civil service ref1
civility ref1
Clapham Sect ref1
class (social): hierarchy and divisions ref1, ref2, ref3; and polite society ref1; and emulation ref1; see also gentry; middle class; poor, the
Clerk, Sir John (of Penicuik) ref1
Clive, Robert, 1st baron ref1
clubs ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14
coaches ref1
coal: in iron manufacture ref1; mining ref1; production ref1; as source of power ref1
Coalbrookdale, Shropshire ref1
Cobbett, William ref1, ref2
Cock Lane ghost ref1
Cockburn, Henry Thomas, Lord ref1
coffee-houses ref1, ref2
coinage: reformed by Newton ref1
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor: and Romanticism ref1, ref2; ‘The Ancient Mariner’ ref1; Biographia Literaria ref1; Lyrical Ballads (with Wordsworth) ref1
Collingwood, Admiral Cuthbert, 1st baron ref1
Combination Act (1721) ref1
combinations ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
common sense ref1, ref2
communications: improvements ref1
Compton, Spencer, 1st earl of Wilmington ref1
Concert of Ancient Music (society) ref1
Congregationalists ref1
Congreve, William: political writings ref1; plays ref1, ref2; club membership ref1; popularity ref1; The Double Dealer ref1; Love for Love ref1; The Old Bachelor ref1, ref2
consumer society and goods ref1, ref2
Continental System ref1
Convention (1689) ref1
conversation ref1
Conway, Henry Seymour ref1
Cook, Captain James ref1
Cooke, Thomas ref1
Cornwallis, General Charles, 1st marquess (and 2nd earl) ref1, ref2
Cornwallis, Admiral Sir William ref1
Corunna, battle of (1809) ref1
cottage industry ref1
cotton manufacture ref1, ref2, ref3
Courtauld, Samuel ref1
Cowper, Mary, countess (née Clavering) ref1
Cowper, William, 1st earl ref1
Cowper, William (poet) ref1
Craftsman, The (journal) ref1
crime rates ref1
Cromford, Derbyshire ref1
Crowley, Ambrose ref1
Crowley, Mr (City merchant) ref1
Crown (monarchical authority): relations with parliament ref1
Culloden, battle of (1746) ref1
Cumberland, George ref1
Cumberland, Prince William Augustus, duke of ref1, ref2
Daily Advertiser ref1
Dale, David ref1
Dalrymple, Sir Hew ref1
Darby family ref1
Darby, Abraham, the elder ref1, ref2, ref3
Dartmouth (ship) ref1
Darwin, Erasmus: on Albion Mill ref1; The Economy of Vegetation ref1
Davenant, Charles: Two Discourses on the Public Revenues and Trade of England ref1
Davy, Humphry ref1, ref2
Declaration of Independence (USA) ref1
Dee, Dr John ref1, ref2
Defoe, Daniel: on power of parliament ref1; on social class ref1; literary style ref1; on printed cotton fabrics ref1; on Durham Catholics ref1; on manufacturing enterprises ref1; on domestic manufacturing ref1; on poor roads ref1; on working children ref1; on English prosperity ref1; The Complete English Tradesman ref1; An Essay upon Projects ref1; Moll Flanders ref1; Robinson Crusoe ref1, ref2; A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Defour, Judith ref1
Desaguliers, John Theophilus ref1
Devonshire, William Cavendish, 4th duke of ref1
Dibdin, Charles: on durability of iron bridge, Shropshire ref1; Musical Tour ref1
Dickens, Charles: Hard Times ref1; The Old Curiosity Shop ref1, ref2; The Pickwick Papers ref1
dictionaries ref1
Diggers (sect) ref1
disease ref1
Disraeli, Benjamin ref1
dissenters (non-conformists): and money ref1; and occasional conformity ref1; Sacheverell attacks ref1; ‘Old’ ref1, ref2; sects ref1; and beginnings of industrialism ref1; as industrialists ref1; in Birmingham ref1; see also Methodism
‘Distilled Spirituous Liquors: The Bane of the Nation’ (pamphlet) ref1
divine right of kings ref1, ref2
Doddridge, Philip ref1
Dodington, George Bubb ref1
Dolben, Sir William ref1
domestic interiors and furnishings ref1
Dominica ref1
Dryden, John ref1
Dumont, Etienne ref1
Duncan, Admiral Adam, viscount ref1
Dundas, Henry (1st viscount Melville) ref1, ref2
Dunkirk: proposed demolition ref1; in war with France (1793) ref1
Dyer, John: ‘The Fleece’ (poem) ref1
earthquakes ref1
East India Company: trade ref1; power ref1, ref2; imports tea into America ref1; government control of ref1, ref2
Eden, William ref1, ref2
Edinburgh Review ref1
Edison, Thomas ref1
education ref1
Edwin, Sir Humphrey ref1
Egmont, John Perceval, 1st earl of ref1, ref2
Egypt: Napoleon’s campaign in ref1
Elba (island): Napoleon exiled to ref1
Elisabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine ref1
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia (‘the Winter Queen’) ref1
emotionalism ref1
enclosure (land) ref1
Encyclopaedia Britannica ref1, ref2, ref3
Engels, Friedrich: ‘The Condition of England’ ref1; The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 ref1
England (and Britain): party divisions ref1, ref2, ref3; war with France (1689) ref1, ref2, ref3; financial strength ref1, ref2, ref3; peace treaty with France (1697) ref1; union with Scotland ref1, ref2; peace with France (1711–13) ref1; trade and industry ref1, ref2; in War of Austrian Succession ref1; Seven Years War against France (1756–63) ref1, ref2, ref3; war with Spain (1762) ref1; conditions at end of Seven Years War ref1; taxation ref1; disaffection and riots ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; industrial revolution ref1; and American War of Independence ref1; National Revival movement ref1; urbanization ref1; naval supremacy and domination of sea ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; reaction to French Revolution ref1, ref2; constitutional and parliamentary reform movement ref1, ref2; war with France (1793–8) ref1, ref2, ref3; treason charges fail (1793) ref1; price rises in Napoleonic wars ref1; food shortages ref1, ref2, ref3; popular actions against war ref1; belief in liberty ref1; invasion threat from France ref1, ref2, ref3; war taxes ref1; union with Ireland (1801) ref1, ref2; differences over negotiating with France ref1; peace treaty with France (1802) ref1; army recruitment against Napoleon ref1; resumes war against France (1803) ref1; and Napoleon’s Continental System ref1; and downfall of Napoleon ref1; as great power ref1
Enlightenment, the ref1
enthusiasm (religious) ref1
epidemics ref1
Eton College: party factions ref1
Etruria (pottery) ref1
Evelyn, John (diarist) ref1
Evelyn, Sir John (investor) ref1
Examiner (Swift’s journal) ref1
excise: duties resisted ref1
Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds ref1
Eylau, battle of (1807) ref1
factories ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Fairbairn, Sir William ref1
fairs and markets ref1
Farmers’ Journal, The ref1
Farmer’s Magazine, The ref1
farms: size increase ref1
Farquhar, Sir Walter ref1, ref2
fashion ref1
Female Tatler (journal) ref1
Fenton, Lavinia (duchess of Bolton) ref1
F
erdinand, Prince of Brunswick ref1
Ferguson, Adam ref1
Ferriar, Dr (of Manchester) ref1
fiction ref1
Fielding, Henry: on effect of growth of commerce ref1; as playwright ref1; ‘An Enquiry into the Causes of the late Increase of Robbers’ ref1, ref2; The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great ref1; Tom Jones ref1
Fiennes, Celia ref1
Firth, Mrs (grocer’s widow) ref1
Fishguard Bay, Pembrokeshire ref1
Fitzherbert, Maria ref1
flower pot plot, the (1692) ref1
Fontainebleau: peace negotiations (1762) ref1
Foote, Samuel: The Nabob ref1
Fordyce, James ref1
Fox, Charles James: gambling ref1; attacks George III over American war ref1; qualities ref1, ref2; arrangement with Lord North ref1; George III’s animosity towards ref1; and control of East India Company ref1; loses 1784 election ref1; opposes Pitt the younger ref1; on governing India ref1; and impeachment of Warren Hastings ref1; supports George Prince of Wales’s right to throne ref1; supports revolutionary France ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; condemns execution of Louis XVI ref1; Whigs abandon to support Pitt ref1; withdraws in war with France ref1; and treaty of Amiens (1802) ref1; on death of Pitt the younger ref1; serves as foreign secretary in Ministry of All the Talents ref1
France: war with England (1689) ref1, ref2, ref3; in War of Spanish Succession ref1, ref2; famine and shortages ref1; peace negotiations and treaty with England (1711–13) ref1; and Jacobite rising (1715) ref1; in War of Austrian Succession ref1; fails to support 1745 Jacobite rising ref1; in Seven Years War with Britain (1756–63) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; invades Hanover (1757) ref1; driven from India ref1; loses Canada ref1; North American territory ref1; revolution (1789) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; supports America in War of Independence ref1, ref2, ref3; and Treaty of Paris (1783) ref1; European wars ref1; urges rising in other European countries ref1; war against England (1793–8) ref1, ref2, ref3; attempts invasion of Ireland and Wales ref1; threatens invasion of England ref1, ref2; peace treaty with England (1802) ref1; resumes war against Britain (1803) ref1; successes in Napoleonic wars ref1, ref2; Britain imposes blockade on ref1; in Peninsular War ref1, ref2; surrenders (1814) ref1; peace settlement (1814) ref1; see also Napoleon I (Buonaparte), emperor
Francis II, Holy Roman emperor ref1
Franklin, Benjamin ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Frederick II (the Great), king of Prussia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Frederick, prince of Wales ref1, ref2
Frederick William III, king of Prussia ref1
Freeholder (journal) ref1
French Revolution (1789) see France: revolution
Friedland, battle of (1807) ref1
Fuller, Thomas: Gnomologia ref1
Fuseli, Henry ref1
Gage, General Thomas ref1
gambling ref1
Garraway’s coffee house, London ref1
Garrick, David ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
gaslight ref1, ref2, ref3
Gay, John: in Scriblerus Club ref1; on commerce ref1; background ref1; The Beggar’s Opera ref1, ref2
Gentleman’s Magazine ref1
gentry (landed) ref1, ref2
George I, king of Great Britain (George Ludwig of Hanover): as claimant to throne ref1, ref2; anger at British withdrawal from war ref1; succeeds to throne ref1; qualities ref1; and Jacobite rising (1715) ref1; hates son George Augustus ref1; returns to Hanover ref1; hold assemblies and public functions ref1 ref1; achievements ref1; death ref1, ref2; statue ref1
George II, king of Great Britain (earlier prince of Wales): hated and restricted by father ref1; relations with Robert Walpole ref1, ref2, ref3; accession ref1, ref2; civil list ref1; thwarts Tories ref1; appearance and qualities ref1; visits to Hanover ref1; opposed by son Frederick ref1; declares Hanover neutral (1741) ref1; death and succession ref1; feud with grandson George III ref1
George III, king of Great Britain: accession ref1; hatred of war and Pitt the elder ref1, ref2; principles ref1; reliance on Bute ref1; relations with political parties ref1; welcomes Pitt the elder’s resignation ref1; illnesses and madness ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; dislikes Grenville ref1, ref2; Wilkes attacks ref1; and American War of Independence ref1, ref2; and end of war with America ref1; popularity ref1; hatred of Fox ref1; supports Pitt the younger ref1, ref2; visits industrial sites ref1; praises Burke for denouncing French Revolution ref1; carriage mobbed in bread riots ref1; resists union with Ireland ref1; opposes Catholic emancipation ref1, ref2; urges measures against Napoleon ref1; considers accommodation with Napoleon ref1; on continuing struggle against Napoleon ref1; anger at French withdrawal from Portugal ref1
George, Prince of Denmark ref1, ref2
George, prince of Wales (later Prince Regent and King George IV): enmity towards Pitt the younger ref1; and father’s illness ref1, ref2; hopes for regency ref1; qualities ref1; made regent ref1
Gerverot, Louis Victor ref1
Gibbon, Edward: on Gordon riots ref1; on Sheridan ref1; The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ref1
Gibraltar ref1
Gillray, James ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
gin ref1
Gin Act (1736) ref1
Glorious First of June (1794) ref1
Glorious Revolution (1689) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Godwin, William ref1, ref2
Goethe, J. W. von ref1
Goldsmith, Oliver ref1
Gordon, Lord George: instigates riots (1780) ref1
Gorée (island), Senegal ref1
Grafton, Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd duke of ref1, ref2
Graham, Dr James ref1
Grattan, Henry ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Graves, Richard: Columella ref1
Gray, Thomas: ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’ ref1
Great Britain: formed ref1; see also England
Grenville, George ref1, ref2, ref3
Grenville, James ref1
Grenville, William ref1, ref2
Guadeloupe ref1
Habeas Corpus Act: suspended (1793) ref1
Habsburg dynasty: and War of Austrian Succession ref1; see also Holy Roman Empire
Haddock, Admiral Nicholas ref1
Hague, The: treaty of (1720) ref1
Halford, Sir Henry ref1
Halifax, Charles Montagu, 1st earl of: financial expertise ref1; establishes Bank of England ref1; currency reform ref1
Halifax, George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd earl of ref1
Halifax, George Savile, marquess of ref1
Handel, George Frideric: Judas Maccabeus ref1
Hanover: George I revisits ref1; George II visits ref1; mercenary troops serve British army ref1; French invade (1757) ref1
Hanoverian succession: effected ref1, ref2, ref3; unpopularity ref1
Harcourt, Simon, 1st viscount ref1
Hardy, Admiral Sir Charles ref1
Hardy, Thomas (shoemaker) ref1, ref2, ref3
Hare, Francis, bishop of Chichester ref1
Hargreaves, James: spinning jenny ref1
Harley, Robert see Oxford, 1st earl of
Harris, Revd John ref1
Harrison, John (chronometer maker) ref1
Harvard university ref1
Hastenbeck, battle of (1757) ref1
Hastings, Warren: impeachment and acquittal ref1
Hawkin and Dunn (coffee merchants) ref1
Hawkins, Sir John ref1
Haydn, Joseph ref1
Hayes, John ref1
Haymarket theatre, London ref1
Healy, Joseph ref1
Hegel, G. W. F. ref1, ref2
Heginbotham, Henry ref1
Hermes Trismegistus ref1
Hervey, John, baron of Ickworth ref1, ref2, ref3
Hess: mercenary troops serve British army ref1, ref2, ref3
Heyrick, Elizabeth ref1
Hobbes, Thomas ref1
Hobhouse, John Cam ref1
Hobsbawm, E. J.:
Industry and Empire ref1
Hoffmann, Johann Philipp ref1
Hogarth, William: on line of beauty ref1, ref2; paints scene from The Beggar’s Opera ref1, ref2; depicts London turmoil ref1; background and influence ref1; membership of St Martin’s Lane academy ref1; individuality ref1; caricatures Wilkes ref1; ‘Beer Street’ (print) ref1; Gin Lane (print) ref1, ref2; The Sleeping Congregation (print) ref1
Holland: alliance with England in War of Spanish Succession ref1, ref2, ref3; French invade (1793) ref1; falls to French (1795) ref1
Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd baron ref1, ref2
Holme Mill, Bradford ref1
Holy Roman Empire: in William’s coalition against France ref1; Austria and Prussia dominate ref1
Hondschoote, battle of (1793) ref1
Hood, Thomas: The Art of Punning ref1
hospitals ref1
Houghton Hall, Norfolk ref1, ref2
houses and housing ref1, ref2
Howard, Henrietta ref1
Howard, John ref1
Howe, Admiral Sir Richard, earl ref1
Howe, General Sir William, 5th viscount ref1, ref2
Hutton, William ref1, ref2, ref3
‘immortal seven’ ref1
Indemnity Bill (1689) ref1
India: British conquests ref1; and British imperialism ref1; British administration in ref1; cotton manufacture ref1; see also East India Company
industrial revolution: and generation of power ref1, ref2; and domestic manufacture ref1; origins and causes ref1; and art ref1, ref2, ref3; and invention ref1; and increased production ref1; social and labour effects ref1, ref2; and mass production ref1; and Methodism ref1; riots and machine-breaking ref1, ref2, ref3; British lead in ref1; see also factories; steam engines
industrialists ref1
industry: growth ref1; geographical distribution ref1; labour force ref1; minor and specialist ref1; effect on towns ref1
inns ref1
inventions ref1, ref2
Ireland: William III’s campaign in ref1; penal laws ref1; demands independence ref1, ref2; Volunteer Associations ref1; French attempt invasion (1796) ref1; rebellion (1798) ref1; union with England (1801) ref1, ref2; and proposed Catholic emancipation ref1, ref2
iron manufacture ref1, ref2
iron-masters ref1
Italy: Napoleon’s campaign in ref1
Jackson, Andrew ref1
Jacobins (French) ref1, ref2, ref3
Jacobites: celebrate William III’s defeat at Mons ref1; hope for James II’s restoration ref1; and death of Prince William ref1; welcome death of William III ref1; 1715 rising ref1; Walpole’s wariness of ref1, ref2; 1745 rising ref1, ref2