declaratory act’ ref1; on Pitt the younger ref1; accused of seditious publication ref1; effigy burned ref1; ‘Common Sense’ ref1; The Rights of Man ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
painting ref1
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd viscount ref1
Paris: peace negotiations at end of American war (1783) ref1
Paris, treaty of (1763) ref1, ref2, ref3
Parker, Richard ref1
parliament: relations with William ref1, ref2; and Act of Settlement determining royal succession ref1; and land ownership ref1; condemns Sacheverell ref1; sovereign status ref1; corruption and bribery ref1; ends war with America (1782) ref1
Parr, Dr Samuel ref1
Pasquier, Étienne-Denis ref1, ref2
Pasteur, Louis ref1
patents ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Payne, Captain Jack ref1
Peasants’ Revolt (1381) ref1, ref2
Pelham, Henry ref1
Peninsular War ref1, ref2
Pepys, Samuel ref1
Perceval, Spencer ref1, ref2
Peterloo (1819) ref1, ref2
Petty, Sir William ref1
Philadelphia: congresses (1774) ref1, ref2
Philanthropic Society ref1
Philip V, king of Spain (earlier duke of Anjou) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
pin-making ref1
Pitt, William the elder (1st earl of Chatham): advocates war with Spain ref1, ref2; eloquence ref1; parliamentary career ref1; qualities ref1; George II’s enmity towards ref1; and prosecution of Seven Years War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; and capture of Guadeloupe ref1; George III’s animosity to ref1, ref2, ref3; and George II’s reliance on Bute ref1; resignation and pension ref1; relations with Grenville ref1; earldom ref1; incapacity and decline ref1, ref2; replaces Rockingham as head of government (1766) ref1
Pitt, William the younger: on trade ref1; George III offers government to and supports ref1, ref2; qualities ref1; gains and retains office as head of government ref1; wins 1784 election ref1; administration and policies ref1; financial measures ref1; and administration of India ref1; opposes slave trade ref1; on working children ref1; achievements ref1; and George III’s illness ref1; attitude to French Revolution ref1, ref2; Thomas Paine attacks ref1; alarm at French military actions ref1; and outbreak of 1793 war with France ref1; drinking ref1; ‘reign of terror’ ref1, ref2; and conduct of war against France ref1, ref2, ref3; wartime financial measures ref1; food shortages ref1; resigns (1801) ref1; resumes premiership (1803) ref1; rejects French peace proposals ref1; and Trafalgar victory ref1; health decline and death ref1; reaction to Austerlitz news ref1
Pius VII, pope ref1
Place, Francis: Autobiography ref1, ref2, ref3
plagues: absence ref1
Plassey, battle of (1757) ref1
pleasure gardens ref1
Poland: war of succession (1733–8) ref1; Napoleon in ref1
Political Register (Cobbett’s) ref1
Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, marquise de (Madame de Pompadour) ref1
Pontiac’s War (1763–66) ref1
poor, the: numbers and conditions ref1; and industrial work ref1, ref2; children ref1; physical condition ref1
Pope, Alexander: on Harley ref1; political writings ref1; and Scriblerus Club ref1, ref2; literary style ref1; satirizes Walpole ref1; The Dunciad ref1, ref2; An Essay on Criticism ref1; An Essay on Man ref1
population: growth ref1, ref2, ref3; urban ref1, ref2; internal migration ref1
Porson, Richard ref1
Port of London ref1
Porteous, Beilby, bishop of London ref1
porter (drink) ref1
Portland, William Bentinck, 1st earl of ref1
Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, 1st duke of ref1, ref2
Porto Bello, Panama ref1, ref2
Portugal: rebels against Napoleon ref1, ref2
Postlethwayt, Malachi: The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce ref1
pottery and china ref1
power: generation of ref1, ref2, ref3
Presbyterians ref1
press: freedom ref1, ref2; power ref1
Preston ref1
Prestonpans, battle of (1745) ref1
Pretyman, George ref1
Price, Richard ref1
prices see wages and prices
Priestley, Joseph ref1, ref2, ref3
professions ref1
prose: and plain disourse ref1
prostitutes ref1
Protestant Association ref1
Protestantism: and beginnings of industrialism ref1
Prussia: in coalitions against France ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; peace treaty with France ref1; dominates Holy Roman Empire ref1; Jena defeat ref1; and post-Napoleon settlement ref1; army at Waterloo ref1
Pryme, Abraham de la ref1
Public Advertiser ref1, ref2
Quakers: modesty ref1; industrialists ref1
Quebec ref1, ref2
Quiberon Bay, battle of (1759) ref1
Radcliffe, William: Origin of the New System of Manufacture ref1, ref2
ragged schools ref1
Rambler (journal) ref1
Ramillies, battle of (1706) ref1
Ranelagh Gardens, Chelsea ref1
Raynes, Francis ref1
Reach, Angus ref1
reading and the reading public ref1, ref2, ref3
Reflexions Upon the Moral State of the Nation (anon.) ref1
religion: and toleration ref1, ref2; and social class ref1; and rise of evangelicalism ref1;
of industrialists ref1; see also Methodism
Reynolds, Sir Joshua ref1, ref2
Rich, John ref1
Richardson, Samuel: and mail coaches ref1; Clarissa ref1; Pamela ref1
Rigby, Richard ref1
Riot Act (1715) ref1, ref2
riots and agitation ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
rivers: improvements ref1, ref2
roads: improvements ref1, ref2
Robespierre, Maximilien ref1, ref2
Robinson, Frederick ref1
Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd marquess of ref1
Roman Catholics see Catholics
Romanticism ref1, ref2, ref3
Rossbach, battle of (1757) ref1
Rowlandson, Thomas ref1
Royal Academy ref1
Royal Humane Society ref1
Royal Navy: supremacy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; unrest ref1
Royal Society: and agricultural improvement ref1, ref2; and clear discourse ref1; and scientific advancement ref1
Royal Society of Arts ref1
Russell, Richard: Dissertation upon the Use of Sea–Bathing ref1
Russia: in coalitions against Napoleon ref1, ref2, ref3; Napoleon aims to conquer ref1; Napoleon invades ref1; and downfall of Napoleon ref1
Ryswick, Peace of (1697) ref1, ref2
Sacheverell, Henry ref1, ref2
Sadler, Michael ref1
St Helena (island) ref1
St James Chronicle ref1
St James’s Weekly Journal ref1
Salte, Samuel ref1
Sancroft, William, archbishop of Canterbury ref1
Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th earl of ref1
Saratoga: British surrender at (1777) ref1, ref2
satire ref1, ref2, ref3
Saussure, César de ref1, ref2
Savery, Thomas ref1
Schomberg, Frederick Herman, duke of ref1
schools ref1
Schroeder, Samuel ref1
Schulenberg, countess Ehrengard Melusina von der, duchess of Kendal ref1
science: opposition to ref1; advances in ref1; popularization ref1
Scotland: favours Stuart succession ref1; union with England ref1, ref2, ref3; and Jacobite risings (1715) ref1; (1745) ref1
Scriblerus Club ref1, ref2
Scriblerus, Martin (imaginary author) ref1, ref2
seaside towns ref1
Sedley, Sir Charles ref1
sentiment ref1
Septennial Bill (and Act 1716) ref1, ref2